Sociology yemimhanzi |

French sociology, lit. - dzidziso yenzanga, kubva ku lat. societas - nzanga uye Greek. logos - shoko, dzidziso

Sainzi yekudyidzana kwemimhanzi uye nzanga uye pesvedzero yemhando chaiyo yehupenyu hwayo hwemagariro pamimhanzi yekugadzira, kuita uye veruzhinji.

S. m. inodzidza maitiro akajairwa ekuvandudzwa kwemuses. tsika nenhoroondo yavo. typology, mafomu emimhanzi. Hupenyu hweSosaiti, Zvita. mhando dzemitambo yemimhanzi (nyanzvi uye amateur, folklore), maficha emimhanzi. kukurukurirana mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana, kuumbwa kwemuses. zvinodiwa uye zvaunofarira zvakasiyana. mapoka emagariro evanhu, mitemo ichaita. kududzirwa kwemimhanzi. kugadzirwa, matambudziko ekuwanikwa uye kufarirwa kwemimhanzi. prod. Marxist sociology, sainzi yehunyanzvi, inosanganisira. S. m., ari kuita chidzidzo chemaitiro ekuumbwa kwehunyanzvi. zvinoravira kugadzirisa kupfuura zvese zvinoshanda. aesthetic mabasa. kurerwa munharaunda yesocialist.

S. m. yakaumbwa panosangana musicology, sociology, psychology uye aesthetics. Seimwe yezvikamu, inosanganisirwa mune sociology yehunyanzvi. Theoretical uye methodological hwaro Marxist S. m. inhoroondo. uye dialectic. kudisa zvenyika. S. m. inoda kutariswa kwemimhanzi sechiitiko chemagariro evanhu, kusanganisira kuongorora kuti hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu uye maonero enyika emunyori anoratidzwa sei mune zvayo uye chimiro. Methodological uye methodical misimboti kufunga kwakadaro (inonzi sociology, nzira) mumhanzi akatanga kuumbwa kunyange pre-Marxist nguva, asi Marxism kuti zvechokwadi zvesayenzi. S. hwaro hwem.

Nzira nhatu dzinogona kusiyaniswa muS.m. Theoretical S. m. inobatanidzwa mukudzidza kwemaitiro akajairwa ekudyidzana pakati pemimhanzi nenzanga, iyo typology yemamuses. tsika. Nhoroondo S. m. inodzidza uye inoburitsa chokwadi chenhoroondo yemamuses. hupenyu hwevanhu. Munzvimbo yeempirical (kongiri, inoshanda kana yakashandiswa) S. m. zvinosanganisira kudzidza uye kujekeswa kwechokwadi chine chekuita nebasa remimhanzi mumazuva ano. nzanga (kuongororwa kwenhamba mishumo yekupinda mumakonzati, kutengeswa kwemarekodhi egiramufoni, nezvebasa remitambo yemasaiti, kutarisa kwakananga kwehupenyu hwemimhanzi, marudzi ese esarudzo, mibvunzo, kubvunzurudza, nezvimwewo). Saka, S.m. inogadzira zvesainzi. hwaro hwesangano remimhanzi. hupenyu, kuzvibata.

Kusiyanisa pfungwa pamusoro pehukama hwemimhanzi uye nzanga. upenyu hwakanga hwatova muzvinyorwa zvekare. vazivi, kunyanya Plato naAristotle. Vaifunga nezvemagariro emimhanzi, ichaunza. basa, hukama hwayo nevateereri, yakacherechedza basa remimhanzi muhutungamiri hwehurumende, musangano revanhu. hupenyu nekukura kwetsika. hunhu. Aristotle akaisa pfungwa yekushandiswa munzanga. hupenyu hwemimhanzi ("Politics") uye pamwe chete naPlato ("Mitemo") vakasimudza nyaya yetypology yevoruzhinji. Mumabasa eMiddle Ages. Vanyori vanopa rondedzero yemhando dzemimhanzi. art-va, kuenderera mberi kubva kumabasa emagariro uye mamiriro ekuvapo kwemimhanzi (Johannes de Groheo, pakupera kwe13th - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi14). MuRenaissance, chikamu chevanhu. Kushandiswa kwemimhanzi kwakawedzera zvakanyanya, mimhanzi yakazvimiririra. mhosva. Mumazana emakore 15-16. mumabasa echiDutchman J. Tinktoris, maItaly B. Castiglione, C. Bartoli, E. Botrigari, maitiro chaiwo okuvapo kwemimhanzi akaonekwa. Speini. munyori uye munyori wedzidziso F. Salinas akatsanangura dec. folk genres. uye mimhanzi yemumba, ine mutinhimira. maficha ayo akabatanidzwa nemunyori nechinangwa chehupenyu hwavo. Tsika yekutsanangura nzanga. hupenyu hwemimhanzi hwakaenderera mberi muzana remakore rechi17. Mudzidzisi weGermany M. Pretorius, uyo akacherechedza, kunyanya, kuti zviratidzo zvekuora. mhando dzemimhanzi zvinoenderana nekushandisa kwavo. Mumakore 17-18. nekuvandudzwa kwemasangano emimhanzi. hupenyu, kuvhurwa kwemakonzati eruzhinji uye t-ditch, mamiriro emagariro uye mamiriro echiitiko chevatambi uye vanyori vanova nyaya yekutarisa. Ruzivo pamusoro peizvi rwuri mumabasa evanoverengeka vaimbi (I. Kunau, B. Marcello, C. Burney, nevamwe). Nzvimbo yakakosha yakapihwa veruzhinji. Saka, E. Arteaga akatsanangura marudzi emagariro evateereri nevaoni. Nhamba dzeGerman. uye French Enlightenment I. Scheibe, D'Alembert, A. Gretry akanyora nezvemagariro emimhanzi. Pasi pesimba reGreat French revolution uye semugumisiro wemvumo ye capitalist. kuvaka kuMadokero. Europe in con. 18th-19th mazana emakore hukama pakati pemimhanzi uye nzanga yakawana hunhu hutsva. Kune rimwe divi, kwaive nedemocratization yemamuses. hupenyu: denderedzwa revateereri rakawedzera, kune rumwe rutivi, kuvimba kwevaimbi kune vezvemabhizimisi nevaparidzi vachitsvaga zvinangwa zvekutengeserana zvakawedzera zvakanyanya, kukakavara pakati pemhosva uye zvido zvemabhunu kwakawedzera. paruzhinji. Muzvinyorwa zve ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, R. Schumann, hukama pakati pemunyori uye ruzhinji rwakaratidzwa, nzvimbo isina kubvumirwa, yakanyadziswa yemuimbi mu bourgeoisie yakaonekwa. nzanga. F. Liszt naG. Berlioz vakanyatsoteerera nyaya iyi.

In con. 19 - kupemha. 20th century hupenyu hwemimhanzi dec. eras uye vanhu vanova nyaya yehurongwa. kudzidza. Mabhuku anooneka. "Musical Questions of the Epoch" ("Musikalische Zeitfragen", 1903) naG. Kretschmar, "German Musical Life. Chiitiko chekufunga nezvemumhanzi nemagariro evanhu … “(“Das deutsche Musikleben …”, 1916) P. Becker, “Matambudziko emimhanzi enguva yedu nekugadziriswa kwawo” (“Die musikalischen Probleme der Gegenwart und ihre Lösung”, 1920) K. Blessinger , to-rye BV Asafiev akadana "rudzi rwepropylaea mumatambudziko emimhanzi uye emagariro evanhu", pamwe chete nemabhuku eX. Moser, J. Combarier. Pakati pevakanyanya kuipa. musicologist. mabhuku ekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, uyo akatsanangura nezvemagariro evanhu. kusvika kumimhanzi, - chinyorwa "Symphony kubva kuBeethoven kuenda kuMahler" ("Die Sinfonie von Beethoven bis Mahler", 1918) naBecker.

Panguva ino, dzakawanda zvemagariro Observations akaunganidza uye Rus. ndakafunga nezvemimhanzi. Saka, AN Serov mubasa "Music. Ongororo yezvino mamiriro emimhanzi muRussia nekune dzimwe nyika "(1858) yakamutsa mibvunzo ine chekuita nemabasa emimhanzi munharaunda. hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kukanganisa kwemamiriro ehupenyu pane zviri mukati uye maitiro emimhanzi. kusika, yakatendeukira kudambudziko rekubatana kwemhando uye chimiro chemimhanzi. prod. VV Stasov naPI Tchaikovsky mune yakaoma. anoshanda akasiya mhenyu zvidhori zvemuses. hupenyu dec. strata yevanhu. Nzvimbo huru mukutsoropodza mimhanzi yeRussia yaive yakagarwa nemaonero emimhanzi neveruzhinji. In con. 19 - kupemha. 20th century inotanga kuvandudzwa kweimwe nziyo-yemagariro evanhu. matambudziko mune theoretical plan.

Muna 1921, bhuku rakabudiswa nemumwe wevatangi ve bourgeoisie. S. m., iyo yakashandura nzira. pesvedzero pakuvandudzwa kweWestern-European. sociology yetsika, - M. Weber "Rational uye sociological nheyo dzemimhanzi." Sezvakataurwa naAV Lunacharsky ("Panzira yezvemagariro evanhu munhoroondo uye dzidziso yemimhanzi", 1925), basa raWeber raingova "chidzidzo chete, nzira yemiganhu yakawanda yehurukuro." Akakwezva vapfumi pachokwadi. zvinhu, asi panguva imwecheteyo akatambura nekubata kwehupenzi hwemagariro evanhu uye maitiro asina kunaka. nheyo (neo-Kantianism). MuZap. MuEurope, pfungwa dzaWeber dzakagadzirwa kubva kuma1950 ne60s, apo akawanda anoshanda paS. Vazhinji veWestern Europe. masayendisiti anoramba kududzira S. m. sekuzvimiririra. sainzi uye woitora sebazi remimhanziology, empiric. sociology kana mimhanzi. aesthetics. Nokudaro, K. Blaukopf (Austria) anodudzira mimhanzi yemimhanzi sedzidziso yezvinetso zvemagariro ezvakaitika kare uye dzidziso yemimhanzi, iyo inofanira kubatanidza tsika. nzvimbo dzemusicology. A. Zilberman, G. Engel (Germany) vari kudzidza kugoverwa uye kushandiswa kwemimhanzi munzanga uye mafungiro pamusoro payo decomp. societies. vateereri layer. Vakaunganidza zvinhu chaizvo zvenzanga nezvemari. chinzvimbo chevaimbi mukuora. era ("Music and Society" G. Engel, 1960, nezvimwewo), asi akasiya dzidziso. generalizations empirical. zvinhu. Mumabasa aT. Adorno (Germany), S. m. yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya nedzidziso. chiedza mutsika yacho. pfungwa yehuzivi nezvemimhanzi uye yakanyungudika mumimhanzi. aesthetics. Mumabhuku ake "Philosophy of New Music" ("Philosophie der Neuen Musik", 1958), "Introduction to the Sociology of Music" (1962) Adorno akafunga nezvemagariro evanhu emimhanzi, typology yevateereri, matambudziko emazuva ano. hupenyu hwemimhanzi, mibvunzo yekufungisisa mumhanzi wekirasi chimiro chenzanga, zvakananga zvemukati uye nhoroondo, shanduko yedhipatimendi. marudzi, rudzi rwemimhanzi. kusika. Akanyatsoteerera kutsoropodzwa kwe bourgeois. “tsika dzevanhu vakawanda”. Nekudaro, yakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya naAdorno kubva pakuona kwemudziviriri wemhando dzepamusoro dzeunyanzvi.

MuWestern Europe. nyika uye USA vakagadzira akati wandei emibvunzo S. m, incl. nzira uye kuwirirana kwemagariro evanhu nemamwe maitiro - T. Adorno, A. Zilberman, T. Kneif, H. Eggebrecht (Germany); mabasa emagariro emimhanzi munguva ye imperialism uye sainzi uye tekinoroji. mabhindauko – T. Adorno, G. Engel, K. Fellerer, K. Maling (Germany), B. Brook (USA); mimhanzi chimiro. capitalist tsika. nyika, nzanga, economics. uye zvemagariro evanhu. nzvimbo yevanyori uye vaimbi vanoita - A. Zilberman, G. Engel, Z. Borris, V. Viora (Germany), J. Muller (USA); chimiro uye maitiro eruzhinji, kugarisana kwemimhanzi. zvinonaka – A. Zilberman, T. Adorno (Germany), P. Farnsworth (USA) naJ. Leclerc (Belgium); hukama huri pakati pemimhanzi nevezvenhau (tsvakurudzo inorongwa neInternational Institute of Audio-Visual Communication uye Cultural Development muVienna, chipangamazano wezvesayenzi - K. Blaukopf); music life dec. strata of society – K. Dahlhaus (Germany), P. Willis (Great Britain), P. Bodo (France); matambudziko emimhanzi yemagariro. ngano – V. Viora (Germany), A. Merriam, A. Lomax (USA), D. Carpitelli (Italy). Mune akati wandei emabasa aya mune akapfuma echokwadi zvinhu, asi mazhinji acho anobva pane eclectic huzivi nzira.

S. m. muUSSR uye mamwe masocialist. nyika. MuSov. Union 20s. yakava kutanga kwekukura kweS.m. Basa rekupedzisira mune izvi rakaitwa nemaitiro akaitika munharaunda. hupenyu. Bato reCommunist uye Soviet state-in kubva pamazuva ekutanga aOct. Revolution ye1917 yakaisa sirogani: "Art kuvanhu!". Masimba ese ehunyanzvi. intelligentsia vakaunganidzwa kuti vaite mutemo weLeninist wekuchinja kwetsika. Mumazizi muz.-sociological. mabasa ekuma20s. matambudziko echivanhuwo zvake maererano nemagariro anoiswa pamberi. chimiro chemimhanzi uye mitemo yezvakaitika kare. development. Kunyanya kukosha mabasa eAV Lunacharsky. Zvichienderana nemaitiro anoshanda ehunyanzvi. kufungisisa, akafunga zvaive muminyuziyamu. art semugumisiro wekudyidzana kwemunyori wega wega nemhoteredzo yemagariro. Munyaya "Social Origins of Musical Art" (1929), Lunacharsky akasimbisawo kuti unyanzvi inzira yekukurukurirana munzanga. Muzvinyorwa "Imwe yekuchinja munhoroondo yemifananidzo" (1926), "Mabviro emagariro emimhanzi yeunyanzvi" (1929), "Nzira itsva dzeopera uye ballet" (1930), akatsanangura chikuru. mabasa emimhanzi munharaunda, kusanganisira aesthetic uye dzidzo. Lunacharsky akasimbisa kukwanisa kwemimhanzi, pamwe chete neunyanzvi huzhinji, kuumba uye kushandura psychology yevanhu, akasimbisa kuti mimhanzi munguva dzose yaiva nzira yekukurukurirana. BL Yavorsky akabatanidza kukosha kukuru kune hukama pakati pekusika uye nzanga. maonero. Zvinoreva zvakatowanda. nzvimbo yakatorwa nematambudziko eS.m. mumabasa eBV Asafiev. Muchinyorwa chinoti "On the Immediate Tasks of the Sociology of Music" (sumo yebhuku rinonzi "Music of the Medieval City" rakanyorwa naG. Moser, rakashandurwa kubva muchiGerman, 1927), Asafiev akatanga ataura nyaya dzinoverengeka idzo S. m. anofanira kubata, uye pakati pavo - nzanga. mimhanzi inoshanda, mimhanzi yakawanda. tsika (kusanganisira mimhanzi yemazuva ese), kudyidzana kweguta nemaruwa, maitiro ekuona mimhanzi uye kukura kwemimhanzi. "hupfumi" uye "kugadzirwa" (kuita, chiridzwa, konsati uye masangano emitambo, nezvimwewo), nzvimbo yemimhanzi muhupenyu hwevanhu vakasiyana. mapoka, kushanduka kwemitambo. mhando zvichienderana nemamiriro ekuvapo kwemimhanzi. Muzvinyorwa zvakawanda zve20s. Asafiev akabata pamusoro pemagariro ekuvapo kwemimhanzi munguva dzakasiyana, mamiriro echinyakare uye matsva emhando dzemhuri muguta nekumaruwa. Bhuku rinonzi "Musical Form as a process" rakanyorwa naAsafiev (1930) raive nemirangariro ine muchero pamusoro pehukama huripo pakati pekusika uye kuona mukuita kwekutaura, yakaratidza maitiro emagariro evanhu. kugadzira mimhanzi kunogona kukanganisa kugadzira. Munhanganyaya yebhuku rake. "Mumhanzi weRussia kubva paKutanga kwe1930th Century" (XNUMX) Asafiev akaongorora maitiro ekugadzira mimhanzi akasiyana siyana emagariro nehupfumi. formations.

Muma1920 muSov. Union, pamwe chete nedzidziso yakazarurwa kongiri yemagariro. tsvakurudzo yemimhanzi. tsika. Pasi peInstitute of the History of Art muLeningrad, kekutanga mukuita kwenyika, Cabinet yeChidzidzo cheMuses yakagadzirwa. hupenyu (KIMB). RI Gruber akatora chikamu chinoshingaira muhurongwa uye basa rayo. Pasinei nekubudirira, mune akati wandei mabasa, zizi. nyanzvi dzemimhanzi dzemakore ekuma1920 kwaive nemaitiro ekurerutsa matambudziko akaoma, tichiregeredza chaiwo ehunyanzvi. kusika, kunzwisiswa kwakati kwakajeka kwekutsamira kweiyo superstructure pane zvehupfumi. hwaro, kureva yainzi panguva iyoyo vulgar sociologism.

Kune S.m., dzidziso yaAsafiev ye "intonation duramazwi yenguva" se "chakavanzika" chekuzivikanwa uye nzanga yakawana kukosha kukuru. Kubudirira kwekugadzirwa, pamwe nekufungidzira kwe "intonation crises", yakaiswa mubhuku rake. "Chimiro chemimhanzi senzira. Bhuku rechipiri. "Intonation" (1947). Mubvunzo wehukama pakati pekugadzirwa kwevanyori uye "genre fund" yenguva yacho yakagadzirwa mu30s. AA Alshvang. Akataura pfungwa ine zvibereko nezve "generalization kuburikidza nemhando", iyo yakagadziridzwazve mune yake monograph paPI Tchaikovsky (1959). Mubvunzo we "genre" semumhanzi uye zvemagariro evanhu. chikamu chakagadzirwa zvakare naSS Skrebkov (chinyorwa "Dambudziko reMumhanzi Genre uye Realism", 1952).

Sezvimiririra. zvidzidzo zvesainzi zveS.m. kubva kuma60s. yakatanga kuvandudzwa mumabasa eAN Sohor. Muzvinyorwa zvake zvakawanda uye kunyanya mubhuku. "Sociology uye mimhanzi tsika" (1975) inotsanangura nyaya yemazuva ano. Mumhanzi wemumhanzi weMarxist, unotsanangura mabasa ayo, chimiro, uye nzira, unotsanangura hurongwa hwemagariro emimhanzi, unosimbisa typology chirongwa cheruzhinji mimhanzi yemazuva ano. Pachirongwa cheSohor, akati wandei-Mubatanidzwa uye pasi rose makonferensi pamatambudziko eS.m. Boka remamiziyamu rakaratidza basa guru mumunda weS. m. sociology Moscow. madhipatimendi eCK RSFSR, achidzidza mimhanzi. kuravira kwevechidiki veMoscow (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev). Mubhuku. "Mumhanzi uye Mutereri" naVS Tsukerman (1972) inopfupisa data kubva kune chaiyo zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi. hupenyu hweUrals, kuedza kunoitwa kutsanangura pfungwa dzakadai semuses. tsika dzevanhu, mimhanzi. zvinodiwa nevanhu. Mibvunzo yemabasa emagariro emimhanzi uye kuchinja kwayo mumimhanzi yemazuva ano iri kugadzirwa. mamiriro, typology yemapoka evadzidzi, kupatsanura uye dzidzo yemagariro. basa remimhanzi rinoparadzirwa paredhiyo neterevhizheni (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev, Yu. V. Malyshev, AL Klotin, AA Zolotov, G. Sh. Ordzhonikidze, LI Levin). Matambudziko emimhanzi yeSociological. ngano inoonekwa mumabasa eII Zemtsovsky, VL Goshovsky nevamwe. uye zvemagariro evanhu. E. Ya. Burliva, EV Nazaykinsky nevamwe vanoshanda pamatambudziko emimhanzi maonero. kuita muhurongwa hwemhanzi midhiya yekuparadzira mimhanzi inokurukurwa muzvinyorwa zve LA Barenboim, GM Kogan, NP Korykhalova, Yu. V. Kapustin nevamwe. classical uye zizi. musicology itsika yekudzidza marudzi mumimhanzi maererano nechinangwa chavo chakakosha uye mamiriro ekushanda. Aya matambudziko anogadziriswa maererano nemazuva ano, pamwe chete nenhoroondo. Pakati pemabasa emhando iyi, mabasa eAN Sohor, MG Aranovsky, LA Mazel, VA Tsukkerman anomira pachena.

Kubudirira kwakakosha mumunda weS.m. zvakawanwa nemasayendisiti emamwe masocialist. nyika. E. Pavlov (Bulgaria), K. Niemann (GDR), uye vamwe vakagadzira nzira yokudzidza nayo voruzhinji noukama hwayo nemitoo yechinyakare nemitsva yokuparadzira mimhanzi. Mabasa aI. Vitania (Hungary) akazvipira kumimhanzi. hupenyu hwehuduku, J. Urbansky (Poland) - kumatambudziko emimhanzi paredhiyo uye terevhizheni. MuRomania (K. Brailoiu nechikoro chake) mitoo yemagariro yakatangwa. zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi. folklore. Pakati pemabasa edzidziso - "Introduction to musical sociology" by I. Supipic (Yugoslavia, 1964), inofukidza matambudziko akawanda eiyi sainzi, kusanganisira ayo chaiwo, nzira, kuwirirana neyechinyakare. musicology. Pasi pemupepeti weSupicic, magazini yakabudiswa kubvira 1970. "Kuongorora Kwenyika Dzese kweAesthetics uye Sociology yeMimhanzi", Zagreb. Dzimwe nyaya dzakajairika dzeS.m. masayendisiti L. Mokri, I. Kresanek, I. Fukach, M. Cerny. Z. Lissa (Poland) akapa nzira. kubatsira mukusimudzirwa kwezvinetso zvakadai semagariro evanhu uye nhoroondo. musiyano wemimhanzi. maonero, nzanga. kuongororwa kwemimhanzi, mimhanzi uye tsika dzetsika. J. Uyfalushshi naJ. Maroti (Hungary) vari kudzidza nezvetsika yevateereri.

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AH Coxop, Yu. V. Kapustin