Vaka mumhanzi |

1) Iyo system yepitch ratios inoshandiswa mumimhanzi. Iripo muchimiro chezvisingachinjiki zvekunzwa mazano pamusoro pehurefu hwenhanho imwe neimwe yechikero; izvi zvinomiririra zvinotsigira mimhanzi yese. maitiro (kureva. e. nziyo, mitambo uye maonero emimhanzi) uye inowanzorekodhwa mumanotsi emimhanzi, nezvimwe. nezviratidzo. Mafomu ekuratidzwa kweS. mumhanzi nekuda kwe nat. mavambo emimhanzi. tsika, maitiro ekuvandudzwa kwe ladoharmonic. masisitimu, izvo zvinodikanwa zvemimhanzi. yekunzwa Kugadzira mimhanzi. C. zvinoreva. acoustic influence. music properties. ruzha (semuenzaniso, chiitiko chechiyero chechisikigo); mimhanzi C. inotaridza iyo yakajairwa nepitch yekubatanidza kune inotonga modal system, kunyangwe isingasanganisire inoshanda modal, harmonic. hukama pakati pemanzwi. Pane imwe nhanho mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. tsika S. inogona kuve hwaro hwekubuda kwemaitiro matsva modal. Anozivikanwa ari 5-nhanho uye 7-nhanho (mukati meoctave) akashatirwa C. muIndonesia, 17- uye 24-nhanho masisitimu mumimhanzi yevanhu venyika dzeArab, 22-nhanho S. muIndia, nezvimwewo. MuEurope, panguva yekugadzirwa kwemonophony, 7-nhanho (gare gare 12-nhanho) Pythagorean system yakashandiswa. Mukuita kusimudzira kwaya. polyphony, paidiwa yakachena S., to-ry yakakurudzirwa nemamuses. theorists muzana remakore rechi16. (L. Folyany, J. Tsarlino – Italy). Kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza tonal system - kuwedzera kwenhamba yemakiyi anoshandiswa, kutaridzika kweakaomesesa chords, modulations - yakatungamira kune kusaenzana kushatirwa (zana ramakore rechi 16), uyezve kune 12-nhanho yunifomu temperament, iyo yakashandisa enharmonic. kuenzana kwemanzwi (cf. Enharmonism) uye yakasimbiswa pasi rose muzana remakore rechi18. C. mumimhanzi inogona kuratidzwa nenhamba dzenhamba (somuenzaniso, nekutevedzana kwezvikamu zviri nyore); masvomhu akadaro mutsara unoratidza chiyero chefrequency yekurira - kangani mafambiro eruzha rwepamusoro mukati menguva yakakura kupfuura kuwanda kweiyo yepasi, kana kuti magadzirirwo anonzwika, achigadzira ichi kana icho nguva panguva. vibration: semitone, toni yakazara, toni nehafu, nezvimwe. etc. Semuenzaniso, mune yakachena S. idzi dzichava nhamba dzinotevera, maererano: 16/15, 9/8, 6/5, mu 12-nhanho yakaenzana nehunyoro - 21/12, 22/12, 23/12). C. inogona kuratidzwa senhevedzano yemafrequency inoenderana nedhigirii rega rega rechiyero mune yakapihwa C. Semuenzaniso, mune yakachena S. kubva ku1 u440d 1 hertz, inzwi b469,28 richava rakaenzana ne1 hertz, h495 - 2, c528 - 12, mu 440-nhanho yehunyoro manzwi akafanana aya achava nemamwe maitiro: 466; 16, 493; 88, 523; 25, XNUMX hertz. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu. C. mumimhanzi inoshandiswa mukugadzira mimhanzi. zviridzwa (kutarisa kureba kwechubhu kana korona yezviridzwa zvemhepo, nzvimbo yekuchera maburi pavari, kuisa frets pafretboard yezviridzwa zvakatemwa zvine tambo, nezvimwewo). nezvimwewo), pakuzvigadzirisa, kudzora kurongeka kwekuita mumubatanidzwa (kwaya kana chiridzwa), mukuita kudzidzisa kunzwa. T. baba, nyanzvi yemasvomhu C. inoratidza tsika yakakosha yekudzikamisa, kugadzirisa kwakaringana kwenzwi remanzwi, uye nekudaro inoshanduka kuita ratidziro yetsika yehukama uhwu. Chaizvoizvo S. inogona kuiswa chete pazviridzwa zvine mutsindo wakamisikidzwa (organ, piyano, electromusic. zvishandiso, nezvimwewo. P.). Mukuimba, kana uchiridza zvimwe zviridzwa (violin, nyere, hwamanda, nezvimwewo) zvichingodaro), sezvidzidzo naN. A. Garbuzov, anokura anonzi. Mr. nzvimbo C. (cm. Zone), iyo inoenderana neimwe maitiro - chishuwo chevatambi mune zvehunyanzvi. kuitira kuti ugare uchisiyana nhanho imwe neimwe yechikero, kureva e. nerubatsiro rweruzha-pitched intonation shades (maererano nemhando yekusimudzira mumimhanzi. prod.) kusimbisa kana kunetesa modal giravhiti, kugadzira ruzha rwakasiyana. Mune masvomhu akaverengerwa S. imwe neimwe yematanho echiyero haigoni kusiyana, kureva e. inomiririrwa nehuremu humwe chete (frequency) kukosha. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anogara achiunza kuedza kugadzira mitsva mitsva, yakakwana. C. Ku19 in. yakaonekwa 40-nhanho system P. Thompson, 32-kumhanya G. Helmholtz, 36-kumhanya G. Appuna uye X. Engel, 53-kumhanya R. AP Bosanqueta uye S. Tanaki et al. MuUSSR, 17- uye 29-nhanho maitiro akapihwa naA. C. Ogolevets, 22-nhanho system P. AP Baranovskogo uye E. E. Yutsevich, 72-nhanho system E. A. Murzina, 84-nhanho system D. TO. Guzenko et al.

2) Frequency (kureba) kuseta kwereferensi toni yechikero. MuUSSR, maererano neOST-7710, 1 hertz yakagadzirirwa a440.

3) Izwi rokuti "S." maererano nemimhanzi. zviridzwa zvinoreva magadzirirwo azvo kana magadzirirwo azvo (yechishanu C. violin, yechina – domra, chromatic – button accordion, natural – horn, zvichingodaro) kana hukama huripo pakati peruzha chairwo rwechiridzwa nerunyoro rwacho (trumpet in. B, nyanga muna F, clarinet muna A, nezvimwewo).

4) Choral S., kureva, kuwirirana pakati pevaimbi vekwaya maererano nekururama kwenzwi renzwi; chinonyanya kukosha hunhu hwekwaya. inzwi. Kusiyanisa melodic. uye harmonic. choral S. Paunenge uchiimba rwiyo, pane katsika kekurodza manzwi ePythagorean S.; panguva yekuitwa kwemachords - kune akapfava mazwi eiyo yakachena S.; kazhinji, inzwi rekwaya rinoratidzwa ne zone C. Muna 19 - kutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 pfungwa ye“choral S.” zvaireva muitiro wokugadzira kwaya (mumuitiro wokuimba cappella), iyo yakanga iripo kusati kwabvumirwa mwero mumwe wourefu; kare choral S. zvichienzaniswa ne instr. mumhanzi wacho waiti uri pasi.

5) S., kana toni, - zvakafanana ne tonality, mode, ladotonality, inclination (kusashanda); semuenzaniso, "toni dzepedyo dze harmonic C." (II Dubovsky).

References: Chesnokov PG, Choir uye maneja, M.-L., 1940, M., 1961; Garbuzov HA, Zonal nature yepitch hearing, M.-L., 1948; yake, Intrazonal intonation kunzwa uye nzira dzekuvandudzwa kwayo, M.-L., 1951; Mimhanzi acoustics, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Pitch kuongororwa kwemahara melodic system, K., 1956; Pigrov KK, Hutungamiri hwekwaya, M., 1964; Sherman NS, Kuumbwa kweuniform temperament system, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Matambudziko emumhanzi, M., 1966; Pargs Yu. H., Pamaitiro ehunyanzvi eizwi rakachena mukuridza rwiyo, M., 1971 (abstract of diss.); Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, B., 1891 (shanduro yechiRussian – Riemann G. sainzi yemimhanzi, M., 1921.

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