Strict style |

Chimiro chakasimba, kunyora kwakasimba

Nem. klassische Vokalpophonie, lat. ecclesiastical a cappella style

1) Nhoroondo. uye unyanzvi uye stylistic. pfungwa yakabatana nekorasi. polyphonic mimhanzi yeRenaissance (15th-16th mazana emakore). Mupfungwa iyi, izwi rinoshandiswa naCh. arr. muRussia classical uye zizi. musicology. Pfungwa yeS. with. inovhara zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviitiko uye haina miganhu yakanyatsotsanangurwa: inoreva basa revanyori vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope. zvikoro, kutanga kwezvose - kuDutch, Roman, pamwe chete neVenetian, Spanish; kune S.'s nzvimbo yepeji. inosanganisira mimhanzi kubva kuFrench, Germany, Chirungu, Czech, vanyori vechiPolish. S. s. inonzi polyphonic style. prod. yekwaya cappella, yakagadzirwa muna prof. marudzi echechi (ch. arr. Catholic) uye, pamwero muduku zvikuru, nziyo dzenyika. Iyo inonyanya kukosha uye yakakura pakati pemhando dzeS. s. pakanga pane misa (yekutanga mumimhanzi yeEurope inoreva chimiro checyclic) uye motet (pamagwaro emweya uye enyika); zvemweya uye zvepasi polyphonic nziyo dzakagadzirwa mune dzakawanda. nziyo, madrigals (kazhinji mumagwaro enziyo). Epoch S. s. kuisa mberi vatenzi vakawanda vakatanhamara, pakati pavo nzvimbo inokosha inogarwa naJosquin Despres, O. Lasso naPalestrina. Basa revanyori ava rinopfupisa kunaka. uye nhoroondo uye stylistic. music trends. hunyanzvi hwenguva yavo, uye nhaka yavo inoonekwa munhoroondo yemimhanzi seyemhando yepamusoro yenguva yeS. with. Mhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo yese yenguva - basa raJosquin Despres, Lasso naPalestrina, rinoratidza kutumbuka kwekutanga kwehunyanzvi hwepolyphony (basa raJS Bach ndiro magumo ake echipiri atova mukati memaitiro emahara).

Nokuda kwegadziriro yokufananidzira yaS. s. Kuisa pfungwa uye kufungisisa kwakajairwa, pano kuyerera kwepamusoro, kunyangwe kufunga kusinganzwisisike kunoratidzwa; kubva pakubatana zvine musoro, zvine mufungo kupindirana kwemazwi anopikisa, manzwi akachena uye ari pakati nepakati anomuka, apo kukura kunooneka, mitambo, hunhu hweunyanzvi hwepashure, hauwani nzvimbo. misiyano nemagumo. Matauriro emanzwiro emunhu haana kunyanya hunhu hweS. mukufamba kwaro kwakaverengerwa, kwepasi rose, kucheneswa kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemazuva ese, kunoratidzwa, kubatanidza vese varipo paLiturgy, kukosha kwepasirese, chinangwa. Mukati memiganhu iyi, wok masters. mapolyphoni airatidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana - kubva kune inorema, tai yakakora yekutevedzera kwaJ. Obrecht kusvika kunyasha dzinotonhora-pachena dzePalestrina. Kudimikira uku pasina mubvunzo kunokunda, asi hakubvisi s kubva pachikamu cheS. zvimwe, zvepanyika. Manyoro manyoro erwiyo. manzwiro akaiswa mumadrigals akawanda; zvidzidzo zvinosangana neS.'s nzvimbo yepeji zvakasiyana. nziyo dzekunyika dzepolyphonic, dzinotamba kana kusuwa. S. s. - chikamu chakakosha chehumanistic. tsika dzemazana emakore 15-16; mumimhanzi yevatenzi vekare, kune dzakawanda pfungwa dzekubatana neunyanzvi hweRenaissance - nebasa raPetrarch, Ronsard naRaphael.

Aesthetic hunhu hwemimhanzi yaS. nzira dzekutaura dzakashandiswa mariri dzakakwana. Vaimbi venguva iyoyo vainyatsogona kutaura zvinopesana. art-tion, zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa, zvakazara neakanyanya kuomarara polyphonic. matekiniki, senge, semuenzaniso, iyo mativi matanhatu kanoni yaJosquin Despres, counterpoint ine uye isina kumbomira muhuwandu hweP. Mulu (ona Nha. 42 mued. 1 yeM. Ivanov-Boretsky's Musical-Historical Reader), nezvimwewo. Nekuda kwekuzvipira kune kunzwisisika kwezvivakwa, kumashure kwekuwedzera kutarisisa kune tekinoroji yekuumbwa, kufarira kwevatenzi mune chimiro chezvinyorwa, kuyedzwa kwehunyanzvi hwayo. uye kutaura. mikana. Kubudirira kukuru kwevatenzi venguva yeS. S., ine nhoroondo isingaperi. zvichireva, - chikamu chepamusoro che art-va kutevedzera. Hunyanzvi hwekutevedzera. tekinoroji, kumisikidzwa kweiyo yakakosha kuenzana kwemanzwi mukwaya imhando nyowani yemimhanzi yeS. s. kana zvichienzaniswa nezvakarehwa neKutanga Renaissance (ars nova), kunyangwe zvisingashore kutevedzera, asi zvichiri kuratidzwa naCh. arr. akasiyana-siyana (kazhinji ostinato) mafomu pane cantus firmus, rhythmic. sangano iro rakanga rakasimba kune mamwe manzwi. Polyphonic kusununguka kwemanzwi, kusiri-panguva imwe chete yekusuma mumarejista akasiyana ekwaya. range, hunhu hwevhoriyamu yeruzha - izvi zviitiko zvaive kune imwe nhanho yakafanana nekuvhurwa kwemaonero mukupenda. Masters S. s. yakagadzira marudzi ese ekutevedzera uye kanoni yezvikamu zvekutanga uye zvechipiri (zvinyorwa zvavo zvinodzorwa nekuratidzwa kwe stretta, ndiko kuti, kutevedzera kwechokwadi). Mumumhanzi prod. tsvaga nzvimbo ine misoro miviri. uye polygon. kanoni ane uye pasina akasununguka kupikisa manzwi anoperekedza, kutevedzera uye kanoni ane maviri (kana anopfuura) propostes, asingaperi canon, canonical. kutevedzana (somuenzaniso, “Canonical Mass” yePalestrina), kureva, dzinenge mafomu ese akazopinda, panguva yekuchinja kweS. with. nguva yekunyora mahara, mukuteedzera kwepamusoro. fugue chimiro. Masters S. s. akashandisa nzira dzese dzekutanga kushandura polyphonic. madingindira: kuwedzera, kuderera, kutenderera, kufamba uye kupera kwavo. mubatanidzwa. Chimwe chezvavakabudirira zvikuru kwaiva kugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzenzvimbo dzakaoma kunzwisisa uye kushandiswa kwemitemo yayo kune magwaro eBhaibheri. mafomu (semuenzaniso, mune polygonal canons ane nzira dzakasiyana dzekupinda kwezwi). Zvimwe zvakawanikwa zvevatenzi vekare vepolyphony zvinofanirwa kusanganisira musimboti wekuwirirana (melodic-rhythmic complementarity of contrapuntal voices), pamwe chete nemaitiro ekuita cadence, pamwe nekunzvenga (kunyanya, masking) ye cadences mukati memuses. kuvaka. Mimhanzi yevatenzi veS. s. ine madhigirii akasiyana epolyphony. saturation, uye vaimbi vakakwanisa kusiyanisa neunyanzvi ruzha mukati memhando huru nerubatsiro rwekuchinjika kuchinjika kwechakasimba canonical. maonesheni ane zvikamu zvakavakirwa pakutevedzera zvisiri izvo, pamanzwi akasununguka anopikisa, uye pakupedzisira nezvikamu apo manzwi anoumba polyphonic. magadzirirwo, kufamba nemanotsi enguva yakaenzana.

Harmonic mhando. musanganiswa mumhanzi waS. inoratidzirwa seinonzwika-yakazara, konsonanti-trisound. Kushandiswa kwezvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana chete zvichienderana nemakonzonendi chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveS. s.: kazhinji, dissonance inomuka nekuda kwekushandiswa kwekupfuura, manzwi ekubatsira kana kunonoka, izvo zvinowanzogadziriswa mune ramangwana. (madissonances akatorwa zvakasununguka haasati ajairika nekufamba kwakatsetseka kwenguva pfupi, kunyanya mumadhadha). Nokudaro, munziyo dzeS. dissonance inogara yakakomberedzwa nemakonzonendi kuwirirana. Chords inoumbwa mukati memachira epolyphonic haisi pasi pekubatana kwekushanda, kureva kuti, chord yega yega inogona kuteverwa nechero imwe mune imwechete diatonic. system. Nhungamiro, chokwadi chegiravhiti mukutevedzana kwemakonzonenzi inomuka chete mumitsetse (pamatanho akasiyana).

Mumhanzi S. s. yakavimba nehurongwa hwemaitiro echisikigo (ona maitiro). Muses. dzidziso yenguva iyoyo yakasiyanisa pakutanga 8, gare gare 12 frets; mukuita, vanyori vakashandisa 5 modes: Dorian, Phrygian, Mixolydian, pamwe neIonian uye Aeolian. Iwo maviri ekupedzisira akagadziriswa nedzidziso gare gare kupfuura mamwe (mune chirevo "Dodecachordon" naGlarean, 1547), kunyangwe simba ravo pane mamwe mamodhi raive risingaperi, richishanda uye rakazotungamira kukristalllization yehukuru uye hudiki modal moods. . Iwo mafiritsi akashandiswa munzvimbo mbiri dzekudzika: iyo fret munzvimbo yekutanga (Dorian d, Phrygian e, Mixolydian G, Ionian C, Aeolian a) uye fret yakashandura chechina kumusoro kana yechishanu pasi (Dorian g, Phrygian a, nezvimwewo. ) nerubatsiro rwefurati pakiyi - chiratidzo chega chinogara chichishandiswa. Mukuwedzera, mukuita, vaimbi vekwaya, maererano nekugona kwevaiti, vakashandura nziyo nechipiri kana chetatu kumusoro kana pasi. Mafungiro akapararira pamusoro pekusaputsika diatonicity mumimhanzi yeS. (zvichida nekuda kwekuti tsaona dzisina kunyorwa) hazvina kurongeka: mukuita zvekuimba, dzakawanda zviitiko zvechromatic zvakatenderwa. danho rinoshanduka. Saka, mumamodhi ediki mood, nekuda kwekugadzikana kwekunzwika, yechitatu inopedzisa nguva dzose yakasimuka. chord; muDorian neMixolydian modes, dhigirii rechishanu rakasimuka mucadence, uye muAeolian zvakare dhigirii rechiXNUMX (toni yekuvhura yeFrygian modhi kazhinji haina kuwedzera, asi dhigirii rechishanu rakasimuka kusvika pachikamu chetatu chekupedzisira. panguva yekukwira kwekufamba). Inzwi h raiwanzoshandurwa kuita b mukufamba kwakadzika, uko nzira dzeDorian neLydian, uko shanduko yakadaro yaive yakajairika, yakashandurwa kuita transposed Aeolian neIonian; ruzha h (kana f), kana rwaishandiswa serubatsiro, rwakatsiviwa neruzha b (kana kuti fis) kudzivirira kurira kwetritone sonority kusingadiwi. kutevedzana kwemhando f – g – a – h(b) – a kana h – a – g – f (fis) – g. Somugumisiro, chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitiki munguva dzazvino uno chakamuka nyore nyore. kunzwa musanganiswa wezvikuru uye zvidiki zvitatu muMixolydian modhi, pamwe chete nerondedzero (kunyanya mune cadences).

Zvizhinji zvekugadzirwa kweS. s. yaiitirwa kwaya ye<em>cappella (kwaya yevakomana nevarume; vakadzi vakanga vasingabvumirwi kutora rutivi mukwaya neChechi yeKaturike). Iyo cappella choir mudziyo wekutamba unofambirana nemadimikira emumhanzi waS. uye yakagadziridzwa kuti ione chero, kunyangwe yakanyanya kuomarara polyphonic. vavariro dzemunyori. Vatenzi venguva yeS. with. (nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, vaimbi nevaimbi vekwaya vamene) vane express nounyanzvi. nzira dzekwaya. Inyanzvi yekuisa ruzha muchord kugadzira kuenzana kwakakosha uye "kuchena" kwenzwi, iko kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi kwekusiyanisa marejista akasiyana emazwi, maitiro akasiyana e "kuvhura" uye "kudzima" manzwi, nzira yekuyambuka. uye kusiyanisa kwetimbre muzviitiko zvakawanda zvinosanganiswa nekududzira kwakanaka kwekwaya (semuenzaniso, mune yakakurumbira 8-izwi madrigal "Echo" naLasso) uye kunyangwe kumiririra rudzi (semuenzaniso, munziyo dzeLasso's polyphonic). Vanyori S. s. vaive nemukurumbira nekugona kwavo kunyora nziyo dzinonakidza dzekwaya dzakawanda (36-head canon inonzi yakaitwa naJ. Okegem ichiri mutsauko); mukugadzirwa kwavo kazhinji izwi 5 raishandiswa (kazhinji nekuparadzaniswa kwezwi repamusoro muCL kubva kumapoka ekwaya - tenora mumurume, soprano, kunyanya treble, mukwaya yevakomana). Choral 2- uye 3-manzwi aiwanzo shandiswa kuita mumvuri zvakanyanya kuoma (manzwi mana kusvika masere) kunyora (ona, semuenzaniso, Benedictus muzhinji). Masters S. s. (kunyanya, maDutch, Venetian) akabvumira kutora chikamu kwemuses. zviridzwa mukuita kwepolygonal yavo. wok. anoshanda. Vazhinji vavo (Izak, Josquin Despres, Lasso, nezvimwewo) vakagadzira mimhanzi yakanangana neiyo instr. ensembles. Nekudaro, instrumentalism seyakadaro ndeimwe yezvakanyanya kubudirira munhoroondo mumhanzi wenguva yekunyora kwemahara.

Polyphony S. with. yakavakirwa pane kwayakarerekera thematism, uye iyo pfungwa chaiyo ye "polyphonic theme" setisisi, serwiyo rwekudzikiswa, yaisazivikanwa: iyo yega yega yeizwi inowanikwa mukuita kwepolyphonic. music development. Melodich. basic S. with. – Gregorian chant (cf. Gregorian chant) - munhoroondo yese yekereke. mumhanzi wakaiswa pasi pesimba rakasimba raNar. rwiyo. Kushandiswa kweNar. nziyo se cantus firmus chinhu chinowanzoitika, uye vanyori vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana - maItalian, Dutch, Czechs, Poles - vaiwanzosarudzirwa polyphonic. achigadzira nziyo dzevanhu vake. Dzimwe nziyo dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzakashandiswa kakawanda nevanyori vakasiyana: semuenzaniso, misa yakanyorerwa rwiyo L'homme armé naObrecht, G. Dufay, Ockeghem, Josquin Despres, Palestrina nevamwe. Mamiriro chaiwo enziyo uye metrorhythm mumhanzi weS. with. zvakanyanya kusarudzwa nemaitiro ayo ezwi-kora. Vanyori-mapolyphonist vanonyatsobvisa kubva muzvinyorwa zvavo zvese zvinogona kukanganisa zvisikwa. kufamba kwezwi, kuenderera mberi kwekutumirwa kwemitsara yemelodic, zvese zvinoratidzika zvakanyanya kupinza, zvinokwanisa kukwevera pfungwa kune zvimwe, kune ruzivo. Madonhwe enziyo anotsvedzerera, dzimwe nguva ane nguva dzedeclamatory (semuenzaniso, ruzha rwakadzokororwa kakawanda mumutsara). Mune melodic hapana kusvetuka mumitsara mune yakaoma-kune-toni dissonant uye yakafara intervals; kufamba kunofambira mberi kunotungamira (pasina mafambiro kune chromatic semitone; machromatisms anowanikwa, semuenzaniso, mune madrigal Solo e pensoso naL. Marenzio panhetembo dzaPetrarch, dzakapihwa muanthology naA. Schering (Schering A., Geschichte der Musik muBeispielen, 1931, 1954), tora basa iri kupfuura S. c), uye kusvetuka - pakarepo kana kure - kunoenzaniswa nekufamba kune rimwe divi. melodic type. kufamba - kukwira, magumo akajeka haana kujairika kwaari. Kune masangano ane rhythmic haawanzo padhuze nemanzwi anosiyana zvakanyanya muhurefu hwenguva, semuenzaniso. chesere uye brevis; kuitira kuti uwane rhythmic kuenzana kwemanotsi maviri akabatanidzwa, yechipiri inowanzove yakaenzana neyekutanga kana ipfupi pane iyo nehafu (asi kwete kana kana). Anosvetuka mune melodic. mitsetse inowanzoitika pakati pezvinyorwa zvenguva huru (brevis, yakazara, hafu); manotsi enguva pfupi (yechina zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvechisere) zvinowanzoshandiswa mukufamba kwakatsetseka. Kufamba kwakatsetseka kwezvinyorwa zviduku zvinowanzoguma ne "chena" chinyorwa panguva yakasimba kana "chichena" chinyorwa, chinotorwa mu syncopation (panguva isina simba). Melodich. zvivakwa zvinoumbwa (zvichienderana nechinyorwa) kubva mukutevedzana kwemitsara decomp. kureba, saka mimhanzi haina kuratidzwa ne squareness, asi metric yayo. iyo pulsation inoratidzika yakatsetseka uye kunyange amorphous (prod. C. with. akarekodhwa uye akaburitswa pasina barlines uye chete nemanzwi, pasina ruzivo mune zvibodzwa). Izvi zvinobhadharwa ne rhythmic. kuzvimiririra kwemavhoti, mune otd. makesi epolymetry anosvika padanho (kunyanya, mune rhythmically bold Op. Josken Depre). Ruzivo rwechokwadi nezve tempo mumimhanzi yeS. with. = 60 kusvika MM = 112).

Mumhanzi waS. with. zvinyorwa zvemashoko uye kutevedzera zvakaita basa rakakosha pakuumba; pachikonzero ichi, akaiswa polyphonics akagadzirwa. anoshanda. Mune basa re masters S. with. misimboti yakasiyana siyana yakagadzirwa. mafomu asingazvikwerete kune typification, iyo yakajairika, semuenzaniso, yemafomu mumimhanzi yeViennese classical chikoro. Mafomu ezwi repolyphony mumashoko akajairwa akakamurwa kuva aya anoshandiswa cantus firmus uye neaya paasiri. AT. AT. Protopopov inoona inonyanya kukosha muhurongwa hwemafomu S. with. musiyano wemusimboti uye unosiyanisa inotevera polyphonic. mafomu: 1) ostinato mhando, 2) kukura zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekumera kwemotifs, 3) strophic. Muchiitiko chekutanga, chimiro chakavakirwa pakudzokorora kwe cantus firmus (yakabva sepolyphonic. processing couplet nar. nziyo); manzwi ekupikisa anowedzerwa kune iyo ostinato melody, iyo inogona kudzokororwa mune yakatwasuka permutation, kupfuura mukutenderera, kuderera, nezvimwe. n (semuenzaniso Duo yebhasi uye tenor Lasso, Sobr. op., vol. 1). Mabasa mazhinji, akanyorwa mumhando dzerudzi rwechipiri, anomiririra kusimukira kweiyo dingindira rimwechete nekushandiswa kwakawanda kwekutevedzera, manzwi ekupesana, kuomeserwa kwemavara zvinoenderana nechirongwa: a - a2 - b - a1 - c .... Nekuda kwekunyorova kweshanduko (kusapindirana kwemanzwi akasiyana-siyana, kusapindirana kwekumusoro nezasi kwepamusoro), miganhu pakati pezvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana inowanzova isina kujeka (semuenzaniso, Kyrie kubva muhukuru "Aeterna Christi munera" Palestrina, Sobr. op., vol. XIV; Kyrie kubva kuvazhinji "Pange lingua" naJosquin Despres, ona в кн.: Ambros A., «History of Music», Vol. 5, Lpz., 1882, 1911, p. 80). Mune zvimiro zveyechitatu mhando melodic. zvinhu zvinoshanduka zvichienderana nezvinyorwa zvinoenderana nechirongwa: a - b - c - d ... (prop. motet form), iyo inopa zvikonzero zvekutsanangura fomu se strophic. Mutinhimira wezvikamu kazhinji hauna kupesana, kazhinji une hukama, asi chimiro chavo uye chimiro chakasiyana. Iyo yakawanda-theme fomu ye motet inoratidza panguva imwe chete. uye thematic. kuvandudzwa, uye hukama hwemadingindira anodiwa kugadzira yakabatana art. mufananidzo (semuenzaniso, madrigal ane mukurumbira "Mori quasi il mio core" wePalestrina, Sobr. op., vol. XXVIII). Mhando dzakasiyana dzemafomu dzinowanzobatanidzwa mubasa rimwe chete. Nheyo dzesangano ravo dzakashanda sehwaro hwekubuda uye kuvandudzwa kwema polyphonics akazotevera. uye homophonic mafomu; saka, iyo motet fomu yakapfuura mune instr. mimhanzi uye yakashandiswa mucanzone uye gare gare mufugue; pl. maitiro e ostinato mafomu anokweretwa ne ricercar (fomu isina interludes, uchishandisa shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzedingindira); kudzokororwa kwezvikamu muhuwandu (Kyrie mushure meChriste eleison, Osanna mushure meBenedictus) inogona kushanda semuenzaniso wezvikamu zvitatu zvekudzokorora fomu; nziyo dzepolyphonic dzine couplet-variation structure inosvika pakuumbwa kwerondo. Mukugadzira C. with. nzira yekushanda kwekusiyanisa kwezvikamu zvakatanga, izvo zvakaratidzwa zvizere mu classical.

Vanyori vakuru venguva yekunyora zvakasimba vaiva J. Tinctoris, G. Glarean, N. Vicentipo (1511-1572; ona bhuku rake: L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica, 1555), J. Zarlino.

Izvo zvakakosha zvakabudirira zvevatenzi veS. s. - polyphonic. kusununguka kwemanzwi, kubatana kwekuvandudzwa uye kudzokorora mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi, kukwirira kwepamusoro kwekutevedzera uye canonical. mafomu, maitiro eakaomesesa counterpoint, kushandiswa kweakasiyana nzira dzekushandura dingindira, iyo crystallization ye cadence matekiniki, nezvimwewo, zvakakosha kumimhanzi. art-va uye chengetedza (pane imwe nzira yekutaura) yekukosha kwakakosha kune ese anotevera eras.

Kusvika pamaruva akakwirira muhafu yepiri. Muzana remakore rechi2, mimhanzi yekunyora zvakasimba yakapa nzira kune unyanzvi hwazvino hwezana remakore rechi16. Masters of free style (J. Frescobaldi, J. Legrenzi, I. Ya. Froberger nevamwe) yakabva pakugadzira. budiriro dzekare dzepolyphonist. Hunyanzvi hwePamusoro Renaissance hunoratidzwa mumabasa akanyanya uye makuru. JS Bach (semuenzaniso, 17-ch. org. chorale “Aus tiefer Not”, BWV 6, 686-ch., ine 7 inoperekedza bass voice, Credo No 8 kubva kuMisa muh-moll, 12-ch. Motet yekwaya a cappella, BWV 8). WA ​​Mozart ainyatsoziva tsika dzevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika, uye pasina kufunga nezvesimba retsika yavo, zvakaoma kuongorora zvakadaro zvakanyanya kuvhara S. s. mabasa ake ounyanzvi, semagumo esymphony C-dur ("Jupiter"), iyo yekupedzisira yequartet G-dur, K.-V. 229, Recordare kubva kuRequiem. Zvisikwa. zvinhu zvemumhanzi wenguva yeS. with. pahwaro hutsva vanozvarwa patsva mune sublimely kufungisisa Op. L. Beethoven wenguva yekupedzisira (kunyanya, muSolemn Mass). Muzana remakore rechi387 vanyori vakawanda vakashandisa zvinopesana zvakasimba. nzira yekugadzira yakakosha yekare ruvara, uye mune dzimwe nguva - mystic. mumvuri; mhemberero. manzwi uye maitiro emaitiro ekunyora zvakasimba akadhindwazve naR. Wagner muParsifal, A. Bruckner mune symphonies nemakwaya. zvinyorwa, G. Fauré muRequiem, zvichingodaro. Zvinyorwa zvine mvumo zvekugadzirwa zvinoonekwa. vatenzi vekare (Palestrina, Lasso), kudzidza kwavo kwakakomba kunotanga (A. Ambros). Kubva kuvaimbi veRussia vane kunyanya kufarira polyphony yeS. yakaratidzwa naMI Glinka, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, GA Larosh; nguva yose mukudzidza kwe counterpoint yakagadzirwa nemabasa eSI Taneev. Mazuva ano, kufarira mimhanzi yepakutanga kwakawedzera zvakanyanya; muUSSR uye kunze kwenyika, nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvine zvigadzirwa. vatenzi vekare vepolyphony; mimhanzi S. s. inova chinhu chekunyatsodzidza, inosanganisirwa mune repertoire yemapoka anoita zvakanakisa. Vanyori vezana remakore rechi19 Vanoshandisa zvakanyanya nzira dzakawanikwa nevanyori veS. (kunyanya, pane dodecaphone hwaro); pesvedzero yebasa revakare contrapuntalists inonzwika, semuenzaniso, mune akati wandei Op. KANA Stravinsky weneoclassical uye nguva yekupedzisira ("Symphony yeMapisarema", "Canticum sacrum"), mune mamwe mazizi. vanyori.

2) Chikamu chekutanga chekuita. polyphony course (German strenger Satz), yakanangana nebasa revanyori ve15th-16th century, ch. arr. pabasa rePalestrina. Iyi kosi inodzidzisa izvo zvekutanga zveyakapusa uye yakaoma counterpoint, kutevedzera, canon uye fugue. Relative stylistic. kubatana kwemimhanzi yenguva yeS. ne. inokubvumira kuti upe zvigadziro zvekupikisa muchimiro chehuwandu hushoma hwemitemo chaiyo uye mafomula, uye kupusa kwe melodic harmonic. uye rhythmic. tsika dzinoita S. s. iyo inonyanya kukosha sisitimu yekudzidza iyo nheyo dzepolyphony. kufunga. Iyo inonyanya kukosha kune pedagogical. tsika yakanga ine basa raG. Tsarlino "Istitutioni harmoniche", pamwe chete nenhamba yemabasa nemamwe muses. theorists muzana remakore rechi16. Methodical izvo zvekutanga zvekosi yepolyphony S. s. zvakatsanangurwa naI. Fuchs mubhuku re "Gradus ad Parnassum" (1725). Iyo system ye counterpoint discharges yakagadzirwa neFuchs inochengetedzwa mumabasa ese anotevera anoshanda. vatungamiri, eg. mumabhuku aL. Cherubini, G. Bellerman, muzana remakore rechi20. – K. Eppesen (Kph.-Lpz., 1930; last ed. – Lpz., 1971). Kunyanya kutarisisa kukudziridzwa kweS.'s theory yepeji. akapa Russian. vaimbi; somuenzaniso, Tchaikovsky's Guide to the Practical Study of Harmony (1872) inosanganisira chitsauko chakazvipira kune iyi nyaya. Bhuku rekutanga rinokosha paS. mumutauro weRussia. rakanga riri bhuku rakanyorwa naL. Busler, rakabudiswa mushanduro yeSI Taneyev muna 1885. Dzidziso yaS. vaimbi vakuru vakabatikana - SI Taneev, AK Lyadov, RM Glier; pedagogical S.'s value with. yakanyorwa naP. Hindemith, IF Stravinsky nevamwe vanyori. Nekufamba kwenguva, iyo Fuchs system yekubuda yakarega kusangana neyakagadzika maonero pamusoro pehunhu hwekupikisa (kutsoropodza kwayo kwakapihwa naE. Kurt mubhuku rinonzi "Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint"), uye mushure mesainzi. Zvidzidzo zveTaneyev, kudiwa kwekuitsiva kwakava pachena. Nzira itsva yekudzidzisa S. s., apo chikuru. kutarisisa kunobhadharwa pakudzidza kwekutevedzera mafomu uye yakaoma counterpoint mumamiriro epolyphonic. polyphony, mazizi akasikwa. vatsvakurudzi SS Bogatyrev, Kh. S. Kushnarev, GI Litinsky, VV Protopopov, uye SS Skrebkov; akanyora akati wandei ezvinyorwa, zvichiratidza zvakagamuchirwa muSoviet. uch. masangano, tsika yekudzidzisa S. s., mukuvakwa kwezvidzidzo to-rogo, maitiro maviri anomira pachena: kusikwa kwekunzwisisa kwekudzidzisa. system yakanangana nekuita. kugona kugadzira hunyanzvi (inomiririrwa, kunyanya, mumabhuku eGI Litinsky); kosi yakanangana nekuita pamwe nedzidziso. kugona kunyora kwakasimba zvichibva pakudzidza kwehunyanzvi. mienzaniso yemimhanzi yezana remakore rechi15-16. (somuenzaniso, mumabhuku eTF Muller uye SS Grigoriev, SA Pavlyuchenko).

References: Bulychev V. A., Mimhanzi yechimiro chakasimba uye nguva yekirasi sechidzidzo chebasa reMoscow Symphony Chapel, M., 1909; Taneev S. I., Movable counterpoint yekunyora zvakasimba, Leipzig, 1909, M., 1959; Sokolov H. A., Kutevedzera pa cantus firmus, L., 1928; Konyus G. E., Kosi yekupikisa kwekunyora kwakasimba mufrets, M., 1930; Skrebkov C. S., Zvinyorwa zvepolyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; yake, Mitemo yeArtistic yezvitaera zvekuimba, M., 1973; Grigoriev S. S., Muller T. F., Textbook of polyphony, M., 1961, 1969; Pavlyuchenko S. A., Gwaro rinoshanda kune counterpoint yekunyora kwakasimba, L., 1963; Protopopov V. V., Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo yakakosha zviitiko, (vol. 2) - Western European classics yeXVIII-XIX mazana emakore, M., 1965; ake, Matambudziko echimiro mumabasa epolyphonic emhando yakasimba, "SM", 1977, No 3; wake, Pamubvunzo wekuumbwa mumabasa epolyphonic emhando yakasimba, mubhuku: S. C. Scrapers. Zvinyorwa uye ndangariro, M., 1979; Konen V. D., Etudes pamusoro pemimhanzi yekunze, M., 1968, 1975; Ivanov-Boretsky M. V., Pahwaro hwemumhanzi wepolyphonic, Proletarian Musician, 1929, Nha. 5, zvakafanana, muna: Mibvunzo yeMumhanzi Theory, vol. 2, M., 1970; Kushnarev X. S., O polyphony, M., 1971; Litinsky G. I., Kuumbwa kwekutevedzera kwekunyora kwakasimba, M., 1971; Tyulin Yu. N., Zvisikwa uye nzira dzekuchinja, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972; Milka A., Nezvekushanda mu polyphony, muunganidzwa: Polyphony, M., 1975; Chugaev A., Dzimwe nyaya dzekudzidzisa polyphony muchikoro chemimhanzi, chikamu XNUMX. 1, tsamba yakasimba, M., 1976; Evdokimova Yu. K., Dambudziko reChitubu Chekutanga, "SM", 1977, No 3; Theoretical kucherechedza nezvenhoroondo yemimhanzi. (Sb. Art.), M., 1978; Fraenov V. P., Counterpoint yekunyora zvakasimba muchikoro chepolyphony, mubhuku: Methodical manotsi padzidzo yemimhanzi, vol. 2, М., 1979; Viсеntino N., Mimhanzi yekare yakaderedzwa kuita yemazuva ano, Roma, 1555, Zarlino G., Istitutioni harmoniche, Venice, 1558, факсимиле в изд .: Zviyeuchidzo zvemimhanzi uye zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi mufacsimile, 2 ser. - Mabhuku emimhanzi, 1, N. Y., 1965; Artusy G. M., The art of counterpoint, 1-2, Venice, 1586-89, 1598; Bernardi S., Musuwo weMumhanzi uyo pakutanga…, Venice, 1682; Berardi A., magwaro eHarmonic, Bologna, 1687; Fux J. J., Gradus ad Parnassus, W., 1725 (Chirungu ne. – KWETE. Y., 1943); Сcherubini L., Cours de contrepoint et de fugue, P., 1835; Bellermann H., Der Contrapunkt, V., 1862, 1901; Vubler L., Der strenge Satz, V., 1877, 1905 (rus. pa. C. Uye. Taneeva — L. Busler, Strict style. Bhuku rekuverenga rakareruka uye rakaoma kupikisa…, M., 1885, 1925); Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts. Nhanganyaya kune maitiro uye maitiro eBach's melodic polyphony, Bern, 1917, 1956 (рус. pa. -Nheyo dzeiyo linear counterpoint. Bach's melodic polyphony, ine sumo. uye pasi pehurongwa. B. AT. Асафьева, М., 1931); Jeppesen К., The Palestrina style uye dissonance, Lpz., 1925; его же, counterpoint, Kph., 1930, Lpz., 1935; Меrritt A., poliphony yezana ramakore gumi nematanhatu, Camb., 1939; Lang P, Mimhanzi yeWestern civilization, N. Y., 1942; Reese G., Mimhanzi yeRenaissance, N. Y., 1954; Chominski J.

VP Frayonov