Solmization |

Solmization (kubva pazita renziyo dzemimhanzi munyu и E), solfeggio, solfegging

ital. solmisazione, solfeggio, solfeggiare, French. solmisation, solfege, solfier, нем. Solmisation, solfeggioren, solmisieren, Chirungu. solmization, sol-fa

1) Mupfungwa nhete - Middle Ages. Western European tsika yekuimba nziyo dzine syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, yakatangwa naGuido d'Arezzo kuratidza matanho ehexachord; mupfungwa yakafara - chero nzira yekuimba nziyo dzine mazita ezvinyorwa. matanho k.-l. chikero (relative S.) kana nezita racho. mhere-mhere inoenderana nehombe yavo yakakwana (absolute pitch); kudzidza kuimba kubva mumhanzi. Zvimiro zvekare zvikurusa zvemabhii—chiChinese (pentatonic), chiIndia (nhanho nomwe), chiGiriki (tetrachordic), uye Guidonian (hexachordic)—dzakanga dzakaganhurirwa. Guido akashandisa rwiyo rweSt. John:

Akashandisa mabhii ekutanga e“mitsetse” imwe neimwe yerugwaro sezita. nhanho dzehexachord. Mhedzisiro yeiyi nzira yaive yekukudziridza kushamwaridzana kwakasimba pakati pemazita uye inomiririra inomiririra yematanho ehexachord. Zvadaro, masyllable aGuido munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira USSR, akatanga kushandiswa kuratidza kureba kwakakwana kwemanzwi; muhurongwa hwaGuido pachake, zita resilabhi. isingabatanidzwe netsanangudzo imwe. urefu; semuenzaniso, syllable unoshandiswa sezita. Ndinotsika akati wandei. hexachords: zvakasikwa (c), zvinyoro (f), zvakaoma (g). Tichifunga nezvekuti nziyo hadziwanzokwana mukati memiganhu yehexachord imwe, neS. zvaiwanzodikanwa kuchinjira kune imwe hexachord (mutation). Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekushandurwa kwemazita ezvinyorwa. manzwi (somuenzaniso, ruzha a rwaive nezita rekuti la murukova hexachord, uye mi murunyoro runyoro runyoro). Pakutanga, kuchinja kwekuchinja kwaisaonekwa sekukanganisa, sezvo masirairi mi uye fa aigara airatidza nzvimbo yesemitone uye aisimbisa mataurirwo ezwi chairo (nokudaro tsananguro ine mapapiro yeMiddle Ages yedzidziso yemimhanzi: "Mi et fa sunt tota musica" - " Mi na fa vese mimhanzi") . Nhanganyaya yesyllable si kuratidza dhigirii rechinomwe rechiyero (X. Valrant, Antwerp, circa 1574) yakaita shanduko mukati mekiyi imwe yakawandisa. Matanho manomwe okuti “gamma through si” akashandiswa “kubva pakurira kwebhii ripi neripi” ( E. Lullier, Paris, 1696), ndiko kuti, mupfungwa yakati. Kwakadaro sollization yakazonzi. "kushandura", mukusiyana neaimbova "mutating".

Kuwedzera basa re instr. mimhanzi yakatungamira muFrance kushandiswa kwemazwi ezwi ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si kuratidza manzwi c, d, e, f, g, a, h, uye nekudaro pakubuda kwechitsva, mhedziso nzira yeC., tory yakagamuchira zita. natural solfegging ("solfier au naturel"), sezvo tsaona hadzina kuverengerwa mairi (Monteclair, Paris, 1709). Muchisikigo S., musanganiswa wemasyllables mi - fa waigona kureva kwete sekondi diki chete, asiwo yakakura kana yakawedzera (ef, e-fis, es-f, es-fis), saka nzira yeMonteclair yaida kudzidza kwekukosha kwezwi kwezvikamu, zvisingabatanidzi, muKune dambudziko, kushandiswa kwe "transposing" S. Natural S. yakapararira mushure mekuonekwa kwebasa guru "Solfeggia yekudzidzisa pa Conservatory of Music muParis" , yakanyorwa naL. Cherubini, FJ Gossec, EN Megul nevamwe (1802). Pano, mhedziso chete S. yakashandiswa neinosungirwa. instr. kuperekedza, ioted muchimiro chedhijitari bass. Kugona kwehunyanzvi hwekuimba kubva kunoti kwakashandirwa nevakawanda. kurovedza maekisesaizi emhando mbiri: rhythmic. zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikero uye kutevedzana kubva kune dzimwe nguva, kutanga muC-dur, uye mune mamwe makiyi. Kuimba kwakarurama kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuimba nekuperekedza.

"Solfeggia" yakabatsira kufamba muhurongwa hwekiyi; aienderana nehombe-diki, inoshanda yekuchengetera fungidziro yemodal yakanga yatanga chimiro panguva iyoyo. Nechekare JJ Rousseau akatsoropodza hurongwa hwechisikigo rhythm nokuti yairegeredza mazita ematanho e modal, haina kupa mukuziva kwekukosha kwezwi kwezvikamu, uye kukura kwekunzwa. "Solfeggia" haina kubvisa zvikanganiso izvi. Pamusoro pezvo, ivo vakarongedzerwa nyanzvi dzenguva yemberi uye dzakapihwa nguva dzekudzidziswa dzinotora nguva. Zvezvidzidzo zvekuimba zvekuchikoro uye kudzidziswa kwevaimbi vasina kudzidza vakapinda mukwaya. makapu, nzira iri nyore yaidiwa. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvakasangana neGalen-Paris-Cheve nzira, yakagadzirwa pahwaro hwepfungwa dzaRousseau. Mudzidzisi wechikoro wemasvomhu nekuimba P. Galen padanho rekutanga redzidzo akashandisa yakavandudzwa Rousseau digital notation, umo zviyero zvikuru zvakasarudzwa nenhamba 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, zviyero zvidiki. nenhamba 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nhanho dzakawedzera uye dzakaderedzwa - nenhamba dzakayambuka (semuenzaniso и ), tonality - ine mucherechedzo unoenderana pakutanga kwekurekodha (somuenzaniso, "Ton Fa" yaireva tonality yeF-dur). Manotsi airatidzwa nenhamba aifanira kuimbwa nemazwi anoti ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. Galen akasuma masirabhi akagadziridzwa kureva anochinja. nhanho (kugumisa muvhawero uye munyaya yekuwedzera uye muvhawero eu munyaya yekuderera). Nekudaro, akashandisa dhijitari notation chete segadziriro yekudzidza kweiyo inowanzogamuchirwa shanu-mutsara notation. Mudzidzi wake E. Pari akapfumisa rhythmic system. syllables (“la langue des durées” – “the language of durations”). E. Sheve, munyori wenhamba yemethodical. mabhuku uye mabhuku, kwemakore makumi maviri kwaya yaitungamirira denderedzwa. kuimba, yakavandudza hurongwa uye yakawana kuzivikanwa kwayo. Muna 20, Galen-Paris-Cheve system yakakurudzirwa zviri pamutemo kutanga. zvikoro, muna 1883 uye zvecf. zvikoro muFrance. Muzana remakore rechi1905 munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza kweFrance, S. yepanyama inoshandiswa; mune zvedzidzo. Zvikoro zvinoshandisa manotsi enguva dzose, asi kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzidziswa kuimba nenzeve. Makore akapoteredza 20, nyanzvi yezvidzidzo zvekuItaly G. Doni akatsiva syllable ut nesyllable do kekutanga kuti zvive nyore kuimba. MuEngland muhafu yekutanga. 1540th century S. Glover naJ. Curwen vakagadzira zvinodaidzwa. "Tonic Sol-fa nzira" yekudzidzisa mimhanzi. Vatsigiri venzira iyi vanoshandisa hama S. ine masirabheti anoti, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti (doh, ray, me, fah, sol, lah, te) nemanyorerwo earufabheti ane mavara ekutanga ezvinyaudzo izvi: d , r, m, f, s, 1, t. Kuwedzera kwematanho kunoratidzwa nevhawero i; kuderera nerubatsiro rwevhawero o panoperera syllables; mazita akachinjwa muzvinyorwa. zvakanyorwa zvizere. Kuti uone tonality, tsika dzinochengetedzwa. mazita emavara (somuenzaniso, chiratidzo chokuti "Kiyi G" chinotsanangura kushanda muG-dur kana e-moll). Chekutanga pane zvese, hunhu hwemataurirwo hunoitwa muhurongwa hunoenderana nemodal mabasa ematanho: 19st nhanho - nhanho I, V, III; 1nd - nhanho II uye VII; 1rd - nhanho IV uye VI huru; mushure mezvo, chiyero chikuru sese, nguva, mamodulation akareruka, marudzi ediki, shanduko inopihwa. Ch. Basa raCurwen "Iyo yakajairwa kosi yezvidzidzo uye maekisesaizi muTonic Sol-fa nzira yekudzidzisa mimhanzi" (2) yakarongeka. chikoro chekwaya. kuimba. MuGermany, A. Hundegger akachinja nzira yeTonic Sol-fa kuzvinhu zvayo. mutauro, kuchipa zita. "Tonic Do" (3; matanho echisikigo: ita, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, yakasimudzwa - inopera muna i, yakaderedzwa - mukati uye). Mutoo wacho wakava wakapararira pashure peHondo yeNyika I (1858–1897) (F. Jode muGermany nedzimwe). Imwezve budiriro mushure meHondo Yenyika II (1–1914) yakaitwa muGDR naA. Stir uye muSwitzerland naR. Schoch. MuGermany, "Mubatanidzwa weTonic Do" unoshanda.

Kuwedzera kune aya ekutanga S. masisitimu, mu16-19 mazana emakore. muNetherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, dzimwe dzinoverengeka dzakaiswa mberi. Pakati pavo - marudzi ane chokuita. S. ane mazita enhamba: muGermany – eins, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieb'n (!) (K. Horstig, 1800; B. Natorp, 1813), muFrance – un, deux, trois , quatr' (!), cinq, six, sept (G. Boquillon, 1823) pasina kufunga nezve alters. matanho. Pakati pemaitiro akakwana, S. chengetedza zvinoreva Clavisieren kana Abecedieren, ndiko kuti, kuimba nemazita emavara anoshandiswa munyika dzeGerman. mutauro kubva muzana remakore rechi16. Iyo system yeK. Eitz ("Tonwortmethode", 1891) yakasiyaniswa nekunaka uye logic, ichiratidza zvese chromaticity, diatonicity, uye anharmonism yeEuropean. sound system. Pahwaro hwemamwe misimboti yeEitz uye nzira yeTonic Do, imwe hama itsva S. "YALE" naR. Münnich (1930) yakagadzirwa, iyo muna 1959 yakakurudzirwa zviri pamutemo muGDR kuti ishandiswe mune zvedzidzo. zvikoro. MuHungary, Z. Kodai akashandura hurongwa "Tonic Sol-fa" - "Tonic Do" kune pentatonic. Hungarian nature. nar. nziyo. Iye nevadzidzi vake E. Adam naD. Kerenyi muna 1943-44 vakabudisa Bhuku Renziyo reChikoro, vachiimba mabhuku edzidzo yavose. zvikoro, methodical gwara revadzidzisi vanoshandisa hama C. (masyllables echiHungary: du, rй, mi, fb, szу, lb, ti; kuwedzera kwematanho kunoratidzwa kuburikidza nekuguma "i", kuderera - kuburikidza nekuguma "a ".) Kuvandudzwa kwegadziriro inoenderera mberi naE Sönyi, Y. Gat, L. Agochi, K. Forrai nevamwe. dzidzo pahwaro hweKodaly system muHungarian People's Republic yakaunzwa mumatanho ese eNar. dzidzo, kutanga nekireshi uye kupera neMumhanzi Wepamusoro. chikoro ivo. F. List. Iye zvino, munyika dzakawanda, nziyo dziri kurongwa. dzidzo yakavakirwa pamisimboti yeKodály, yakavakirwa pa<em>nat. ngano, nekushandiswa kwehama S. Institutes yakatumidzwa zita rake. Kodai muU.SA (Boston, 1969), Japan (Tokyo, 1970), Canada (Ottawa, 1976), Australia (1977), Intern. Kodai Society (Budapest, 1975).

Gvidonova S. akapinda muRussia kuburikidza nePoland neLithuania pamwe chete nemitsara mishanu notation (bhuku renziyo "Nziyo dzekurumbidza Boskikh", rakanyorwa naJan Zaremba, Brest, 1558; J. Lyauksminas, "Ars et praxis musica", Vilnius, 1667 ) "Grammar of Musician Singing" yaNikolai Diletsky (Smolensk, 1677; Moscow, 1679 na1681, ed. 1910, 1970, 1979) ine madenderedzwa echikamu chechina nechishanu pamwe nekufamba kwenziyo dzakafanana. mapinduriro mumakiyi makuru nemadiki. In con. 18th century absolute "natural solfeggio" yakazivikanwa muRussia nekuda kweItaly. vocalists uye vanyori-vadzidzisi vakashanda Ch. arr. muSt. Petersburg (A. Sapienza, J. naV. Manfredini, nezvimwewo), uye yakatanga kushandiswa muPridv. Chanter chapel, muChapel yaCount Sheremetev nemamwe makwaya eSerf, muNoble uch. masangano (somuenzaniso, muSmolny Institute), mumimhanzi yega. zvikoro zvakamuka kubva kuma1770s. Asi chechi. mabhuku enziyo akabudiswa muzana remakore rechi19. mu "cephout key" (ona Kiyi). Sezvo 1860s absolute S. inorimwa sechinhu chinomanikidzirwa muSt. uye Mosk. conservatories, asi zvinoreva. S., yakabatana nedhijitari system Galen - Paris - Sheve, muSt. Free music. chikoro uye makirasi emahara ekwaya ari nyore. kuimba Moscow. madhipatimendi eRMS. Application inoreva. Mimhanzi yakatsigirwa naMA Balakirev, G. Ya. Lomakin, VS Serova, VF Odoevsky, NG Rubinshtein, GA Larosh, KK Albrecht, nevamwe. Methodical manuals akaburitswa ese ari mashanu-mutsara notation uye absolute C., uye mune dijitari notation uye inoenderana. C. Kubva muna 1905, P. Mironositsky akakurudzira nzira yeTonic Sol-fa, yaakashandura kuRussia. mutauro.

MuUSSR, kwenguva yakareba vakaramba vachishandisa mhedziso yechinyakare S., zvisinei, muSov. nguva, chinangwa S. makirasi, mimhanzi yachinja zvikuru. zvinhu, nzira dzekudzidzisa. Chinangwa cheS. hurukuro dzemashoko aNar. uye prof. kusika. Pakazosvika 1964 H. Kalyuste (Est. SSR) akagadzira hurongwa hwemimhanzi. dzidzo nekushandisa hukama. S., zvichibva pane Kodai system. Tichifunga nezvenyaya yekuti masyllables anoita, re, mi, fa, munyu, la, si anoshanda muUSSR kuratidza kureba kwakakwana kwemanzwi, Caljuste akaunza rutsva rutsva rwemazita esyllabic. nhanho dzeiyo hombe modhi: JO, LE, MI, NA, SO, RA, DI nekudomwa kweiyo tonic diki kuburikidza nesyllable RA, kusimuka kwematanho kuburikidza nekuguma kwesyllables muvhawero i, kudzikira kuburikidza ne magumo muvhawero i. Muzvikoro zvese zvemimhanzi zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa zvinoreva. S. (maererano nemabhuku aH. Kaljuste naR. Päts). MuLatv. SSR yakaita basa rakafanana (vanyori vemabhuku uye mabhuku ezvinyorwa paC A. Eidins, E. Silins, A. Krumins). Zviitiko zvekushandisa zvine chekuita. S. ane syllables Yo, LE, VI, NA, 30, RA, TI anobatwa muRSFSR, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, uye Moldova. Chinangwa chezviyedzo izvi ndechekugadzira nzira dzinoshanda dzekusimudzira muses. kunzwa, kukwidziridzwa kwakanakisa kwetsika-nziyo dzerudzi rwenyika imwe neimwe, kusimudza mwero wemimhanzi. kuverenga nekunyora kwevadzidzi.

2) Pasi pezwi rokuti "S." dzimwe nguva vanonzwisisa kuverenga zvinyorwa pasina izwi, kusiyana neshoko rokuti "solfeggio" - kuimba manzwi ane mazita anoenderana (kekutanga naK. Albrecht mubhuku "Course of Solfeggio", 1880). Tsanangudzo yakadaro ndeyekuda, haienderani nechero nhoroondo. zvinoreva, kana mazuva ano intl. kushandiswa kwezwi rokuti "C".

References: Albrecht KK, Nhungamiro yekuimba kwaya maererano neSheve digital method, M., 1868; Miropolsky S., Pamusoro pedzidzo yemimhanzi yevanhu muRussia neWestern Europe, St. Petersburg, 1881, 1910; Diletsky Nikolai, Muimbi Grammar, St. Petersburg, 1910; Livanova TN, Nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeWestern Europe kusvika muna 1789, M.-L., 1940; Apraksina O., Dzidzo yemimhanzi muchikoro chesekondari cheRussia, M.-L., 1948; Odoevsky VP, Yemahara kirasi yekuimba kuri nyore kwekwaya yeRMS muMoscow, Den, 1864, No 46, zvakafanana, mubhuku rake. Nhaka yemimhanzi uye yezvinyorwa, M., 1956; yake pachake, ABC mimhanzi, (1861), ibid.; yake, Tsamba kuna VS Serova yakanyorwa 11 I 1864, ibid.; Lokshin DL, Kuimba Kwaya muchikoro cheRussia chisati chachinja uye cheSoviet, M., 1957; Weiss R., Absolute uye hama solmization, mubhuku: Mibvunzo yenzira yekudzidzisa kunzwa, L., 1967; Maillart R., Les tons, ou Discours sur les modes de musique…, Tournai, 1610; Solfeges pour servir a l'tude dans le Conservatoire de Musique a Pans, par les Citoyens Agus, Catel, Cherubini, Gossec, Langlé, Martini, Méhul et Rey, R., An X (1802); Chevé E., Paris N., Méthode élémentaire de musique vocale, R., 1844; Glover SA, Bhuku reNorwich sol-fa system, 1845; Сurwen J., The standard course of lessons and exercises m iyo tonic sol-fa nzira yekudzidzisa mimhanzi, L., 1858; Hundoegger A., ​​Leitfaden der Tonika Do-Lehre, Hannover, 1897; Lange G., Zur Geschichte der Solmisation, “SIMG”, Bd 1, B., 1899-1900; Kodaly Z., Iskolai nekgyjtemny, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1943; yake pachake, Visszatekintйs, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1964; Adam J., Mudszeres nektanitbs, Bdpst, 1944; Szцnyi E., Azenei нrвs-olvasбs mуdszertana, kцt. 1-3, Bdpst, 1954; S'ndor F., Zenei nevel's Magyarorsz'gon, Bdpst, 1964; Stier A., ​​Methodik der Musikerziehung. Nach den Grundsätzen der Tonika Do-Lehre, Lpz., 1958; Handbuch der Musikerziehung, Tl 1-3, Lpz., 1968-69.

PF Weiss