Overture |

French oververture, kubva lat. apertura - kuvhura, kutanga

Nhanganyaya yemutambo wetiyeta nemumhanzi (opera, ballet, operetta, drama), kubasa rezviridzwa senge cantata neoratorio, kana kunhevedzano yezviridzwa zvakaita sesutu, muzana ramakore rechi20. Zvakare zvemafirimu. Rudzi rwakakosha rweU. - conc. mutambo une zvimwe zvetiari. muenzaniso. Mhando mbiri dzekutanga U. - mutambo une sumo. basa, uye vakazvimiririra. prod. netsanangudzo yedimikira uye inoumbwa. zvivakwa-zvinopindirana mukugadzirisa kwemhando yemhando (kutanga kubva muzana remakore rechi19). Chinhu chakajairika chinodanwa zvishoma kana kushoma theatre. chimiro cheU., "kusanganiswa kwezvinonyanya kukosha zvechirongwa muchimiro chavo chinoshamisa" (BV Asafiev, Selected Works, vol. 1, p. 352).

Nhoroondo yeU. inodzokera kumatanho ekutanga ekugadzirwa kwe opera (Italy, kutendeuka kwezana remakore rechi16-17), kunyange zvazvo izwi racho pacharo rakasimbiswa muhafu yepiri. 2th century muFrance uye ipapo yakapararira. Iyo toccata muOpera Orfeo naMonteverdi (17) inoonekwa seyokutanga. Mimhanzi yefanfare yairatidza tsika yekare yekuvhura mitambo neinokoka mafani. Gare gare Italian. opera sumo, iyo inotevedzana yezvikamu zvitatu - nekukurumidza, kunonoka uye nekukurumidza, pasi pezita. "symphonies" (sinfonia) yakagadziriswa mumitambo yeNeapolitan opera chikoro (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Zvikamu zvakanyanyisa zvinowanzo sanganisira zvivakwa zvefugue, asi chechitatu kazhinji kacho chine genre-domestic dance. hunhu, nepo wepakati achisiyaniswa nekunakidza, kuimba. Iro tsika yekudaidza operatic symphonies Italian U. Mukufanana, rudzi rwakasiyana rwe 1607-part U. yakagadzirwa muFrance, yekare. samples dzekuchekwa dzakagadzirwa naJB Lully. Kune iyo French U. inowanzoteverwa neinononoka, inoyevedza sumo, inokurumidza fugue chikamu, uye yekupedzisira inononoka kuvaka, ichidzokorora muchidimbu zvinhu zvesumo kana kufanana nehunhu hwayo mune zvakajairika. Mune mamwe masampuli akazotevera, chikamu chekupedzisira chakasiiwa, chichitsiviwa nekuvakwa kwecadenza pamwero unononoka. Mukuwedzera kune vanyori veFrench, rudzi rweFrench. W. akaishandisa. vanyori ve3st floor. 3th century (JS Bach, GF Handel, GF Telemann nevamwe), vachitarisira nayo kwete chete operas, cantatas uye oratorios, asiwo instr. suites (muneyekupedzisira, zita U. dzimwe nguva rinotambanudzirwa kune yese suite cycle). Basa rinotungamira rakachengetwa neopera U., tsananguro yemabasa eboka yakakonzera mafungiro mazhinji anopokana. Mimwe mimhanzi. nhamba (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) vakaisa mberi kudiwa kwekubatana kwemafungiro nemimhanzi-yekufananidzira pakati peopera neopera; mudhipatimendi Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vanyori vakaita rudzi urwu rwekubatanidza muzviridzwa zvavo (Handel, kunyanya JF Rameau). Sarudzo yekuchinja mubudiriro yeU. yakauya mu 1nd floor. 18th yezana nekuda kwekubvumidzwa kwe sonata-symphony. misimboti yebudiriro, pamwe nekuvandudza mabasa eKV Gluck, akadudzira U. se“pinda. ongororo yezviri mukati opera. Cyclic. rudzi rwakapa nzira kune chikamu chimwe chete U. muchimiro chesonata (dzimwe nguva nechisumo chipfupi chinononoka), iyo yaiwanzoendesa toni huru yemutambo uye chimiro chemukuru. kukakavara ("Alceste" naGluck), iyo mudhipatimendi. nyaya inosimbiswa nekushandiswa kwemimhanzi muU. zvinoenderana. operas ("Iphigenia muAulis" naGluck, "The Abduction from the Seraglio", "Don Giovanni" naMozart). Means. Vanyori venguva yeGreat French vakaita mupiro wakakura mukusimudzira opera opera. revolution, kunyanya L. Cherubini.

Rega. Basa raL. Beethoven rakaita basa mukuvandudzwa kwerudzi rwe wu. Kusimbisa mumhanzi-thematic. hukama ne opera mu2 yemhando dzinoshamisa dzeW. kusvika "Fidelio", airatidza mumitambo yavo. kukurudzirwa kwenguva dzinonyanya kukosha dze dramaturgy (zvakanyanya zvakananga muLeonora No. 2, tichifunga nezvezvakanyanya zvechimiro che symphonic - muLeonora No. 3). Imwe mhando yakafanana yemutambo wemagamba. Beethoven akagadzirisa chirongwa ichi mumhanzi wemadhirama (Coriolanus, Egmont). German Romantic composers, kugadzira tsika dzeBeethoven, saturate W. nema operatic themes. Pakusarudzira kuU. misimboti yakakosha. mifananidzo ye opera (kazhinji - leitmotifs) uye maererano nesymphony yayo. Sezvo nzira yeruzhinji yechirongwa chekuvhiya ichikura, W. inova yakazvimiririra "mutambo wezviridzwa" (semuenzaniso, W. kune opera The Free Gunner naWeber, The Flying Dutchman, uye Tannhäuser naWagner). MuchiItaly. mimhanzi, kusanganisira iyo yaG. Rossini, inonyanya kuchengetedza rudzi rwekare rweU. - pasina zvakananga. hukama neiyo thematic uye chirongwa chekuvandudza opera; kusarudzika ndiko kuumbwa kwe opera yaRossini William Tell (1829), ine-imwe-chidimbu-suite kuumbwa uye kujekeswa kwezvinonyanya kukosha nguva dzemimhanzi yeopera.

Kubudirira kweEurope. Mumhanzi weSymphony zvakazara uye, kunyanya, kukura kwekuzvimiririra uye kuperera kwekufungidzira kwemaoperatic symphonies kwakabatsira mukubuda kwemhando yayo yakasarudzika, konzati chirongwa symphony (basa rakakosha mukuita uku rakaridzwa nemabasa aH. Berlioz naF. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). Mune iyo sonata fomu yeU., pane inocherekedza tsika yekuenda kune yakatambanudzwa symphony. budiriro (nhetembo dzekare dzaiwanzonyorwa muchimiro che sonata pasina kutsanangurwa), izvo zvakazoita kuti pave nekubuda kwerudzi rwenhetembo ye symphonic mubasa raF. Liszt; gare gare rudzi urwu runowanikwa muB. Smetana, R. Strauss, nevamwe. Muzana remakore rechi19. U. yemhando yakashandiswa iri kuwedzera kukurumbira - "yakadzikama", "tinogamuchirwa", "mhemberero" (mumwe wemienzaniso yekutanga ndeyeBeethoven's "Zita Zuva" overture, 1815). Genre U. yaive yakanyanya kukosha sosi yesymphony muRussia. mimhanzi kuna MI Glinka (muzana ramakore rechi 18, zvakapfuura naDS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19 - naOA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov) . Mupiro unokosha pakuvandudzwa kwe decomp. mhando dzeU. dzakaunzwa naMI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, nevamwe, vakagadzira rudzi rwakasiyana rwechimiro chenyika U., kazhinji vachishandisa madingindira echivanhu (semuenzaniso, "Spanish" yaGlinka, "Overture pamadingindira e nziyo nhatu dzeRussia" naBalakirev nevamwe). Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoramba zvichikura mubasa revanyori veSoviet.

Mu 2nd floor. 19th century Vanyori vanotendeukira kurudzi rweW. Mune opera, zvishoma nezvishoma inotsiviwa nepfupiso sumo isingabvi pane sonata nheyo. Inowanzo tsigirwa mune imwe hunhu, yakabatana nemufananidzo weimwe yemagamba e opera ("Lohengrin" naWagner, "Eugene Onegin" naTchaikovsky) kana, muchirongwa chekutsanangura, inosuma akati wandei anotungamira mifananidzo ("Carmen" by Wiese); zviitiko zvakafanana zvinoonekwa muma ballet ( Coppelia naDelibes, Swan Lake naTchaikovsky). Enter. kufamba mu opera ne ballet yenguva ino inowanzonzi sumo, sumo, nhanganyaya, etc. Pfungwa yekugadzirira kuona kwe opera inotsiva pfungwa ye symphony. achidzokorora zvirimo, R. Wagner akadzokorora kunyora pamusoro peizvi, zvishoma nezvishoma achibuda mubasa rake kubva pamusimboti wepurogiramu yakawedzerwa U. Zvisinei, pamwe chete nenhanganyaya pfupi by otd. mienzaniso yakajeka ye sonata U. inoramba ichionekwa mumamusi. theatre 2nd floor. 19th century ("The Nuremberg Meistersingers" naWagner, "Force of Destiny" naVerdi, "Pskovite" naRimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" naBorodin). Zvichienderana nemirairo yefomu yesonata, W. inoshanduka kuita fungidziro yakasununguka kana shoma pamadingindira eopera, dzimwe nguva senge potpourri (iyo yekupedzisira inonyanya kufanana neoperetta; muenzaniso wekare ndiStrauss' Die Fledermaus). Dzimwe nguva kune U. pane yakazvimirira. thematic material (ballet "The Nutcracker" naTchaikovsky). Ku conc. nhanho U. iri kuwedzera kupa nzira kune symphony. nhetembo, symphonic mufananidzo kana fungidziro, asi kunyangwe pano iwo chaiwo maficha epfungwa dzimwe nguva anounza kuhupenyu yepedyo theatre. mhando dzemhando W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies Romeo naJuliet naTchaikovsky's Hamlet).

Muzana remakore rechi20 U. mu sonata chimiro haawanzoitiki (somuenzaniso, J. Barber's overture kuna Sheridan's "Chikoro cheScandal"). Conc. mhando, zvisinei, ramba uchikwevera kune sonata. Pakati pavo, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye nat.-characteristic. (pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvevanhu) uye yakakomba U. (muenzaniso wekupedzisira ndeye Shostakovich's Festive Overture, 1954).

References: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. Eine Beethoven-Studie, “NZfM”, 1861, Bd 54, No 10-13 (shanduro yechiRussian – Thematism (Thematismus) yekupfuudzira kune opera “Leonora”. Dzidziso nezvaBeethoven, mubhuku: Serov AN, Nyaya dzinokosha, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, zvimwe chetezvo, mubhuku: Serov AN, Selected articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan naLyudmila" naGlinka, mubhuku: Musical Chronicle, Sat. 2, P., 1923, zvakafanana, mubhuku: Asafiev BV, Izbr. mabasa, vol. 1, M., 1952; zvake, PaFrench classical overture uye kunyanya paCherubini overtures, mubhuku: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, zvakafanana, mubhuku: Asafiev BV, Izbr. mabasa, vol. 1, M., 1952; Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; Krauklis GV, Opera overtures naR. Wagner, M., 1964; Tsendrovsky V., Overtures uye sumo yeRimsky-Korsakov's operas, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 zvakafanana, mubhuku: Richard Wagner, Zvinyorwa uye Zvishandiso, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis