Kutsauka |

kutsauka (ChiGerman: Ausweichung) inowanzotsanangurwa sekubva kwenguva pfupi kuenda kune imwe kiyi, isina kugadziriswa ne cadence (micromodulation). Zvisinei, panguva imwe chete, zviitiko zvinoiswa mumutsara mumwe. kurongeka - kukwevera kune yakajairwa tonal centre uye kuderera kwakanyanya kusimba kune hwaro hwenzvimbo. Musiyano ndewekuti tonic yech. tonality inoratidza kugadzikana kwetoni mune yako. pfungwa yezwi, uye tonic yemunharaunda mukutsauka (kunyangwe munzvimbo yakamanikana yakafanana neiyo tonal nheyo) maererano neiyo huru inochengeta zvachose basa rayo rekusagadzikana. Nokudaro, kuiswa kwemasimba echipiri (dzimwe nguva pasi) - nzira yakajairika yekuumba O. - chaizvoizvo hazvirevi kuchinja kune imwe kiyi, sezvo yakananga. manzwiro ekukwezva kune general tonic anoramba aripo. O. inowedzera makakatanwa arimo mukuwirirana uku, kureva kuti inodzamisa kusagadzikana kwayo. Saka kupokana kuri mutsanangudzo (zvichida zvinogamuchirika uye zvinoruramiswa mukuwirirana kudzidziswa makosi). Imwe tsananguro yakarurama yeO. (inobva kumafungiro eGL Catoire uye IV Sposobin) sechipiri tonal cell (subsystem) mukati mehutano hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hweiyi nzira yezwi. Mashandisirwo ezwi O. ari mukati memutsara, nguva.

Iyo yakakosha yeO. haisi modulation, asi kuwedzera kwe tonality, kureva kuwedzera kwenhamba yekubatana zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga pasi pepakati. tonic. Kusiyana neO., modulation mune yako. zvinoreva izwi rinotungamira pakugadzwa kwenzvimbo nyowani yegiravhiti, iyo inokundawo vagari venzvimbo. O. inopfumisa kuwirirana kweiyo yakapihwa tonality nekukwezva asiri-diatonic. manzwi uye chords, ayo ari emamwe makiyi (ona dhayagiramu iri mumuenzaniso pamutsara 133), asi mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo anonamirwa kune iyo huru senzvimbo iri kure (saka imwe yetsanangudzo dzeO.: " Kusiya mune yechipiri tonality, inoitwa mukati meiyo huru tonality "- VO Berkov). Paunenge uchigadzirisa O. kubva kumodulations, munhu anofanira kufunga nezve: basa rekuvakwa kwakapiwa mufomu; hupamhi hweti tonal denderedzwa (iyo vhoriyamu ye tonality uye, maererano, miganhu yayo) uye kuvapo kweiyo subsystem hukama (kutevedzera iyo huru chimiro chemodhi padivi payo). Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekuita, kuimba kwakakamurwa kuita kwechokwadi (ine subsystemic hukama DT; izvi zvinosanganisirawo SD-T, ona muenzaniso) uye plagal (ine ST hukama; kwaya "Kubwinya" kubva kune opera "Ivan Susanin").

NA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Tale yeGuta Risingaoneki reKitezh uye Maiden Fevronia", Act IV.

O. zvinokwanisika zvose zviri pedyo ne tonal nzvimbo (ona muenzaniso uri pamusoro), uye (zvishoma kakawanda) mune dziri kure (L. Beethoven, violin concerto, chikamu 1, chikamu chekupedzisira; kazhinji inowanikwa mumimhanzi yemazuva ano, somuenzaniso, muC. S. Prokofiev). O. inogonawo kuva chikamu cheiyo chaiyo modulation process (L. Beethoven, kubatanidza chikamu che 1st chikamu che9th sonata yepiyano: O. muFisdur kana modulating kubva kuE-dur kuenda kuH-dur).

Nhoroondo, kusimudzirwa kweO. kunonyanya kubatanidzwa nekuumbwa nekusimbiswa kweiyo centralized huru-diki tonal system muEurope. mimhanzi (main arr. muzana remakore rechi17-19). Chiitiko chakabatana muNar. uye purofesa wekare wekuEurope. mimhanzi (choral, Russian Znamenny chant) - modal uye tonal variability - inobatanidzwa nekusavapo kwesimba rakasimba uye rinoramba richikwezva kune imwe nzvimbo (saka, kusiyana neO. zvakakodzera, pano mutsika yemunharaunda hapana kukwezva kune mukuru) . Kuvandudzwa kwegadziriro yematoni ekutanga (musica ficta) inogona kutotungamirira kune chaiyo O. (kunyanya mumhanzi wezana remakore rechi16) kana, zvishoma, kune avo vanotangira. Sechiitiko chetsika, O. dzakadzika midzi muzana remakore rechi17-19. uye anochengetedzwa murutivi irworwo rwenziyo dzezana ramakore rechi20, umo magamuchidzanwa anopfuurira kukura. zvikamu zvekufunga tonal (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok, uye chikamu P. Hindemith). Panguva imwecheteyo, kubatanidzwa kwekubatana kubva kune makiyi epasi kusvika munharaunda yeiyo huru yakaitika kare kuchromatization yetonal system, yakashandura iyo isiri-diatonic. O.'s kuwirirana munzvimbo yakananga pasi pepakati. tonic (F. Liszt, mabheji ekupedzisira e sonata mu h-moll; AP Borodin, iyo yekupedzisira cadano ye "Polovtsian Dances" kubva ku opera "Prince Igor").

Phenomena yakafanana neO. (pamwe nekugadzirisa) maitiro emamwe marudzi akagadzirwa ekumabvazuva. mimhanzi (inowanikwa, semuenzaniso, muAzerbaijani mughams "Shur", "Chargah", ona bhuku rinonzi "Fundamentals of Azerbaijani Folk Music" rakanyorwa naU. Hajibekov, 1945).

Sechifungidziro pfungwa yeO. inozivikanwa kubva pa1st floor. 19th century, payakasiyana kubva pane iyo pfungwa ye "modulation". Izwi rekare rekuti "modulation" (kubva modus, mode - fret) sekushandiswa kune harmonic. kutevedzana pakutanga kwaireva kutumirwa kwechimiro, kufamba mukati maro ("kutevera kwekunzwanana kweumwe mushure meumwe" - G. Weber, 1818). Izvi zvinogona kureva kusimuka zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuCh. makiyi kune vamwe uye dzokera kwairi kumagumo, pamwe nekuchinja kubva kune imwe kiyi kuenda kune imwe (IF Kirnberger, 1774). AB Marx (1839), achidana iyo yose tonal chimiro chechidimbu modulation, panguva imwechete inosiyanisa pakati pekuchinja (mune izwi redu, modulation pachayo) uye kutsauka ("kudzivisa"). E. Richter (1853) anosiyanisa marudzi maviri ekugadzirisa - "kupfuura" ("kwete zvachose kusiya gadziriro huru", kureva O.) uye "kuwedzerwa", zvishoma nezvishoma zvakagadzirirwa, ne cadence mukiyi itsva. X. Riemann (1893) anofunga kuti tonic dzechipiri muzwi semabasa akareruka ekiyi huru, asi sekutanga "vatongi mumabhuraketi" (ndiyo nzira yaanosarudza nayo vatongi vechipiri uye vatongi). G. Schenker (1906) anotarisa O. rudzi rwekutevedzana kwetoni imwe uye anotoratidza yechipiri inotonga maererano nehukuru hwayo. inzwi senhanho muCh. tonality. O. inomuka, maererano naSchenker, semugumisiro wemaitiro ezvinyorwa zve tonicize. Dudziro yeO. maererano neSchenker:

L. Beethoven. String quartet op. 59 Kwete 1, chikamu I.

A. Schoenberg (1911) anosimbisa mavambo evatongi veparutivi "kubva kumaitiro echechi" (somuenzaniso, muC-dur system kubva kuDorian mode, kureva kubva muzana remakore rechipiri, kutevedzana ah-cis-dcb kuuya -a uye kwakabatana. chords e-gb, gbd, a-cis-e, fa-cis, nezvimwewo); seSchenker's, vatongi vechipiri vanosarudzwa nemukuru. toni mukiyi huru (semuenzaniso, muC-dur egb-des=I). G. Erpf (1927) anotsoropodza pfungwa yaO., vachipikisa kuti "zviratidzo zveumwe munhu tonality haigoni kuva chirevo chekutsauka" (muenzaniso: rutivi rwemusoro wechikamu chekutanga cheBeethoven's 1st sonata, mabhawa 21-35).

PI Tchaikovsky (1871) anosiyanisa pakati pe "kunzvenga" uye "modulation"; munhoroondo muzvirongwa zvinopindirana, anonyatsosiyanisa “O.” uye "shanduko" semhando dzakasiyana dzemodulation. NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1884-1885) inotsanangura O. se "modulation, umo hurongwa hutsva husina kugadziriswa, asi hunongokanganiswa zvishoma uye hunosiya pakarepo kuti udzoke kuhurongwa hwepakutanga kana kuti kutsauka kutsva"; prefixing diatonic chords. chiverengero chevatongi vavo, anogamuchira "modulations yenguva pfupi" (kureva O.); vanobatwa sevari “mukati” ch. chivakwa, iyo tonic to-rogo inochengetwa mundangariro. Pahwaro hwekubatana kwetoni pakati pe tonics mukutsauka, SI Taneev anovaka dzidziso yake ye "kubatanidza tonality" (90s yezana ramakore rechi 19). GL Catuar (1925) anosimbisa kuti kuratidzwa kwemamusi. kufunga, sekutonga, kunobatanidzwa nekutonga kwezwi rimwe chete; saka, O. mukiyi ye diatonic kana huru-diki kinship inodudzirwa naye se "mid-tonal", chikuru. tonality haina kusiiwa; Catoire muzviitiko zvakawanda inobatanidza izvi kune mafomu enguva, akareruka maviri- uye matatu-chikamu. IV Sposobin (mumakore makumi matatu) akafunga kutaura semhando yeratidziro yetoni imwe (gare gare akasiya maonero aya). Yu. N. Tyulin anotsanangura kubatanidzwa mune chikuru. matani ekuchinja kwematoni ekutanga (zviratidzo zvematauriro ane hukama) ne "variable tonicity" resp. katatu.

References: Tchaikovsky PI, Nhungamiro yekudzidza kunoshanda kwekuwirirana, 1871 (ed. M., 1872), zvakafanana, Poln. coll. soch., vol. III a, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85, zvakafanana, Poln. coll. soch., vol. IV, M., 1960; Catuar G., Dzidziso yekosi yetsinhirano, zvikamu 1-2, M., 1924-25; Belyaev VM, "Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas" - SI Taneeva, mubhuku: Russian book about Beethoven, M., 1927; Nzira inoshanda yetsinhirano, chikamu 1, M., 1935; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Inoshanda kosi yekubatana, chikamu 2, M., 1935; Tyulin Yu. N., Kudzidzisa pamusoro petsinhirano, ndima. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; Taneev SI, Tsamba kuna HH Amani, "SM", 1940, No7; Gadzhibekov U., Nheyo dzechiAzerbaijani mimhanzi yevanhu, Baku, 1945, 1957; Sposobin IV, Hurukuro pakufamba kwekuwirirana, M., 1969; Kirnberger Ph., Die Kunst des reinen Satzes in der Musik, Bd 1-2, B., 1771-79; Weber G., Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsezkunst…, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1818-21; Marx, AV, Allgemeine Musiklehre, Lpz., 1839; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Harmonie Lpz. 1853 (shanduro yechiRussian, Richter E., Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1876); Riemann H., Vereinfachte Harmonielehre …, L. – NY, (1893) (shanduro yechiRussian, Riemann G., Kuwirirana Kwakareruka, M. – Leipzig, 1901); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1-3, Stuttg. – V. – W., 1906-35; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, W., 1911; Erpf H., Studien zur Harmonie und Klangtechnik der neueren Musik, Lpz., 1927.

Yu. H. Kholopov