Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina |

Giovanni Pierluigi anobva kuPalestrina

Muimbi akatanhamara weItaly wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, tenzi asingaenzaniswi wekwaya polyphony, G. Palestrina, pamwe naO. Lasso, mumwe weakanyanya kukosha mumhanzi wekupedzisira Renaissance. Mubasa rake, rakawedzera zvakanyanya muhuwandu uye muhupfumi hwemhando, hunyanzvi hwekwaya polyphony, iyo yakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore akawanda (kunyanya nevaimbi veinonzi chikoro cheFranco-Flemish), yakasvika pakukwana kwayo. Mimhanzi yePalestrina yakawana iyo yepamusoro synthesis yehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye zvinodikanwa zvekuridza mimhanzi. Iyo yakanyanya kuomesesa yekubatanidza manzwi emucheka wepolyphonic zvakadaro inowedzera kusvika kune inopindirana yakajeka uye inopindirana mufananidzo: hunyanzvi hunyanzvi hwepolyphony hunoita kuti dzimwe nguva isaonekwe munzeve. Nekufa kwePalestrina, nguva yese mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi yeWestern Europe yakapinda munguva yakapfuura: kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. yakaunza mhando itsva uye maonero enyika itsva.

Upenyu hwaPalestrina hwakapedzwa mukudzikama uye kwakanangidzirwa sevhisi kune yake hunyanzvi, nenzira yake pachake aienderana neake hunyanzvi hunhu hwekuenzanisa uye kuwirirana. Palestrina akaberekerwa mumusha weRoma wainzi Palestrina (munguva dzekare nzvimbo iyi yainzi Prenesta). Zita remunyori rinobva pazita renzvimbo iyi.

Anenge upenyu hwake hwose Palestrina aigara muRoma. Basa rake rakanyatsobatanidzwa nemitambo yemimhanzi netsika dzemakereke makuru makuru eRoma: Santa Maria della Maggiore, St. John Lateran, St. Peter. Kubvira pauduku, Palestrina akaimba mukwaya yechechi. Muna 1544, achiri murume muduku zvikuru, akava munyori weogani uye mudzidzisi mucathedral yeguta raakaberekerwa uye akashumira ikoko kusvikira 1551. Uchapupu hwezvinyorwa zvemabasa okusika ePalestrina munguva iyi haupo, asi, sezviri pachena, atova ipapo. nguva yakatanga kubata tsika dzemhando yemass uye motet, iyo yaizotora nzvimbo huru mubasa rake. Zvinogoneka kuti mamwe eruzhinji rwake, akazoburitswa, akange atonyorwa panguva iyi. Muna 154250 Bhishopu weguta rePalestrina aive Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte, akazosarudzwa sepapa. Uyu ndiye aive wekutanga mutsigiri ane simba wePalestrina, uye kwaive kuvonga kwaari kuti muimbi wechidiki akatanga kuonekwa kakawanda muRoma. Muna 1554 Palestrina akaburitsa bhuku rekutanga revazhinji rakatsaurirwa kumubatsiri wake.

Musi waGunyana 1, 1551, Palestrina akagadzwa kuve mutungamiri weGiulia Chapel muRome. Iyi chapel yaive imba yekuimba yeSt. Peter's Cathedral. Nekuda kwekuedza kwaPope Julius II, yakarongwa patsva munguva yayo uye yakashandurwa kuita nzvimbo yakakosha yekudzidziswa kwevaimbi veItaly, mukupesana neSistine Chapel, uko vatorwa vaive vazhinji. Nenguva isipi Palestrina anoenda kunoshumira muSistine Chapel - iyo yepamutemo chapel yemimhanzi yaPapa. Mushure mekufa kwaPope Julius II, Marcellus II akasarudzwa sapapa mutsva. Zviri nemunhu uyu kuti rimwe remabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru ePalestrina, iyo inonzi "Misa yaPapa Marcello", yakabudiswa muna 1567, yakabatana. Mukuwirirana nengano, muna 1555 papa akaunganidza vaimbi vake vekwaya paChishanu Chakanaka ndokuvazivisa nezvechinodikanwa chokuita kuti mimhanzi yeVhiki Yeshungu ive yakafanira zvikuru chiitiko ichi, uye mashoko akajeka zvikuru uye anonzwika zvakajeka.

MunaGunyana 1555, kusimbiswa kwemaitiro akasimba mukereke kwakatungamira mukudzingwa kwePalestrina nevamwe vaviri vaimbi vekwaya: Palestrina akange aroora panguva iyoyo, uye mhiko yekusaroora yaive chikamu chechata chekereke. Muna 1555-60. Palestrina anotungamira chapel yeChechi yeSt. John Lateran. Muma1560 akadzokera kuCathedral yeSanta Maria della Maggiore, kwaakanga ambodzidza. Panguva ino, kubwinya kwePalestrina kwakanga kwatopararira kupfuura miganhu yeItaly. Izvi zvinopupurirwa nechokwadi chokuti muna 1568 akaitwa chipo achimiririra Emperor Maximilian II kuti aende kuVienna semutungamiriri webhendi. Mumakore aya, basa rePalestrina rinosvika pakakwirira: muna 1567 bhuku rechipiri revanhu vake rakabudiswa, muna 1570 rechitatu. Mapepa ake mana-chikamu uye mashanu-chikamu motets anoburitswa zvakare. Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Palestrina akadzokera kuchigaro chemukuru weGiulia Chapel paSt. Peter's Cathedral. Aifanira kutsungirira matambudziko akawanda emunhu: rufu rwemukoma wake, vanakomana vaviri nemudzimai. Pakupera chaiko kwoupenyu hwake, Palestrina akasarudza kudzokera kumusha kwake kunzvimbo yomukuru wekwaya yechechi, kwaakabatira makore mazhinji apfuura. Kwemakore, kunamatira kwaPalestrina kunzvimbo dzekwake kwakawedzera kusimba: kwemakumi emakore haana kubva muRoma.

Ngano pamusoro pePalestrina dzakatanga kuumbwa munguva yehupenyu hwake uye dzakaramba dzichikura mushure mekufa kwake. Mhedziso yenhaka yake yekusika yakave yekufara - yaisaziva kukanganwa. Mimhanzi yePalestrina yakanyatsonangana mumunda wemhando dzemweya: ndiye munyori weanopfuura zana, anopfuura 100 motets. 375 offertorias, 68 hymns, litanies, lamentations, etc. Zvisineyi, akapa mutero kurudzi rwemadrigal, rwakanga rwakakurumbira zvikuru muItaly munguva yekupedzisira Renaissance. Basa raPalestrina rakaramba riri munhoroondo yemimhanzi semuenzaniso usingaenzaniswi weunyanzvi hwepolyphonic: mumazana emakore akatevera, mimhanzi yake yakava muenzaniso wemuenzaniso mukuita kudzidzisa vaimbi hunyanzvi hwepolyphony.

A. Pilgun

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (Italian) munyori, mukuru weRoman polyphony. zvikoro. Muna 1537-42 akaimba mukwaya yevakomana muchechi yeSanta Maria Maggiore, kwaakawana dzidzo yemweya wepolyphony. tsika dzechikoro cheDutch. Muna 1544-51 organist uye bandmaster yechechi huru yeSt. Palestrina. Kubva 1551 kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake akashanda muRoma - akatungamira machapel eCathedral yeSt. Peter (1551-55 uye 1571-94, Julius Chapel), makereke eSan Giovanni muLaterano (1555-60) uye Santa Maria Maggiore (1561-66). Akatora rutivi mumisangano yorudzidziso yomuprista weRoma F. Neri (akanyora op. nokuda kwavo), aitungamirira ungano (sosaiti) yevaimbi, akanga ari mutungamiriri wechikoro chokuimba pachechi yeSanta Maria Maggiore, uye aitungamirira imba yokunamatira yeCardinal d'Este. Aitungamirira makwaya, vaimbi vakadzidziswa, vakanyora masasi, motets, kashoma madrigals. Nheyo yeP. — mimhanzi yekwaya inoera cappella. Madrigals ake ekunyika haana kusiyana nemimhanzi yechechi. Ndiri muRoma, ndiri pedyo nguva dzose neVatican, P. Somunyori uye mutambi, ndakanzwa zvakananga pesvedzero yemhepo yeCounter-Reformation. Dare reTrent (1545-63), iro rakaumba pfungwa dzevaKaturike. paakapindura, akanyatsofungawo nezvemibvunzo yechechi. mimhanzi kubva munzvimbo dzinopesana neRenaissance humanism. Kubwinya kwekereke kwakawanikwa panguva iyoyo. art-va, iyo inoshamisa kuomarara kwepolyphonic. budiriro (kazhinji nekutora chikamu kwemidziyo) yakasangana sarudza. kushorwa kwevamiriri veCounter-Reformation. Mukuedza kusimbisa pesvedzero yeChechi pavanhu vazhinji, vaida kujekeswa mudzidziso dzedzidziso. zvinyorwa zveliturgy, izvo zvavakanga vakagadzirira kudzinga zvibodzwa zvakawanda. mimhanzi. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi yakanyanyisa haina kuwana tsigiro inobvumirana: chido che "kujekesa" chimiro chepolyphony, kuramba zviri pachena pesvedzero yenyika, kunyatsosiyanisa mazwi mu polyphony, anenge akakunda. tora cappella. Imwe mhando yengano yakasimuka kuti "muponesi" wepolyphony muKatorike. chechi yaive P., uyo akasika mienzaniso inokatyamadza yekujeka, asingavharidzi mazwi epolyphony pane harmonic. hwaro (muenzaniso wakakurumbira ndewe "Misa yaPapa Marcello", 1555, yakatsaurirwa kuna baba ava). Kutaura zvazviri, iyi yakanga iri nhoroondo chaiyo. polyphonic kuvandudza art-va, kuenda kune kujeka, plastiki, hunhu hwehunyanzvi. mufananidzo, uye P. nekukura kwechinyakare kwakaratidza izvi mukati mechikamu chakaganhurirwa chekwaya. nziyo dzemweya. Mune akawanda ake Op. dhigirii yekujekesa yepolyphony uye kunzwisisika kweshoko iri kure nekufanana. Asi P. pasina mubvunzo yakakwenenzverwa kuchiyero chepolyphonic. uye harmonic. nguva dzose, "horizontals" uye "verticals" mumimhanzi. warehouse, kune kugadzikana kugadzikana kwese. Claim P. yakabatana nemadingindira emweya, asi anoidudzira neimwe nzira, seyeItaly hombe. vanyori veHigh Renaissance. AP yakawedzera kuzviisa pasi, mutambo, misiyano yakapinza ndeyechienzi (izvo zvinowanzoitika kune vakati wandei venguva yake). Mimhanzi yake ine runyararo, nyasha, kufungisisa, kusuwa kwake kwakachena uye kunodzorwa, ukuru hwake hwakanaka uye hwakasimba, mazwi ake anopinda mukati uye akadzikama, matauriro ake ane chinangwa uye ane simba. AP inofarira kuumbwa zvine mwero kwekwaya (4-6 manzwi anofamba nekutsetseka kunoshamisa mune diki renji). Kazhinji dingindira-zviyo zvemweya op. inova mutsindo wekwaya, rwiyo rune mukurumbira, dzimwe nguva kungoti hexachord, ichirira mupolyphony. mharidzo yakaenzana uye inodziviswa. Mumhanzi P. zvakanyanya diatonic, chimiro chayo chinotemerwa nemakonzoni (dissonant consonances anogara akagadzirirwa). Kukudziridzwa kwese (chikamu chemisa, motet) kunoitwa nekutevedzera kana canonical. kufamba, nezvinhu zve vnutr. kusiyana ("kumera" kwenziyo dzakafanana mukugadzirwa kwezwi-melodies). Izvi zvinokonzerwa ne. kuvimbika kwezvinyorwa zvekufananidzira uye mimhanzi. warehouse mukati mekuumbwa. Muchikamu chechipiri. 16 in. mukugadzira kwakasiyana. Zvikoro zveZap MuEurope, pakanga paine kutsvaga kwakanyanya kwechinhu chitsva - munharaunda yemutambo. kunzwika kwerwiyo, virtuoso instrumentalism, mavara akawanda-makwaya kunyora, harmonic chromatization. mutauro, nezvimwewo. AP yakapesana nemaitiro aya. Zvisinei, pasina kuwedzera, asi kunze kwekunze kupfupisa huwandu hwemaitiro ake eunyanzvi, akawana kujeka uye kuwedzera kwepurasitiki kuratidza, kuwirirana kwakanyanya kwemanzwiro, uye akawana mavara akachena mu polyphony. mimhanzi. Kuti aite izvi, akashandura hunhu chaihwo hwewok. polyphony, kuburitsa harmonics mairi. Kutanga. Saka, P., achienda zvake, akasvika imba yekuchengetera zvinhu negwara nemuItari. zvemweya uye zvemazuva ese mazwi (lauda) uye, pakupedzisira, pamwe nevamwe. vanyori venguva yacho vakagadzira shanduko yemaitiro yakaitika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16-17. pakaitika monody pamwe nekuperekedza. Kudzikama, kuenzanisa, kuwirirana art yeP. yakazara nekupokana kwenhoroondo. Embodying art. pfungwa dzeRenaissance mukumisikidzwa kweCounter-Reformation, inongogumira muzvidzidzo, marudzi uye nzira dzekutaura. AP haarambi pfungwa dzehumunhu, asi nenzira yake, mukati mechimiro chemhando dzemweya, anodzitakura kuburikidza nenguva yakaoma izere nemutambo. AP yaive innovator mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kwazvo ekuvandudza. Naizvozvo, mhedzisiro yeP. uye yake yemhando yepamusoro polyphony yekunyora kwakasimba pane venguva uye vateveri yaive yakakwirira kwazvo, kunyanya muItari neSpain. Katurike. chechi, zvisinei, yakabuda ropa uye yakabvisa utachiona hwePalestrian, ichiishandura kubva kumuenzaniso mhenyu kuva tsika yechando yekorasi. mimhanzi ye cappella. Vateveri vepedyo vaP. vaiva J. M. uye J. B. Nanino, F. uye J.

Pakati peOp. P. - vanopfuura 100 misa, approx. 180 motets, litanies, nziyo, mapisarema, offertorias, magnificats, madrigals emweya uye enyika. Sobr. op. P. ed. muLeipzig ("Pierluigi da Palestrinas Werke", Bd 1-33, Lpz., 1862-1903) uye Roma ("Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Le Opere Complete", v. 1-29, Roma, 1939-62, ed. inoenderera mberi).

References: Ivanov-Boretsky MV, Palestrina, M., 1909; yake pachake, Musical-Historical Reader, vol. 1, M., 1933; Livanova T., Nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeWestern Europe kusvika 1789, M., 1940; Gruber RI, Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, vol. 2, chikamu 1, M., 1953; Protopopov Vl., Nhoroondo yepolyphony muzviitiko zvayo zvakakosha, (bhuku 2), Western European classics ye1965th-2th centuries, M., 1972; Dubravskaya T., Italian madrigal yezana ramakore rekutanga, mu: Mibvunzo yemhando yemimhanzi, kwete. 1, M., 2; Baini G., Memorie storico-critiche delila vita e delle opera di Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, v. 1828-1906, Roma, 1918; Brenet M., Palestrina, P., 1925; Casimiri R., Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Nuovi documenti biografici, Roma, 1925; Jeppesen K., Der Pa-lestrinastil und die Dissonanz, Lpz., 1; Cametti A., Palestrina, Mil., 1926; zvake pachake, Bibliografia palestriniana, “Bollettino bibliografico musicale”, t. 1927, 1958; Terry RR, G. da Palestrina, L., 1960; Kat GMM, Palestrina, Haarlem, (3); Ferraci E., Il Palestrina, Roma, 1969; Rasag-nella E., La formazione del linguaggio musicale, pt. 1970 - La parola muPalestrina. Dambudziko, tecnici, estetici e storici, Firenze, 1971; DayTh. C., Palestrina munhoroondo. Chidzidzo chekutanga chemukurumbira wePalestrina uye simba kubva pakufa kwake, NY, 1 (Diss.); Bianchi L., Fellerer KG, GP da Palestrina, Turin, 1975; Güke P., Ein "konservatives" Genie?, "Musik und Gesellschaft", 11, No XNUMX.

TH Solovieva