Ivan Danilovich Zhadan (Ivan Zhadan) |

Ivan Zhadan

CHII CHINOGONA! Ivan Zhadan uye hupenyu hwake huviri

Kana iwe ukabvunza mudiwa we opera kuti ndeapi tenors akapenya pachikuva cheBolshoi Theatre mumakore makumi matatu, mhinduro ichava pachena - Lemeshev naKozlovsky. Pakanga pari mumakore aya apo nyeredzi yavo yakasimuka. Ini ndaizoda kutaura kuti pakanga paine mumwe muimbi ane hunyanzvi hwaive hwakaderera kune aya engano hunhu hweSoviet operatic art. Uye mune dzimwe nzira, zvichida, yakanga yakakwirira! Zita rake ndiIvan Zhadan!

Sei isinganyatsozivikanwi, isingabatanidzwi mumabhuku nemabhuku enhoroondo yemitambo yemitambo, inozivikanwa chete nenyanzvi? Mhinduro ichange iri nyaya yehupenyu hwemurume uyu yakarongwa pano.

Ivan Danilovich Zhadan akaberekwa September 22, 1902 muguta Ukrainian Lugansk mumhuri katuri fekitari mushandi. Kubva pazera remakore 9 aigara mumusha, uko vabereki vake vakamuendesa kunodzidzira somupfuri. Nechekare muhuduku rudo rwaIvan rwekuimba rwakaratidzwa. Aifarira kuimba mukwaya yechechi, pamichato. Pazera ramakore 13, jaya rinodzokera kumusha ndokuenda kunoshanda pafekitari yababa varo. Akashanda pano kusvikira 1923. Muna 1920, panguva yekudzidziswa kwechiuto, Ivan aiva mutungamiri weuto. Shamwari dzakamuraira kuti apinde mudenderedzwa renzwi. Apa zvidimbu zvemaopera zvairongwa. Munguva yekudzokorora kwe "Eugene Onegin", apo Ivan akaita chikamu cheLensky, jaya racho rakasangana nomudzimai wake weramangwana Olga, uyo akaita basa raOlga Larina mumutambo wakafanana (zvakangoitika). Muna 1923, tarenda yaZhadan yakaonekwa, uye sangano revashandi rakamutumira kunodzidza muMoscow. Muguta guru, Ivan akapinda muMusical College paConservatory, kwaakava mudzidzi wemuimbi akakurumbira M. Deisha-Sionitskaya, uye gare gare akatamira kukirasi yePurofesa EE Egorov. Upenyu muhostele hwakanga hwakaoma, pakanga pasina mari yakakwana, uye mudzidzi wechidiki akamanikidzwa kushanda semupfuri, uye ipapo semurayiridzi weAir Force Academy, uko ramangwana rakakurumbira mugadziri wendege AS Yakovlev akaenda kuvadzidzi vake. Zhadan aigara achidada nepeji iri rehupenyu hwake. Muna 1926, Ivan akatanga kukokwa redhiyo. Muna 1927 akapinda muOpera Studio yeBolshoi Theatre, inotungamirirwa naKS Stanislavsky, uyo akakwanisa kukoshesa tarenda remuimbi uye "diction yake isina kunaka". Uye pakupera kwegore rimwe chete, muimbi, apedza kubudirira kukwikwidza, akanyoreswa muBolshoi Theater.

Basa raIvan rakabudirira kubudirira. Tarenda renziyo remuimbi, uyo aive netimbre rakanaka kwazvo, rakaonekwa. Mushure mekubudirira kuita chikamu chekutanga chemuenzi wemuIndia, anopihwa basa rakakosha reSinodal muRubinstein's The Demon (1929).

Muna 1930 akapinda mumitambo yekutanga yeOpera yaA. Spendiarov Almast. Pamwe chete nemitambo yemitambo, muiti anoshingaira kufamba munyika yose, achitaura nevanhu vanoshanda. Anopa makonzati ekutsigira muuto, kusanganisira kuFar East, iyo muna 1935 akagamuchira gwaro rekuremekedza kubva mumaoko aMarshal V. Blucher. Kazhinji, anotungamira hupenyu hwakajairwa hwemuimbi weSoviet, akajeka uye asina makore, anotsigirwa nepfungwa. Inogamuchira tsamba dzechido kubva kuvashandi uye varimi vakaungana. Hapana chinofananidzira dutu riri kuuya.

Zhadan ane mamwe mabasa matsva akawanda mutheater. Basa raLensky, Faust, Duke, Berendey ("Snow Maiden"), Yurodivy, Vladimir Dubrovsky, Gerald ("Lakme"), Almaviva ("The Barber of Seville") anowanikwa mune yake repertoire.

Neboka revaimbi veSoviet (V. Barsova, M. Maksakova, P. Nortsov, A. Pirogov nevamwe), muna 1935 akaita rwendo kuTurkey. Mapepanhau eTurkey azere nemhinduro dzechido nezvemuimbi uyu. Mutungamiri wekutanga weTurkey, M. Ataturk, akayemura tarenda rake, achipa muimbi uyu pane imwe yemabiko nekesi yake yefodya yegoridhe, iyo Zhadan akachengeta sechinhu chakakosha.

Kubwinya kunouya kumuimbi. Ndiye mumwe wevanotungamira soloists veBolshoi Theatre. Inodzokorora kuita muKremlin. Stalin pachake akamufarira, akamukumbira kuti aite izvi kana kuti basa. Pasinei nezvose izvi, Zhadan akanga ari nyore kubata, aida uye akayeuka vanhu vomunyika yake, achivakoka kumitambo yake. Nhamba yepamusoro yebasa remuimbi yakauya muna 1937. Munguva yePushkin Days, anokokwa pakushanya kuRiga. Mushure mokunge muimbi aita basa raLensky, imba yacho yakamupa ruzha rusingaperi. Kushanya kwacho kwainakidza zvekuti Zhadan akakumbirwa kuti awedzere uye aite muFaust naRigoletto. Sezvo pakanga pasina zvipfeko zvemabasa aya, mumiriri weSoviet kuLatvia akatumira ndege chaiyo kuMoscow (nyaya inoshamisa yemakore iwayo), uye yakaendeswa kuRiga.

Zvakakodzera kuyeuka, zvisinei, kuti iri rakanga risiri rimwe gore rekubudirira uye kubudirira. Maiva muna 1937! Kutanga, mumiriri weLatvia akanyangarika kune imwe nzvimbo (sezviri pachena zvaive nengozi kushamisika mumakore iwayo), ipapo shamwari yaZhadan, mutungamiriri weBolshoi Theater VI Mutnykh, akasungwa. Situation yakatanga kukora. Rwendo rwakarongwa rwemuimbi kuLithuania neEstonia rwakamiswa. Akanga asisiri kukokwa kuKremlin. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti Ivan Danilovich akanga asiri wenhamba yevanhu vaitsvaka kushamwaridzana nevaya vane simba, asi akatora kudzingwa kubva kuKremlin zvinorwadza. Chaiva chiratidzo chakaipa. Vamwe vakamutevera: akagamuchira yakaderera konzati mwero, munhandare akasara chete zvikamu Lensky uye Sinodal. Pane chinhu chaputsika mune iyi "muchina" usina kunaka. Kuwa kwainge kwave kuuya. Pamusoro pazvo, ndaifanira kuvhiyiwa uye kubvisa matonsi. Mushure megore rekunyarara (apo vazhinji vatogumisa muimbi), Zhadan zvakare anoita zvinoyevedza saLensky. Munhu wose akacherechedza mavara matsva, akadzika uye anoshamisa muzwi rake.

Zvakaoma kutaura kuti chii chakagadzirirwa muimbi anotevera, asi ipapo hondo yakapindira. Hupenyu muBryusovsky Lane pauriri hwepamusoro, uko imba yemuimbi yaive, yakava nengozi. Magetsi asingaperi akawira pamusoro pedenga pakanga paiswa pfuti yekudzivirira ndege. Ivan Danilovich nevanakomana vake havana kuneta nokuvakanda muchivanze. Nenguva isipi mwanakomana mukuru akatorwa muuto, uye mhuri yose yakatamira kune dacha muManikhino, uko muimbi akavaka imba nemaoko ake. Aifunga kuti kwaizova kwakachengeteka apa. Maartist mazhinji aigara munzvimbo iyi. Panzvimbo iyo Zhadan akachera mugero. Zvaiva nyore kutiza kubhomba mariri. Munguva yekumwe kufambira mberi nekukurumidza kwevaGerman, nzira yekuMoscow yakagurwa. Uye nokukurumidza vapambi vamene vakaoneka mumusha. Ivan Danilovich akayeuka kuti zvakaitika sei:

• Manihino akatorwa nemaGermany. Paiva nevakawanda vedu, panguva iyoyo vari voga veBolshoi Theater. Saka, mumwe mupurisa akapinda mumba mangu, umo muperekedzi ainyatsoziva chiGerman, baritone Volkov nevamwe vaiti vemifananidzo vanoverengeka vaiva neni panguva iyoyo. "Ndivanaani?" Akabvunza nehasha. “Vamhanzi,” mutambi wepiyano aitya akanyunyuta kusvikira afa. Mupurisa akambofunga, chiso chake chichibva chapenya. "Unogona kutamba Wagner?" Volkov akagutsurira musoro achiratidza ...

Mamiriro acho akanga asina tariro. Zhadan aiziva kuti shamwari yake yepamwoyo A. Pirogov yakapomerwa sei kuti haina kubviswa kubva kuMoscow kuenda kuKuibyshev. Ndiani aitarisira mudzimai wake airwara? Chete apo kupomerwa kwakava kutyisidzira (vakatanga kutaura kuti Pirogov akanga akamirira maGermany), muimbi akamanikidzwa kutiza nomudzimai wake airwara zvikuru. Uye pano - kuva munharaunda yakagarwa! Ivan Danilovich akanga asiri munhu asina njere. Aiziva kuti zvaireva chinhu chimwe - musasa (pamwe chete). Uye iye, mudzimai wake uye mwanakomana muduku, pamwe chete neboka vanyori (vanhu 13) vanosarudza kuenda nemaGermany. Akanga akarurama sei! (kunyangwe ndakadzidza nezvazvo gare gare). Vamwene vake vane makore makumi matanhatu nemasere, avo vasina kutsunga kuenda navo, vakadzingirwa kuKrasnoyarsk Territory. Zvakafanana zvakamirira mwanakomana mukuru, uyo akagadziridzwa chete muna 68.

Upenyu hwe "chipiri" hwemuimbi hwakatanga. Kudzungaira nemaGerman, nzara uye kutonhora, kufungirana husori, izvo zvakapotsa zvaita kuti vaurayiwe. Kuponeswa chete nekugona kuimba - maGerman aida mimhanzi yechinyakare. Uye, pakupedzisira, chikamu cheAmerican occupation, apo muimbi nemhuri yake vakaguma panguva yekuzvipa kweGermany. Asi mazuva akaipa haana kugumira ipapo. Munhu wose anoziva kuti nokuda kwezvimwe zvematongerwe enyika, vabatsiri vakabvumirana naStalin pakudzorerwa kwevanhu vose vakadzingwa. Yakanga iri nhamo. Vanhu vaiendeswa nechisimba kurufu rwakati kana kuti kumisasa nevamiririri vehurumende yairemekedzwa yokuMadokero. Zhadan nemudzimai wake vakamanikidzwa kuvanda, kugara vakaparadzana, kuchinja mazita avo ekupedzisira, sezvo veSoviet special services vaivhimawo vakatsauka.

Uye ipapo kumwe kutendeuka kwakapinza kunouya mune ramangwana raIvan Danilovich. Anosangana nemudiki weAmerica Doris (aive nemakore makumi maviri nematatu). Vakadanana zvavo. Zvichakadaro, mudzimai waZhadan Olga anorwara zvakaipisisa, uye mumwe chiremba wokuGermany anomuvhiya zvakaomarara. Doris, nekuda kwekubatana nevaaizivana neMunyori weHurumende yeUnited States, anokwanisa kupinza Ivan Danilovich, uye mudzimai wake, kuAmerica. Mushure mekupora, mudzimai anopa Zhadan kurambana. Zvose zvinoitika murugare, kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva Olga anoramba ari shamwari yaIvan. Anokwanisa kumuona muPoland (kwaigara hanzvadzi yake kubvira 23) nemwanakomana wake mukuru, uye muna 1919 akatomushanyira muMoscow. Olga Nikiforovna akafa muU.SA muna 1976.

Ivan Danilovich haana kubudirira mubasa rake rokuimba muAmerica. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda. Miedzo yakamuwira, uye kunyange makore 50 ezera, haana kuita kuti izvi zvidaro. Uyezve, akanga ari mutorwa munyika ino. Akakwanisa, zvisinei, kaviri (akabetserwa nomudzimai wake muduku Doris) kupa makonzati paCarnegie Hall. Maitiro acho akabudirira kwazvo, akanyorwa pane zvinyorwa, asi haana kuenderera. IAmerican impresario yakanga isiri kwaari.

Chiroto chaIvan Danilovich chaiva chokugara munzvimbo inodziya pagungwa. Uye akazadzika chiroto chake nokuwana kwokupotera pachitsuwa chiduku cheSt. John muCaribbean, kwaigara vanhu 1000 chete (zvikurukuru vatema). Pano unyanzvi hwebasa hwehuduku hwake hwakauya zvakanaka. Akashanda sebhiridha pane imwe yemafemu eRockefeller, achichengetedza mari yemunda wake. Mushure mekunge atora nzvimbo uye akaibata nemaoko ake, Zhadan akavaka dzimba dzinoverengeka pairi, dzaakarenda kune vashanyi vanobva kuAmerica neEurope. Hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti akanga asingatombozivikanwi kuMadokero. Aiva neshamwari, kusanganisira vakakurumbira. Akashanyirwa naMutungamiriri weFinland M. Koivisto. wavakaimba naye duet muchiRussia "Black Eyes" nedzimwe nziyo.

Aisatarisira kuti aizomboshanyira nyika yake. Asi zvakazoitika zvakare zvakati zvimwe. Nguva itsva dzakatanga muRussia. Mukupera kwema80s, kuonana nemwanakomana wake kwakagoneka. Muna 1990, Ivan Danilovich akayeukwawo. Chirongwa pamusoro pake chakatepfenyurwa paterevhizheni (yakaitwa naSvyatoslav Belza). Uye, pakupedzisira, pashure hafu yezana remakore, Ivan Danilovich Zhadan akakwanisa kutsika zvakare kunyika yekwake, kumbundira mwanakomana wake. Izvi zvakaitika munaAugust 1992, manheru ekuzvarwa kwemuenzi we90. Akadzidza kuti shamwari dzakawanda hadzina kumukanganwa, vakabatsira mwanakomana wavo mumakore akaoma (somuenzaniso, muimbi Vera Davydova, uyo akanga akabatikana mumakore Stalin nezvemvumo yake yokugara Moscow). Uye mwanakomana wacho, paakabvunzwa kana anozvidza baba vake kwemakore akarasika muutapwa, akapindura kuti: “Ndingamutukireiko? Akamanikidzwa kusiya nyika yake nemamiriro ezvinhu asina anogona kutsanangura ... Akauraya munhu, akatengesa mumwe munhu here? Aiwa, handina chandingatuka baba vangu. Ndinodada naye” (mubvunzurudzo wa1994 mupepanhau reTrud).

February 15, 1995, ava nemakore 93, Ivan Danilovich Zhadan akafa.

E. Tsodokov