Medieval frets |

Medieval frets, zvakanyanya manyawi echechi, manzwi echechi

lat. modi, toni, tropi; German Kirchentöne, Kirchentonarten; French modes gregoriens, tons ecclesiastiques; Mamiriro echechi yeChirungu

Iro zita revasere (gumi nembiri pakupera kweRenaissance) monodic modes iyo iri pasi pehunyanzvi (ch. arr. chechi) mimhanzi yeWestern Europe. zera repakati.

Nhoroondo, 3 masisitimu emazita eS l.:

1) kamuri ine nhamba yemvura (yekare; maitiro anoratidzwa neLatinized Greek numerals, semuenzaniso protus - yekutanga, deuterus - yechipiri, zvichingodaro, nekupatsanurwa kweviri kweimwe neimwe kuva yechokwadi - huru uye plagal - yechipiri);

2) nhamba dzakareruka (modhi dzinoratidzwa nenhamba dzechiRoma kana nhamba dzechiLatin - kubva kuI kusvika kuVIII; semuenzaniso, primus tone kana I, secundus toneus kana II, tertius tone kana III, nezvimwewo);

3) zita (nominative; maererano nedzidziso yechiGiriki yemimhanzi: Dorian, Hypodorian, Phrygian, Hypophrygian, nezvimwewo). Consolidated zita system yesere S. l.:

I – дорийский – protus authenticus II – Hypodorian – protus plagalis III – Phrygian – authentic deuterus IV – hypophrygian – deuterus plagalis V – лидийский – authentic tritus VI – Hypolydian – tritus plagalic autumn VII – tecusstradius VII – tecusstradius VII – tecusstradius VII – tecusardus plagalis – Mixordard II

Main modal mapoka S. l. - finalis (toni yekupedzisira), ambitus (volume of melody) uye - munziyo dzine chekuita nepisarema, - repercussion (zvakare tenor, tuba - toni yekudzokorora, pisarema); uyezve, nziyo muna S. l. kazhinji inoratidzirwa neimwe melodic. formulas (inobva murwiyo rwepisarema). Chiyero chekupedzisira, ambitus uye repercussion inoumba hwaro hwechimiro cheimwe neimwe yeS.

Melodich. mafomula S. l. mupisarema melodic (matoni episarema) - kutangisa (yekutanga formula), yekupedzisira (yekupedzisira), yepakati (yepakati cadence). melodic samples. mafomula nenziyo muS.l.:

Hymn "Ave maris Stella."

Mharidzo "Ndakachema kubva pakadzika."

Antiphon "Murairo mutsva".

Hareruya uye vhesi "Laudate Dominum".

Zvishoma nezvishoma "Vakaona".

Kyrie eleison weMisa "Paschal mwaka".

Misa yevakafa, inopinda muzororo risingaperi.

Kune maitiro eS.l. zvinosanganisirawo kusiyana (lat. differentiae tonorum, diffinitiones, varietates) - cadence melodic. mafomula eanopikisa pisarema anowira pane matanhatu-syllable anopedzisa. mutsara unonzi. "small doxology" (seculorum ameni - "uye nokusingaperi-peri ameni"), iyo inowanzofananidzirwa nekusiiwa kwemakonzonendi: Euouae.

Gwayana raMwari reMisa "Pamazuva eAdvent and Lent".

Misiyano inoshanda sechinjo kubva mundima yepisarema kuenda kune inotevera antiphon. Sezvineiwo, mutsauko unokweretwa kubva kumagumo emapisarema (naizvozvo, magumo emapisarema enziyo anonziwo misiyano, ona "Antiphonale monasticum pro diurnis horis ...", Tornaci, 1963, p. 1210-18).

Antiphon "Ad Magnificat", VIII G.

Munyika uye muvanhu. mimhanzi yeMiddle Ages (kunyanya Renaissance), sezviri pachena, kwaigara kune mamwe maitiro (uku ndiko kusarongeka kwezwi rekuti "S. saka, izwi rekuti “machechi modes”, “manzwi echechi” rakanyatsojeka). Nekudaro, ivo havana kufuratirwa mumimhanzi nesainzi. mabhuku, ayo akanga achipesvedzerwa nechechi. J. de Groheo (“De musica”, c. 1300) akataura kuti mimhanzi yenyika (cantum civilem) “haifambidzani zvakanaka” nemitemo yechechi. frets; Glarean ("Dodekachordon", 1547) aidavira kuti Ionian mode iripo ca. 400 makore. MuMiddle Ages yekare kwazvo yakauya kwatiri. nziyo dzepanyika, dzisiri dzechitendero dzinowanikwa, semuenzaniso, pentatonic, Ionian modhi:

Rwiyo rweGermany pamusoro paPetro. Con. 9 c.

Dzimwe nguva, Ionian neAeolian modhi (inoenderana nemasikirwo makuru uye madiki) inowanikwawo muGregorian chant, semuenzaniso. the whole monodic mass "In Festis solemnibus" (Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Ite missa est) yakanyorwa mu XI, kureva Ionian, fret:

Kyrie eleison weMisa "Mumitambo mikuru."

MuSer chete. 16th century (ona "Dodekachordon" Glareana) muhurongwa hweS. l. 4 mamwe mafrets akaverengerwa (saka pakanga paine gumi nemaviri frets). Zvitsva zvitsva:

KuTsarlino ("Dimostrationi Harmoniche", 1571, "Le Istitutioni Harmoniche", 1573) uye mamwe French. uye chiGerman. vaimbi vezana ramakore rechi 17 imwe taxonomy yakasiyana yegumi nembiri S. l. inopihwa mukuenzanisa neGlarean. PaTsarlino (1558):

G. Zаrlinо. "The Harmonic Institutions", IV, chits. 10.

У М. Мерсенна ("Universal Harmony", 1636-37):

Ndinoshuva - chokwadi. Dorian (s-s1), II mode - plagal subdorian (g-g1), III fret - chokwadi. Phrygian (d-d1), IV mode - plagal sub-Phrygian (Aa), V - yechokwadi. Lydian (e-e1), VI - Plagal Sublydian (Hh), VII - yechokwadi. mixolydian (f-f1), VIII - plagal hypomixolydian (c-c1), IX - yechokwadi. hyperdoric (g-g1), X - plagal Sub-Hyperdorian (d-d1), XI - yechokwadi. hyperphrygian (a-a1), XII - plagal subhyperphrygian (e-e1).

Kune imwe neimwe yeS.l. akatsanangura kutaura kwake chaiko. hunhu. Maererano nenhungamiro yeChechi (kunyanya mukuvamba kweMiddle Ages), mimhanzi inofanira kubviswa pazvinhu zvose zvenyama, “zvenyika” seinotadza uye inosimudzira mweya kuhumwari hwomudzimu, hwokudenga, hwechiKristu. Saka, Clement wekuAlexandria (c. 150 - c. 215) akapikisa ekare, echihedheni maFrigian, Lydia uye Dorian "mazita" achifarira "rwiyo rwekusingaperi rwekubatana kutsva, zita raMwari", vachipesana ne "effeminate tunes" uye ". mhere-mhere”, ku -ry “kushatisa mweya” nokuibatanidza mu“mafaro akashata” e<em>komos, achifarira “mufaro womudzimu”, “nekuda kukudza uye kudzora hasha dzomunhu.” Aitenda kuti "kuwirirana (kureva maitiro) kunofanira kutorwa zvakasimba uye kwakachena." Iyo Dorian (chechi) modhi, semuenzaniso, inowanzo zivikanwa neve theorists seyakadzama, hukuru. Guido d'Arezzo anonyora nezve "rudo rwechitanhatu", "kutaura kwechinomwe" frets. Tsananguro yekuratidzira kwemodhi inowanzopihwa zvakadzama, zvine mavara (maitiro anopiwa mubhuku: Livanova, 6, p. 7; Shestakov, 1940, p. 66), iyo inoratidza mhenyu maonero emodal intonation.

Nhoroondo kare S. l. pasina kupokana zvinobva muhurongwa hwekunetsana kwekereke. mimhanzi yeByzantium - iyo inonzi. oktoiha (osmosis; Greek oxto - sere uye nxos - izwi, modhi), uko kune 8 modes, yakakamurwa kuita 4 pairs, yakasarudzwa seyechokwadi uye plagal (mavara mana ekutanga eGreek alphabet, iyo yakaenzana nehurongwa: I – II – III – IV), uye anoshandiswawo muchiGiriki. mazita emhando (Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Hypodorian, Hypo-Phrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian). Systematization yemakereke eByzantine. frets inonzi yakaitwa naJohn weDhamasiko (4st hafu yezana ramakore rechisere; ona Osmosis). Mubvunzo wenhoroondo yeGenesis yemodal systems yeByzantium, Dr. Russia neWestern Europe. S. l., zvisinei, inoda kumwe kutsvagisa. Muses. theorists ekutanga Middle Ages (1th-ekutanga 8th mazana emakore) havasati vataura maitiro matsva (Boethius, Cassiodorus, Isidore weSeville). Kwenguva yokutanga ivo vanotaurwa muchibvumirano, chidimbu chakabudiswa naM. Herbert (Gerbert Scriptores, I, p. 6-8) pasi pezita raFlaccus Alcuin (26-27); zvisinei, kunyorwa kwaro hakuna chokwadi. Gwaro rekaresa rinotaura zvakavimbika nezve S. l. inofanira kuonekwa sechinyorwa chaAurelian kubva kuRheome (735th century) "Musica disciplina" (c. 804; "Gerbert Scriptores", I, p. 9-850); kutanga kwechitsauko chake chechisere "De Tonis octo" inoburitsa zvinenge verbatim chikamu chose cheAlcunnos. Modhi ("toni") inodudzirwa pano semhando yenzira yekuimba (padhuze nepfungwa yemodus). Munyori haape mienzaniso yemimhanzi uye zvirongwa, asi anoreva nziyo dzeantiphons, responsories, offertories, communio. Muchinyorwa chisingazivikanwe che28 (?) c. "Alia musica" (yakabudiswa naHerbert - "Gerbert Scriptores", I, p. 63-8) inotoratidza miganhu chaiyo yega yega ye9 S. l. Saka, yekutanga fret (primus tonus) inosarudzwa se "yakaderera" (omnium gravissimus), inotora octave kune mesa (kureva Aa), uye inonzi "Hypodorian". Iyo inotevera (octave Hh) ndeye Hypophrygian, zvichingodaro. ("Gerbert Scriptores," I, p. 125a). Yakatumirwa naBoethius ("De institutione musica", IV, capitula 52) systematization yechiGiriki. transpositional scales of Ptolemy (transpositions of the "perfect system", iyo yakadzokorora mazita emhando - Phrygian, Dorian, etc. - asi chete mumashure, achikwira kurongeka) mu "Alia musica" yakakanganiswa nokuda kwekugadzirisa maitiro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, muGreek mazita emamodhi akave akabatana nemamwe mazero (ona Ancient Greek modes). Nekuda kwekuchengetedza kurongeka kwezvikero zve modal, kurongeka kwekutevedzana kwemamodhi mune ese ari maviri masisitimu kwakaramba kwakafanana, chete kutungamira kwekutevedzana kwakachinja - mukati meiyo yekudzora maviri-octave mutsara weGreek yakakwana system - kubva kuA kusvika ku. a8.

Pamwe pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwe octave S. l. uye kupararira kwekugadzirisa (kubvira muzana remakore rechi11), hurongwa hwehexachords yeGuido d'Arezzo yakawanawo kushanda.

Kuumbwa kweEuropean polyphony (munguva yeMiddle Ages, kunyanya panguva yeRenaissance) kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya hurongwa hwezviridzwa zvemimhanzi. uye pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kukuparadzwa kwaro. Main zvinhu zvakakonzera kuparara kweS. l. zvaiva nezvinangwa zvakawanda. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu, kuiswa kwetoni uye shanduko yekonsonanti triad kuita hwaro hweiyo modhi. Polyphony yakaisa kukosha kwemamwe mapoka eS. - ambitus, mhedzisiro, yakagadzira mukana wekupera kamwechete pane maviri (kana kunyange matatu) decomp. manzwi (somuenzaniso, pana d uye a panguva imwe chete). Izwi rekutanga (musiсa falsa, musica ficta, ona Chromatism) yakakanganisa diatonicism yakasimba yeS. l., yakaderedzwa uye yakaita misiyano isingagumi muhutano hweS. yemafungiro akafanana, kuderedza misiyano pakati pemamodhi kune iyo huru inotsanangura chimiro - chikuru kana chidiki chikuru. katatu. Kuzivikanwa kwekonsonanti yevatatu (uyezve yechitanhatu) muzana ramakore rechi 13. (kubva kuFranco weCologne, Johannes de Garland) akatungamira kumazana emakore 15-16. pakushandiswa nguva dzose kwekonsonanti triad (uye inversions yavo) uye nekudaro kubuda. kurongekazve kweiyo modal system, kuivaka pane makuru uye madiki chords.

S. l. Mumhanzi wepolygonal wakashanduka kuenda kumodal kuwirirana kweRenaissance (15th-16th century) uyezve kune "harmonic tonality" (inoshanda kuwirirana kweiyo huru-diki system) ye17th-19th mazana emakore.

S. l. polygonal mimhanzi muzana remakore rechi15-16. iva neruvara rwakati, rangariro isina kujeka yemusanganiswa mukuru-madiki modal system (ona Major-madiki). Kazhinji, semuenzaniso, kuguma nehutatu hukuru hwechidimbu chakanyorwa mukuwirirana kwediki mood (D-dur - muDorian d, E-dur - muFrygian e). Kuenderera mberi kwekushanda kweharmonics. Zvimiro zvechimiro chakasiyana zvachose-chords-chinoguma mune modal system inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune yekutanga monody ye classical musical style. Iyi modal system (renaissance modal kuwirirana) yakazvimiririra uye inomira pakati pemamwe masisitimu, pamwe ne sl uye huru-diki tonality.

Nekugadzwa kwekutonga kweiyo huru-diki system (17-19 mazana emakore), yekare S. l. zvishoma nezvishoma vanorasikirwa nerevo yavo, zvimwe vachiramba vari muKaturike. kuchechi hupenyu hwezuva nezuva (kashoma - muPurotesitendi, semuenzaniso, rwiyo rweDorian rwekwaya "Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin"). Kuparadzanisa mienzaniso yakajeka yeS. l. inowanikwa zvakanyanya mu1st floor. 17th century Characteristic revolutions yeS. simuka kubva kuJS Bach mukugadzirisa nziyo dzekare; chidimbu chose chinogona kutsigirwa mune imwe yeiyi modhi. Nokudaro, mutinhimira wekwaya inoti “Herr Gott, dich loben wir” (chinyorwa chayo ishanduro yechiGerman yerwiyo rwekare rweLatin, rwakaitwa muna 1529 naM. Luther) muchimiro cheFrygian, chakagadziridzwa naBach nokuda kwekwaya ( BWV 16 , 190, 328) uye nokuda kwechitubu (BWV 725), iko kushanda zvakare kwerwiyo rwekare "Te deum laudamus" yezwi rechina, uye zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi zvakachengetwa mukugadzirisa kwaBach. formulas iyi Wed.-Century. tones.

JS Bach. Choral prelude yenhengo.

Kana zvinhu zveS. l. mukuwirirana muzana remakore rechi17. uye mumimhanzi yenguva yeBach - zvakasara zvetsika yekare, zvino kutanga naL. Beethoven (Adagio "In der lydischen Tonart" kubva ku quartet op. 132) kune rumutsiriro rwekare modal system pane imwe nheyo itsva. . Munguva yerudo, kushandiswa kweakagadziridzwa mafomu eS. inobatanidzwa nenguva dzekunyora, kukwezva kumimhanzi yekare (naF. Liszt, J. Brahms; mumutsauko wechinomwe kubva kuTchaikovsky akasiyana epiyano op. 7 No 19 - Phrygian mode ine yakajairwa tonic huru pakupedzisira) uye inobatanidza nekuwedzera kutarisa vanyori kune maitiro emimhanzi yevanhu (ona Natural modes), kunyanya F. Chopin, B. Bartok, vanyori vekuRussia vezana remakore rechi6-19.

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Yu. H. Kholopov