Voice lead |

German Stimmführung, Chirungu. chikamu-kunyora, inzwi-inotungamira (muUSA), French conduite des voix

Kufamba kwezwi remunhu uye manzwi ese pamwechete mune polyphonic chidimbu chemimhanzi panguva yekuchinja kubva kune imwe musanganiswa wemanzwi kuenda kune imwe, nemamwe mazwi, iyo general musimboti wekuvandudza melodic. mitsara (manzwi), kubva kune iyo mimhanzi inoumbwa. jira (chimiro) chebasa.

G.'s maficha anoenderana neiyo stylistic. misimboti yemunyori, zvikoro zvese zvevanyori uye hunyanzvi. mirayiridzo, pamwe chete nekuumbwa kwevatambi vakanyorerwa chinyorwa ichi. Mupfungwa yakafara, G. ari pasi pezvose zviri zviviri melodic uye harmonic. mapatani. Pasi pekutariswa kwemanzwi kunokanganisa nzvimbo yake mumamusi. machira (kumusoro, pasi, pakati, etc.) uye kuita. kugona kwechiridzwa, icho chakapihwa kuita kwacho.

Zvinoenderana nereshiyo yemanzwi, G. inosiyaniswa yakananga, isina kunanga uye yakapesana. Yakananga (yakasiyana - parallel) kufamba kunoratidzwa nekukwira kumwechete kana kudzika nzira yekufamba mumanzwi ese, isina kunanga - ichisiya rimwe kana akawanda izwi risina kuchinjwa. kureba, zvinopesana - zvakasiyana. kutungamira kwemazwi anofamba (muchimiro chayo chakachena chinogoneka chete mumanzwi maviri, nenhamba huru yemanzwi inosungirwa kusanganiswa nekufamba kwakananga kana kusinganangi).

Izwi rega rega rinogona kufamba mumatanho kana kusvetuka. Stepwise kufamba kunopa kutsetseka kukuru uye kubatana kwemakonzonenzi; kuchinjika kwechipiri kwemazwi ese kunogona kuita kuti zvisikwa kunyangwe kutevedzana kweanowirirana kure kubva kune imwe neimwe makonzonenzi. Kunyanya kutsvedzerera kunowanikwa nekufamba kusina kunanga, kana toni yakajairika yemakori inochengetedzwa, nepo mamwe manzwi achifamba ari pedyo. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwekubatana pakati pemanzwi anonzwika panguva imwe chete, harmonic, heterophonic-subvocal, uye manzwi epolyphonic anosiyaniswa.

harmonic g. yakabatana nechordal, choral (ona Chorale) manyorerwo, ayo anosiyaniswa nekubatana kwemutinhimira wemanzwi ese. Iyo yakakwana yenhoroondo nhamba yemanzwi mana, inoenderana nemanzwi ekwaya: soprano, alto, tenor uye bass. Aya mavhoti anogona kupetwa kaviri. Iko kusanganiswa kwechords nekufamba kusina kunanga kunonzi kuwirirana, kune zvakananga uye zvinopesana - melodic. kubatana. Kazhinji inowirirana. G. ari pasi pekuperekedzwa kwemutinhimira unotungamira (kazhinji neizwi repamusoro) uye ndeweanodanwa. homophonic harmonic. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu (ona Homophony).

Heterofonno-podgolosochnoe G. (ona heterophony) inoratidzirwa zvakananga (kazhinji zvakafanana) kufamba. In decomp. manzwi akasiyana-siyana emutinhi mumwe chete; dhigirii rekusiyana rinoenderana nemaitiro uye nyika. mavambo ebasa racho. Heterophonic-vocal izwi rinofananidzwa nehuwandu hwemimhanzi uye stylistic phenomena, semuenzaniso. yeGregorian chant (Europe 11-14 mazana emakore), nhamba yevakaroorana. tsika dzemimhanzi (kunyanya, yerwiyo rwekudhirowa kweRussia); inowanwa mumabasa evanyori avo, kusvikira kumwero wakati kana kuti mumwe, vakashandisa magamuchidzanwa enzwi aNar. mimhanzi (MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin, SV Rakhmaninov, DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, IF Stravinsky nevamwe).

AP Borodin. Chorus yevagari vomumusha kubva opera "Prince Igor".

polyphonic g. (ona Polyphony) inobatanidzwa nenguva imwe chete. kubata akati wandei kana mashoma akazvimirira. nziyo.

R. Wagner. Kuenderera mberi kune opera "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg".

Chimiro chepolyphonic G. ndiko kuzvimirira kwemutinhimira mune rimwe nerimwe remanzwi nekufamba kwavo kusina kunanga.

Izvi zvinogonesa kucherechedzwa kwakanaka kwerwiyo rwega nenzeve uye zvinokutendera kuti uteedzere musanganiswa wavo.

Kudzidzira vaimbi uye theorists vakatanga kuteerera gitare kubva pakutanga Middle Ages. Nekudaro, Guido d'Arezzo akataura achipokana neParallels. Hukbald's organum uye mune yake dzidziso zvinoitika akagadzira mitemo yekubatanidza manzwi mu cadences. Kuvandudzwa kunotevera kwedzidziso yeG. kunoratidza zvakananga kushanduka kwemamuse. art, maitiro ayo makuru. Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi16 G. mitemo yekuparara. manzwi akanga akasiyana - mu countertenor achibatanidza tenor uye treble (ye instr. performance), kusvetuka, kuyambuka nemamwe mazwi kwakabvumirwa. Muzana remakore rechi16 nekuda kwekunzwika kwemimhanzi. machira uye kushandiswa kwokutevedzera kunoitika zvinoreva. kuenzana kwemavhoti. Mn. mitemo yekupikisa yakanga iri mitemo yeG. - kupesana kwekufamba kwemanzwi sehwaro, kurambidzwa kwekuenzanisa. kufamba uye kuyambuka, kudiwa kwekuderedzwa kwepakati pane yakawedzera (sezvo mushure mekusvetuka, melodic kufamba kune rumwe rutivi kwaiita sechisikigo), nezvimwewo (iyi mitemo, kune imwe nhanho, yakachengetedza kukosha kwayo muhomophonic choral texture). Kubva muzana remakore rechi17 izvo zvinonzi musiyano wakatangwa. maitiro akaoma uye akasununguka. Chimiro chakasimba chairatidzwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekusava nechitendero. nhamba yemanzwi mubasa, mumutauro wakasununguka, yaigara ichichinja (pamwe chete neanonzi manzwi chaiwo, mazwi anopindirana uye manzwi akaonekwa), "rusununguko" rwakawanda rwakabvumirwa naG. Munguva yevass general, G. zvishoma nezvishoma akazvisunungura kubva pamitemo yakasimba yekupikisa; panguva imwe cheteyo, inzwi repamusoro rinova ndiro rinonyanya kusimudzwa zvine mutinhimira, nepo mamwe ose achitora nzvimbo yakaderera. Chiyero chakafanana chinochengetedzwa zvakanyanya kunyangwe mushure meiyo bass yamira kushandiswa, kunyanya mupiyano. uye mimhanzi yeorchestra (kunyanya "kuzadza" basa remazwi epakati), kunyange kubva pakutanga. 20th century kukosha kwepolyphonic G. kwakawedzera zvakare.

References: Skrebkov S., Polyphonic analysis, M., 1940; yake pachake, Textbook of polyphony, M., 1965; yake, Harmony munziyo dzemazuva ano, M., 1965; Mazel L., O melody, M., 1952; Berkov V., Harmony, bhuku, chikamu 1, M., 1962, 2 pasi pemusoro unoti: Textbook of harmony, M., 1970; Protopopov Vl., Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo yakakosha zviitiko. Nziyo dzechiRussian dzeclassical neSoviet, M., 1962; yake, Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo inonyanya kukosha zviitiko. Western European classics yeXVIII-XIX mazana emakore, M., 1965; Sposobin I., Mumhanzi fomu, M., 1964; Tyulin Yu. uye Privano N., Theoretical Foundations of Harmony, M., 1965; Stepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972.

FG Arzamanov