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lat. diminutio; German Diminution, Verkleinerung; ChiFrench nechiRungu. diminu; ital. diminuzione

1) Zvakafanana nekuderedza.

2) Nzira yekushandura rwiyo, dingindira, vavariro, mutinhimira. kudhirowa kana mufananidzo, pamwe nekumbomira nekuaridza nemanzwi (kumbomira) kwenguva pfupi. Kusiyanisa U. chaizvo, pasina shanduko kubereka osn. rhythm muchikamu chakakodzera (somuenzaniso, sumo kubva kune opera "Ruslan naLyudmila" naGlinka, nhamba 28), isina kururama, kubereka chikuru. rhythm (theme) ine rhythmic yakasiyana. kana melodic. kuchinja (somuenzaniso, aria yeSwan-Shiri, Nhamba 11 kubva pachiitiko che2 cheRimsky-Korsakov's opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan, nhamba ye117), uye rhythmic, kana kuti kwete-thematic, ine krom melodic. iyo dhizaini inochengetedzwa ingangoita (kutanga kwekutanga kweiyo opera Sadko naRimsky-Korsakov), kana kuti haina kuchengetedzwa zvachose (rhythm yechikamu chedivi muU. mukuvandudzwa kwekutanga kwekutanga kweShostakovich's 1th symphony).

J. Dunstable. Cantus firmus kubva ku motet Christe sanctorum decus (manzwi anopikisa akasiiwa).

J. Spataro. Motet.

Kubuda kweU. (uye kuwedzera) semumhanzi unoratidza uye kuronga zvine hungwaru zvinoreva zvakadzokera panguva yekushandiswa kwe mensural notation uye inobatanidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwepolyphonic. polyphony. X. Riemann anoratidza kuti yekutanga U. yakashandisa motet I. de Muris mutenari. Isorhythmic motet - chikuru. U.'s scope muzana ramakore rechi 14: inodzokororwa, yakafanana neostinato, ichiita rhythmic. nhamba ndiwo hwaro hwemimhanzi. mafomu, uye U. ichokwadi museum. kugara kwesangano rayo (kusiyana nemamwe mafomu mazhinji anotsanangurwa neiyo main arr. text). In the motets of G. de Machaux (Amaro valde, Speravi, Fiat voluntas tua, Ad te suspiramus) rhythmic. nhamba inodzokororwa muU. nguva imwe neimwe ine mutinhimira mutsva. filling; mune isorhythmic motets J. Dunstable rhythmic. mufananidzo wacho unodzokororwa (kaviri, katatu) nerwiyo rutsva, zvino zvinhu zvose zvinobudiswazve nekuchengetedza rwiyo. kudhirowa mune imwe nehafu, ipapo 3-peta U. (ona chikamu 720). Chiitiko chakafanana chinoonekwa mune mamwe ruzhinji rweNetherlands. contrapuntalists vezana ramakore rechi 15, uko cantus firmus muzvikamu zvinotevera inoitwa muU., uye rwiyo rwakatorwa rwe cantus firmus pakupera kwebasa. inonzwika muchimiro chayaiva nacho muupenyu hwezuva nezuva (ona muenzaniso muArt. Polyphony, columns 354-55). Masters of a strict style akashandisa W.'s technique mune inonzi. mensural (proportional) canons, apo manzwi akafanana patani ane musiyano. zvikamu zvenguva (ona muenzaniso muArt. Canon, column 692). Kusiyana nekuwedzera, U. haibatsiri pakuparadzaniswa kweiyo yakawanda polyphonic. kuyerera kwezwi riya rarinoshandiswa mariri. Zvisinei, U. inodzika rimwe inzwi kana richifambiswa nemanzwi enguva refu; saka, mumizhinji uye motets ye15th-16th century. yave tsika yekuperekedza kutaridzika kwecantus firmus muizwi guru (tenor) nekutevedzera mune mamwe manzwi anobva kuU.

Nzira yekupikisa mutungamiri uye manzwi ane rhythmally ane moyo munyoro anopikisana naye akachengetwa chero mafomu ari pacantus firmus aripo. Unyanzvi uhwu hwakasvika pakukwana kwayo kwepamusoro mumhanzi weJS Bach; ona, semuenzaniso, org yake. hurongwa hwekwaya "Aus tiefer Not", BWV 686, apo mutsara wega wega wekwaya unotangirwa nezvibodzwa zvishanu. exposition muU., kuitira kuti yese iumbwe mune strophic. fugue (manzwi matanhatu, 5 exposures; ona muenzaniso muArt. Fugue). MuAch Gott und Herr, BWV 6, manzwi ese anoteedzera ane kaviri uye quadruple W. chorale, kureva magadzirirwo ese anedingindira:

JS Bach. Choral organ kuronga "Ach Gott und Herr".

Reachercar con. 16th-17th mazana emakore uye pedyo naye tiento, fantasy - nzvimbo iyo U. (sekutonga, pamwe chete nekuwedzera uye kuchinjwa kwechinyorwa) yakawana kushandiswa kwakakura. W. akabatsira mukukudziridza pfungwa yekuchena instr. dynamics yefomu uye, yakashandiswa kune yakasarudzika madingindira (mukusiyana neiyo thematism yechimiro chakasimba), yakave nzira inomiririra iyo yakakosha pfungwa yekukurudzira kusimudzira kwemimhanzi yenguva dzinotevera.

Ya. P. Sweelinck. “Chromatic Fantasy” (chidimbu kubva muchikamu chekupedzisira; dingindira riri mukudzikiswa kwekaviri kana kana).

Iyo chaiyo yekujekesa kweU. senzira yekuti, kuwedzera kune isorhythmic. motet uye vamwe op. 20th century hakuna mamwe mafomu apo angave hwaro hwekuumbwa. Canon muU. yakazvimirira. tamba (AK Lyadov, “Canons”, No 22), pindura kuU. in fugue (“The Art of the Fugue” by Bach, Contrapunctus VI; onawo misanganiswa yakasiyana-siyana neU. mune yekupedzisira fugue kubva pianoforte quartet, op 20 Taneyev, kunyanya nhamba 170, 172, 184) hazviwanzoitiki. U. dzimwe nguva anowana kushandiswa mufugue strettas: somuenzaniso, muzviyero 26, 28, 30 zveE-dur fugue kubva ku2nd volume yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier; muchiyero 117 chefugue Fis-dur op. 87 No 13 Shostakovich; mubhawa 70 kubva kumagumo ekonsati ye2 fp. Stravinsky (characteristically isina kururama kutevedzera nekuchinja kwemazwi); muchiyero 63 kubva pachiitiko chekutanga chechitatu che opera "Wozzeck" naBerg (ona muenzaniso muchinyorwa chaStrett). W., hunyanzvi huri hwepolyphonic muzvarirwo, inowana yakanyanyosiyana mashandiro mune isiri-polyphonic. mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi1 nerechi3. Mune akati wandei, U. ndeimwe yenzira dzekukurudzira sangano mumusoro, semuenzaniso:

SI Taneev. Dingindira kubva ku3rd kufamba kweiyo c-moll symphony.

(Onawo mabhawa mashanu ekutanga ekupedzisira kweBeethoven's sonata Nha. 23 mupiyano; iyo orchestral sumo yeRuslan's aria, Nha. 8 kubva kuGlinka's Ruslan naLudmila; Aihwa. 10, b-moll kubva kuProkofiev's Fleeting, nezvimwewo). Iyo polyphonization yemimhanzi yakapararira. machira achibatsirwa neU. pakupa dingindira (kwaya "Vakapararira, vakacheneruka" muchiitiko padyo neKromy kubva kuMussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov; rudzi urwu rwehunyanzvi rwakashandiswa naN. A. Rimsky-Korsakov - 1st chiitiko che opera The Legend of the Invisible City Kitezh ", nhamba 5 ne34, uye S. V. Rachmaninov - chikamu chekutanga chedetembo "The Bells", nhamba yegumi nembiri, shanduko X mu "Rhapsody paChinyorwa chePaganini"), panguva yekutumirwa kwayo (diki kanoni kubva kuBerg's violin concerto, bar 1; seimwe yezviratidzo zve neoclassical orientation yemaitiro - U. muchikamu chechina cheviolin sonata naK. Karaev, bar 13), pakuguma. wopedzisa. zvivakwa (kodhi kubva pakaunzwa opera Ruslan naLyudmila naGlinka; 2nd chikamu cheRachmaninov's The Bells, zviyero zviviri kusvika nhamba 52; 4th chikamu cheTaneyev's 6th quartet, nhamba 191 uye mberi; kupera kwe ballet "The Firebird" Stravinsky. ) U. senzira yekushandura dingindira rinoshandiswa mumisiyano (yechipiri, yechitatu misiyano yeArietta kubva kuBeethoven's 2nd piano sonata; piano etude "Mazeppa" naLiszt), mukuvaka kwekuchinja (basso ostinato kana uchienda kune coda ye symphony's finale c- moll Taneyev, nhamba 3), mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeshanduko dze opera leitmotifs (kugadzirisazve kutinhira kwemhepo leitmotif mune dzinotevera dingindira renziyo pakutanga kwekutanga chiitiko cheWagner's opera Valkyrie; kuparadzanisa motif yeshiri uye akasiyana motifs e Snow Maiden kubva. dingindira reChirimo mu“Snow Maiden” rakanyorwa naRimsky-Korsakov; kukanganisa kunotyisa kweCountess's leitmotif muchiitiko chechipiri che opera "The Queen of Spades", nhamba 32 uye mberi), uye shanduko dzekufananidzira dzakawanikwa neU.' s kutora chikamu kunogona kuve kadhinari (kupinda kwatenor muTuba mirum kubva kuMozart's Requiem, chiyero chegumi nesere; leitmotif mucoda yekupera kweSimphony yechitatu yaRachmaninoff, chiyero chechishanu mushure menhamba 101; kufamba kwepakati, nhamba 1, f. rom Taneyev's scherzo symphony mu c-moll). U. inzira yakakosha yekusimudzira muzvikamu zvinokura zvemafomu uye kuvandudzwa kwesonata ye19th uye 20th century. U. mukuvandudza kwekupfuura kwaWagner's Nuremberg Mastersingers (bha 122; katatu fugato, bara 138) kuseka kunofadza kwekudzidza kusina chinangwa (zvisinei, musanganiswa wedingindira neU. mumabhawa 158, 166 chiratidzo chehunyanzvi, hunyanzvi). Mukuvandudzwa kwechikamu chekutanga che1 fp. concerto Rachmaninov U. dingindira rebato guru rinoshandiswa sechishandiso chemagetsi (nhamba 9). Mukugadzira D. D. Shostakovich U. rinoshandiswa sechinhu chinopinza chekutaura (kutevedzera padingindira rechikamu chedivi muchikamu chekutanga che1th symphony, nhamba 5 uye 22; munzvimbo imwechete pakuguma, nhamba 24; iyo isingaperi ostinato canon pakunzwika kwenzwi. leitmotif mu32-th chikamu che2th quartet, nhamba 8; chikamu chekutanga che23th symphony haina kururama U.

IF Stravinsky. "Symphony yeMapisarema", 1st movement (kutanga kwekudzokorora).

U. ine akapfuma kutaura. uye mufananidzo. mikana. "Kurira kukuru" kubva kuna Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov" (kuchinja kwekubatana kuburikidza nekurohwa, hafu yebhiti, chikamu chechina chebhiti) inosiyaniswa neiyo yakakosha dynamism. Mufananidzo ungangoita wekuona (Sigmund's Notung, yakapwanyika nekurohwa kwakanangana nepfumo raWotan) inoonekwa muchikamu chechishanu kubva pachiitiko chechipiri cheWagner's Valkyrie. Chiitiko chisingawanzoitiki chepolyphony inonzwika-inotaridzika ifugato inoratidzira sango mumusha we5 weRimsky-Korsakov's "The Snow Maiden" (mana rhythmic akasiyana edingindira, nhamba 2). Imwe nzira yakafanana yakashandiswa muchiitiko neanopenga Grishka Kuterma mune yechipiri chiitiko chechitatu chiitiko. "Tales of the Invisible City of Kitezh" (kufamba musere, katatu, gumi nematanhatu, nhamba 3). Mune kodhi yechiratidzo nhetembo yaRachmaninoff "Isle of the Dead" inosanganisa misiyano mishanu yeDies irae (bar 253 mushure menhamba 2).

Mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20 pfungwa yeW. inowanzopfuura mune pfungwa yekuderera kufambira mberi; Izvi zvinonyanya kushanda kune rhythmic. musoro sangano. Nheyo yeU. kana kufambira mberi mune mamwe serial mabasa anogona kuwedzerwa kune chimiro chechigadzirwa chose. kana nzira. zvikamu zvaro (1st yezvikamu zvitanhatu zvembira netambo, quartet op. 6 by Ledenev). Kubatanidzwa kwenguva refu kwedingindira uye mutauro waro mumabasa ezana ramakore rechi16. inoshandurwa kuva unyanzvi hwokubatanidza nhamba dzakafanana, apo kutsinhirana kunoumbwa nokurira kwenzwi rimwe chetero remutinhimira panguva dzakasiyana. mutengo (semuenzaniso, "Petrushka" naStravinsky, nhamba 20).

Iyi nzira inoshandiswa muchikamu chealeatoric, apo vatambi vanovandudza pamanzwi akapiwa, mumwe nomumwe panguva yavo (mamwe mabasa naV. Lutoslavsky). O. Messiaen akadzidza maitiro eU. uye akawedzera (ona bhuku rake "The Technique of My Musical Language"; ona muenzaniso muArt. Increase).

References: ona paArt. Wedzera.

VP Frayonov