Aram Khachaturian |

Aram Khachaturian

… Mupiro waAram Khachaturian kumumhanzi wemazuva edu wakanaka. Zvakaoma kuwedzeredza kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwake hweSoviet uye pasirese mimhanzi tsika. Zita rake rakakunda mukurumbira wakanyanya munyika yedu nekune dzimwe nyika; ane gumi nevaviri vevadzidzi nevateveri vanokudziridza iyo misimboti iyo iye pachake anoramba ari echokwadi. D. Shostakovich

Basa raA. Khachaturian rinofadza nehupfumi hwezvinyorwa zvekufananidzira, hupamhi hwekushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana nemhando. Mimhanzi yake inosanganisira pfungwa dzepamusoro dzevanhu dzechimurenga, Soviet patriotism uye internationalism, madingindira uye zvirongwa zvinoratidzira zviitiko zvehugamba uye zvinosuruvarisa zvenhoroondo iri kure uye yemazuva ano; akadhindwa zvakajeka mifananidzo ine mavara nezviitiko zvehupenyu hwevanhu, nyika yakapfuma yepfungwa, manzwiro uye zviitiko zvemazuva ano. Neunyanzvi hwake, Khachaturian akaimba nekukurudzira hupenyu hwekuzvarwa kwake uye pedyo naye Armenia.

Iyo yekugadzira biography yeKhachaturian haina kujairika. Pasinei netarenda remumhanzi rakajeka, haana kumbobvira awana dzidzo yakakosha yemimhanzi uye nehunyanzvi akabatana nemimhanzi pazera regumi nemapfumbamwe. Makore akapedzwa muTiflis yekare, mimhanzi yehudiki yakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki mupfungwa dzemuimbi weramangwana uye akatsunga hwaro hwekufunga kwake kwemimhanzi.

Mhepo yakapfuma kwazvo yehupenyu hwemimhanzi yeguta iri yakave nesimba rakasimba pabasa remunyori, umo nziyo dzechiGeorgian, Armenian neAzerbaijani dzainzwika pamatanho ese, kuvandudzwa kwemuimbi-vatauri vengano - ashugs uye sazandars, tsika dzekumabvazuva nekumadokero mimhanzi yakapindirana. .

Muna 1921, Khachaturian akatamira kuMoscow ndokugara nemukoma wake Suren, munhu akakurumbira wemitambo, murongi uye mukuru weArmenian drama studio. Upenyu hweunyanzvi hweMoscow hunoshamisa jaya racho.

Anoshanyira nhandare dzemitambo, mamiziyamu, manheru ezvinyorwa, makonzati, opera nemitambo yeballet, anotora nechido zvinoonekwa zveunyanzvi, anojairana nemabasa emhando dzemimhanzi dzepasi rose. Basa raM. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Balakirev, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Ravel, K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, pamwe naA. Spendiarov, R. Melikyan, nezvimwewo. kune imwe nhanho kana imwe yakapesvedzera kuumbwa kweKhachaturian yakadzama yepakutanga maitiro.

Nezano remukoma wake, mukupera kwa1922, Khachaturian akapinda mudhipatimendi rezvipenyu reMoscow University, uye gare gare - kuMusic College. Gnesins mukirasi cello. Mushure memakore matatu, anosiya zvidzidzo zvake kuyunivhesiti uye akazvipira zvachose kumumhanzi.

Panguva imwecheteyo, anorega kutamba cello uye anotamirwa kukirasi yekunyora yemudzidzisi anozivikanwa weSoviet uye munyori M. Gnesin. Kuedza kugadzirisa nguva yakarasika muhuduku hwake, Khachaturian anoshanda zvakasimba, anozadza ruzivo rwake. Muna 1929 Khachaturian akapinda muMoscow Conservatory. Mugore rekutanga rezvidzidzo zvake mukuumbwa, akaenderera mberi naGnesin, uye kubva mugore rechipiri N. Myaskovsky, uyo akaita basa rakakosha zvikuru mukuvandudza unhu hwekusika hwaKhachaturian, akava mutungamiri wake. Muna 1, Khachaturian akapedza kudzidza nerukudzo kubva kuConservatory uye akaramba achivandudza chikoro. Yakanyorwa sebasa rekupedza kudzidza, Yekutanga Symphony inopedza nguva yevadzidzi yemunyori wekugadzira biography. Kukura kwakadzama kwekugadzira kwakapa mhedzisiro - dzinenge dzese nziyo dzenguva yevadzidzi dzakava repertoire. Aya ndiwo, kutanga kune zvese, Yekutanga Symphony, piano Toccata, iyo Trio ye clarinet, violin uye piano, iyo Rwiyo-nhetembo (mukukudza ashugs) ye violin uye piano, nezvimwe.

Chisikwa chakatonyanya kunaka cheKhachaturian yaive Piano Concerto (1936), yakagadzirwa panguva yezvidzidzo zvake zvepashure uye yakaunza munyori mukurumbira pasi rese. Kushanda mumunda wenziyo, theatre uye mimhanzi yemufirimu hairegi. Mugore rekugadzirwa kwekonti, firimu "Pepo" rine mimhanzi naKhachaturian inoratidzwa pazvikwangwani zvemaguta enyika. Rwiyo rwaPepo runova rwiyo rwevanhu vanofarira muArmenia.

Mumakore ekudzidza pakoreji yemimhanzi uye yekuchengetedza, Khachaturian anogara achishanyira Imba yeTsika yeSoviet Armenia, izvi zvakaita basa rinokosha munhoroondo yake. Pano anova pedyo nemunyori A. Spendiarov, muimbi M. Saryan, mutungamiriri K. Saradzhev, muimbi Sh. Talyan, mutambi uye mutungamiriri R. Simonov. Mumakore mamwe chetewo, Khachaturian akakurukura nevatambi vakatanhamara vemitambo yemitambo (A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov, V. Meyerhold, V. Kachalov), vanoridza piyano (K. Igumnov, E. Beckman-Shcherbina), vaimbi (S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky). Kukurukurirana nevavheneko veSoviet musical art kwakapfumisa zvikuru nyika yemweya yemunyori wechidiki. Kunonoka 30s - kutanga 40s. zvakaratidzwa nekusikwa kwehuwandu hwemabasa anoshamisa emunyori, akabatanidzwa muhomwe yegoridhe yemimhanzi yeSoviet. Pakati pawo pane Symphonic Poem (1938), Violin Concerto (1940), mimhanzi yekomedhi yaLope de Vega The Widow of Valencia (1940) uye mutambo waM. Lermontov Masquerade. Kutanga kwekupedzisira kwakaitika manheru ekutanga kweGreat Patriotic War musi waJune 21, 1941 paTheatre. E. Vakhtangov.

Kubva pamazuva ekutanga ehondo, huwandu hwehuwandu hwemagariro uye hwekugadzira hweKhachaturian hwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Semutevedzeri wasachigaro weKomiti Yekuronga yeUnion of Composers yeUSSR, anosimbisa basa resangano iri rekusika kugadzirisa mabasa ane mutoro munguva yehondo, anoita nekuratidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvake mumayuniti nezvipatara, uye anotora chikamu mune zvakakosha. kutepfenyura kweRadio Committee yekumberi. Zviitiko zvevoruzhinji hazvina kutadzisa munyori kugadzira mumakore aya akaoma mabasa emhando dzakasiyana siyana nemhando, mazhinji acho airatidza dingindira rehondo.

Mumakore mana ehondo, akagadzira ballet "Gayane" (4), Second Symphony (1942), mimhanzi yemitambo mitatu inoshamisa ("Kremlin Chimes" - 1943, "Deep Intelligence" - 1942, "Zuva Rokupedzisira." "- 1943), yefirimu "Man No. 1945" uye pane zvayo Suite yezvipiyano zviviri (217), masutu akaumbwa kubva mumhanzi we "Masquerade" uye ballet "Gayane" (1945), nziyo 1943 dzakanyorwa. , kufora kwebhendi rendarira "Kune Magamba eHondo yePatriotic" (9) , Anthem yeArmenian SSR (1942). Mukuwedzera, basa rakatanga paCello Concerto uye konzati nhatu dzemitambo (1944), dzakapedzwa muna 1944. Mukati mehondo, pfungwa ye“chigamba choreodrama”—ballet Spartacus—yakatanga kukura.

Khachaturian akataurawo dingindira rehondo mumakore ekupedzisira kwehondo: mimhanzi yemafirimu Hondo yeStalingrad (1949), Mubvunzo weRussia (1947), Vane Nyika Yekumusha (1949), Chakavanzika Mission (1950), uye mutambo. Maodzanyemba Node (1947). Pakupedzisira, pachiitiko chemakore makumi matatu ekukunda muGreat Patriotic War (30), rimwe remabhuku ekupedzisira emunyori, Solemn Fanfares yehwamanda nezvigubhu, yakagadzirwa. Mabasa akanyanya kukosha enguva yehondo ndeye ballet "Gayane" uye yechipiri Symphony. Iyo yekutanga ye ballet yakaitika muna Zvita 1975, 3 muPerm nemauto eakadzingwa Leningrad Opera uye Ballet Theatre. SM Kirov. Maererano nemunyori, "pfungwa yeChipiri Symphony yakafemerwa nezviitiko zvePatriotic War. Ndaida kuratidza manzwiro ehasha, kutsiva nokuda kwehuipi hwose hwakakonzerwa neGermany fascism. Pane rumwe rutivi, musambo wacho unoratidzira mirangariro yokusuruvara nemirangariro yokutenda kwakadzama zvikuru mukukunda kwedu kwokupedzisira.” Khachaturian yakatsaurira Third Symphony mukukunda kwevanhu veSoviet muGreat Patriotic War, yakarongedzwa kuti ienderane nekupemberera kwemakumi matatu emakore eGreat October Socialist Revolution. Maererano nechirongwa - rwiyo rwevanhu vanokunda - mamwe mapaipi gumi nemashanu uye nhengo inosanganisirwa mu symphony.

Mumakore ekupedzisira kwehondo, Khachaturian akaramba achinyora mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Basa rinokosha zvikuru raiva ballet "Spartacus" (1954). "Ini ndakagadzira mimhanzi nenzira imwechete iyo vanyori vekare vakaigadzira pavakatendeukira kunyaya dzenhoroondo: kuchengeta maitiro avo, maitiro avo ekunyora, vaitaura nezvezviitiko kuburikidza neprism yemaonero avo ehunyanzvi. Ballet "Spartacus" inoratidzika kwandiri sebasa rine mumhanzi unopinza dramaturgy, ine mifananidzo yakasimudzwa yehunyanzvi uye yakanangana nerudo rwekutaura kune dzimwe nyika. Ndakaona zvakakodzera kubatanidza zvose zvakawanwa netsika dzemazuva ano dzemimhanzi kuti ndiburitse dingindira rakakwirira reSpartacus. Naizvozvo, iyo ballet yakanyorwa mumutauro wemazuva ano, nekunzwisisa kwemazuva ano kwematambudziko emumhanzi uye yemitambo fomu, "Khachaturian akanyora nezve basa rake pa ballet.

Pakati pemamwe mabasa akagadzirwa mumakore epashure pehondo "Ode to the Memory of VI Lenin" (1948), "Ode to Joy" (1956), yakanyorerwa makore gumi echipiri eArmenian art muMoscow, "Greeting Overture" (1959). ) yekuvhurwa kweXXI Congress yeCPSU. Sekare, munyori anoratidza kufarira kuzere mufirimu uye mumhanzi wemitambo, anogadzira nziyo. Muma50s. Khachaturian anonyora mimhanzi yemutambo waB. Lavrenev "Lermontov", nekuda kwematambudziko aShakespeare "Macbeth" uye "King Lear", mimhanzi yemafirimu "Admiral Ushakov", "Zvikepe zvinoparadza mabhesheni", "Saltanat", "Othello", "Bonfire kusafa", "Duel". Rwiyo "Armenian kunwa. Rwiyo pamusoro peYerevan", "Rugare kufora", "Zvinorota nevana".

Makore epashure pehondo akaratidzirwa kwete chete nekugadzirwa kwemabasa matsva akajeka mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, asiwo nezviitiko zvakakosha muKhachaturian's creative biography. Muna 1950, akakokwa semupurofesa kuumbwa panguva imwe panguva Moscow Conservatory uye Musical uye Pedagogical Institute. Gnesins. Kwemakore makumi maviri nemanomwe ebasa rake rekudzidzisa, Khachaturian akabudisa vadzidzi vakawanda, kusanganisira A. Eshpay, E. Oganesyan, R. Boyko, M. Tariverdiev, B. Trotsyuk, A. Vieru, N. Terahara, A. Rybyaikov, K Volkov, M Minkov, D. Mikhailov nevamwe.

Kutanga kwebasa rekudzidzisa kwakabatana nekuedza kwekutanga mukuita zvinyorwa zvake. Gore negore nhamba yemakonzati evanyori inokura. Nzendo dzekuenda kumaguta eSoviet Union dzakapindirana nenzendo dzekuenda kunyika dzakawanda muEurope, Asia, neAmerica. Pano anosangana nevamiririri vakuru venyika yeunyanzvi: vanyori I. Stravinsky, J. Sibelius, J. Enescu, B. Britten, S. Barber, P. Vladigerov, O. Messiaen, Z. Kodai, conductors L. Stokowecki, G. Karajan , J. Georgescu, vatambi A. Rubinstein, E. Zimbalist, vanyori E. Hemingway, P. Neruda, film artists Ch. Chaplin, S. Lauren nevamwe.

Nguva yekupedzisira yebasa raKhachaturian yakaratidzwa nekusikwa kwe "Ballad of the Motherland" (1961) yebass uye orchestra, maviri aridzwa matatu matatu: rhapsodic concertos for cello (1961), violin (1963), piano (1968) uye solo sonatas. nokuda kwecello (1974), violin (1975) uye viola (1976); the Sonata (1961), yakatsaurirwa kumudzidzisi wake N. Myaskovsky, pamwe chete nevhoriyamu yechipiri ye "Children's Album" (2, 1965st vhoriyamu - 1) yakanyorerwa piyano.

Uchapupu hwekuzivikanwa kwepasi rose kwebasa raKhachaturian ndiko kumupa mirairo nemenduru dzinotumidzwa zita revanyori vakuru vekune dzimwe nyika, pamwe nekusarudzwa kwake senhengo inokudzwa kana yakazara yezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvemimhanzi zvepasirese.

Kukosha kweunyanzvi hwaKhachaturian huri mukuti akakwanisa kuburitsa pachena mikana yakapfuma yesymphonizing oriental monodic thematics, kubatanidza, pamwe chete nevanyori vehama dzehama, tsika yemonodic yeSoviet East kune polyphony, kune marudzi uye mafomu ayo. yakanga yambogadzirwa mumimhanzi yeEurope, kuratidza nzira dzekupfumisa mutauro wenziyo wenyika . Panguva imwecheteyo, nzira yekuvandudza, timbre-harmonic brilliance yekumabvazuva mimhanzi art, kuburikidza nebasa reKhachaturian, yakave nepesvedzero inooneka kune vanyori - vamiriri veEuropean mimhanzi tsika. Basa raKhachaturian raive ratidziro yekongiri yekubudirira kwekudyidzana pakati petsika dzetsika dzemimhanzi dzekuMabvazuva nekuMadokero.

D. Arutyunov