Concert |

German Konzert, kubva kuItaly. concerto - konzati, kubatidzwa. - makwikwi (mavhoti), kubva ku lat. concerto - kukwikwidza

Basa revatambi vazhinji, umo chikamu chidiki chezviridzwa zvinopikisa kana manzwi anopikisa mazhinji acho kana ensemble yese, akamira kunze nekuda kwedingindira. zororo remimhanzi. zvinhu, ruzha rwemavara, uchishandisa zvese zvinobvira zvezviridzwa kana manzwi. Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18 anonyanya kufarirwa maconcerto echiridzwa chimwe chete chine orchestra; makonsati ezviridzwa zvakati wandei ane orchestra haanyanye kuwanda – “double”, “triple”, “quadruple” (German: Doppelkonzert, Triepelkonzert, Quadrupelkonzert). Mhando dzakakosha k. kune chimwe chiridzwa (pasina orchestra), k. ye orchestra (isina kunyatsotsanangurwa mativi ega), k. yeizwi (manzwi) ane orchestra, k. kukwaya kapella. Kare, mimhanzi yevocal-polyphonic yaimiririrwa zvakanyanya. K. uye concerto grosso. Zvinokosha zvinodikanwa zvekubuda kweK. yaive yakawanda-kwaya uye kuenzanisa kwekwaya, soloists uye zviridzwa, izvo zvakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya nevamiriri vechikoro cheVenetian, kugoverwa kwewok.-instr. maumbirwo ezvikamu ega zvemazwi nezviridzwa. Yekutanga k. yakatanga muItaly pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16 nerechi17. wok. polyphonic church. mumhanzi (Concerti ecclesiastici for double choir A. Banchieri, 1595; Motets for 1-4-izwi kuimba nedigital bass “Cento concerti ecclesiastici” by L. Viadana, 1602-11). Mumakonzati akadaro, nziyo dzakasiyana-siyana - kubva kuhombe, kusanganisira dzakawanda. wok. uye instr. mapato, kusvika pakuverenga mawoki mashoma. mapato uye chikamu cheiyo bass general. Pamwe chete nezita rekuti concerto, nziyo dzerudzi rumwe chete dzaiwanzova nemazita ekuti motetti, motectae, cantios sacrae, nemamwe. Nhanho yepamusoro-soro mukukura kwekereke wok. K. polyphonic. chimiro chinomiririra chakabuda mu1st floor. 18th century cantatas naJS Bach, iyo iye pachake akadana concerti.

Rudzi rweK. rwakawana kushandiswa kwakakura muRussia. mimhanzi yechechi (kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17) - mu polyphonic inoshanda yekwaya cappella, ine chokuita nemunda wezvikamu zvekuimba. Dzidziso ye "kusikwa" kwemakristasi akadaro yakagadzirwa naNP Diletsky. Rus. Vanyori vakagadzira zvakanyanya nzira yepolyphonic yemabhero echechi (inoshandira 4, 6, 8, 12 kana kupfuura manzwi, anosvika makumi maviri nemana manzwi). Muraibhurari yeSynodal Choir muMoscow, kwaiva kusvika ku24 K. yezana remakore rechi500-17, rakanyorwa naV. Titov, F. Redrikov, N. Bavykin, nevamwe. Kuvandudzwa kwekonzati yechechi kwakapfuuridzirwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18. MS Berezovsky uye DS Bortnyansky, mubasa iro iro melodic-ariose style inokunda.

Muzana remakore rechi17, pakutanga muItaly, nheyo ye "makwikwi", "makwikwi" emashoko akawanda ega ("konsati") inopinda mukati. mimhanzi - mune suite uye chechi. sonata, kugadzirira kutaridzika kweiyo genre yezviridzwa cinema (Balletto concertata P. Melli, 1616; Sonata concertata D. Castello, 1629). Musiyano wejuxtaposition (“makwikwi”) evaimbi (tutti) nevanoimba vari voga (solo) kana kuti boka rezviridzwa zviri wega uye orchestra (mu concerto grosso) ndiyo hwaro hweiyo yakatanga pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 17. mienzaniso yekutanga yezviridzwa K. (Concerti da camera a 3 con il cembalo G. Bononcini, 1685; Concerto da camera a 2 violini e Basso continuo G. Torelli, 1686). Nekudaro, makonsati eBononchini naTorelli aingova chimiro chekuchinja kubva ku sonata kuenda kuK., icho chakanyatso gadziridzwa kuva 1st floor. Muzana remakore rechi18 mubasa raA. Vivaldi. K. yenguva ino yaive yezvikamu zvitatu zvakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinokurumidza zvakanyanya uye chikamu chinononoka chepakati. Zvikamu zvekutsanya zvaiwanzoenderana nedingindira rimwechete (kashoma pamisoro miviri); dingindira iri rakaridzwa muokestra risina kuchinjwa serefrain-ritornello (a monotemic allegro yerudzi rwerondal). Vivaldi akagadzira zvese concerti grossi uye solo concerto yeviolin, cello, viol d'amour, uye mweya yakasiyana. zvishandiso. Chikamu chechiridzwa chega mumakonsati ega pakutanga chaiita mabasa anosunga, asi sezvo rudzi rwakashanduka, rwakawana konzati yakawedzera kutaurwa uye hunhu hwemusoro. kuzvimiririra. Kubudirira kwemimhanzi kwakabva pakupikisa kwe tutti uye solo, kusiyana kwakasimbiswa nemasimba. zvinoreva. Mamiriro ekufananidzira ekufamba kwakatsetseka kwehomophonic kana polyphonic warehouse yakakunda. Concerts ye soloist, sekutonga, yaive nehunhu hwekushongedza hunhu. Chikamu chepakati chakanyorwa nemaitiro ariose (kazhinji soloist's pathetic aria achipesana nekwaya inoperekedza orchestra). Mhando iyi yeK. yakagamuchirwa mu 2st floor. Kuparadzirwa kwezana remakore rechi1. Makonikiti eClavier akagadzirwa naJS Bach zvakare ndeake (mamwe acho hurongwa hwemakonti ake eviolin uye Vivaldi's violin concerto ye18, 1 uye 2 claviers). Aya anoshanda naJS Bach, pamwe naK. yeclavier uye orchestra naGF Handel, zvakaratidza kutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwepiyano. konzati. Handel ndiyewo tateguru wenhengo k. Sezviridzwa zvega, kuwedzera kune violin uye clavier, cello, viol d'amour, oboe (iyo yaiwanzoshanda sechinotsiva violin), hwamanda, bassoon, transverse nyere, nezvimwewo zvakashandiswa.

Mu 2nd floor. 18th century yakagadzira classic a type of solo instrumental k., yakanyatsojekeswa muViennese classics.

Muna K. chimiro che sonata-symphony chakatangwa. kutenderera, asi mune yakasarudzika refraction. Kutenderera kwekonzati, sekutonga, kwaisanganisira zvikamu zvitatu chete; yakashaya chikamu che3 chechikamu chakakwana, chechina-kufamba, ndiko kuti, minuet kana (gare gare) scherzo (gare gare, scherzo dzimwe nguva inosanganisirwa muK. - panzvimbo yechikamu chinononoka, se, semuenzaniso, mu 3st K. yeviolin uye orchestra naProkofiev, kana sechikamu chechikamu chakazara chekufamba-famba, se, semuenzaniso, mumakontikiti epiyano uye orchestra naA. Litolf, I. Brahms, mu1st K. yeviolin uye orchestra. Shostakovich). Zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimbiswawo mukuvakwa kwezvikamu zvega zveK. Muchikamu chekutanga, nheyo yekuratidzira kaviri yakashandiswa - pakutanga zvinyorwa zvezvikamu zvikuru uye zvikamu zvakanzwika mu orchestra mune chikuru. makiyi, uye chete mushure meizvozvo muchiratidzo chechipiri ivo vakaunzwa nebasa rinotungamira reiye soloist - iyo huru dingindira mune imwechete huru. tonality, uye rutivi rumwe - mune imwe, rinoenderana nesonata allegro chirongwa. Kuenzanisa, makwikwi pakati peaiimba nemuimbi ainyanya kuitika mukusimudzira. Kuenzaniswa ne preclassic samples, iyo chaiyo musimboti wekuita konzati yachinja zvakanyanya, kuchekwa kwave kwakabatana zvakanyanya neiyo thematic. development. K. akapa kuvandudzwa kweanoimba ari oga pamadingindira ekuumbwa, anonzi. cadenza, yaive iri panguva yekuchinja kune kodhi. MuMozart, magadzirirwo eK., akasara achinyanya kufananidzira, ane melodic, pachena, epurasitiki, muBeethoven azere nekukakavadzana zvinoenderana neanowanzo dramatization yemaitiro. Vose Mozart naBeethoven vanodzivisa chero chidimbu mukugadzirwa kwemifananidzo yavo, kazhinji vachitsauka kubva pamusimboti wekuratidzwa kaviri unotsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Makonsati eMozart naBeethoven anoumba nhongonya dzepamusoro mukuvandudzwa kwerudzi urwu.

Munguva yerudo, pane kusimuka kubva kukirasi. chiyero chezvikamu mu k. Romantics yakagadzira chikamu chimwe k. yemhando mbiri: fomu duku - iyo inonzi. chikamu chekonzati (gare gare chakanziwo concertino), uye chimiro chikuru, chinoenderana mukuvaka kune symphonic nhetembo, mune chimwe chikamu kushandura zvikamu zvechina-chikamu sonata-symphony cycle. Muchinyakare K. intonation uye thematic. kubatana pakati pezvikamu, sekutonga, kwakanga kusipo, murudo. K. monothematism, leitmotif connections, nheyo ye "kuburikidza nebudiriro" yakawana kukosha kwakakosha. Mienzaniso yakajeka yerudo. nhetembo imwe-chikamu K. yakagadzirwa naF. Liszt. Zverudo. kudai mu 1st floor. 19th century yakagadzira yakasarudzika mhando yeruvara uye yekushongedza hunhu, hwakava chimiro chechimiro chese maitiro erudo (N. Paganini, F. Liszt nevamwe).

Mushure meBeethoven, paiva nemhando mbiri (mhando mbiri) dzeK. - "virtuoso" uye "symphonized". In virtuoso K. instr. kunaka uye kuita kwekonzati kunoumba hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi; pachirongwa chekutanga haisi thematic. kukura, uye musimboti wekusiyanisa pakati pe cantilena uye motility, decomp. mavara marudzi, timbres, etc. In vakawanda virtuoso K. thematic. budiriro haipo zvachose (Viotti's violin concertos, Romberg's cello concerto) kana inotora chinzvimbo chepasi (chikamu chekutanga chePaganini's 1st concerto yeviolin uye orchestra). Mune symphonized K., kusimukira kwemimhanzi kunobva pane symphony. dramaturgy, thematic principles. budiriro, pamusoro pevanopikisa nenzira yekufananidzira-thematic. mativi. Kusumwa kwechiratidzo chedramaturgy muK. kwaive nekuda kwekusangana kwayo nesymphony mune yekufananidzira, unyanzvi, pfungwa yemafungiro (makonzati eI. Brahms). Mhando mbiri dzeK. dzinosiyana mudramaturgy. mikuru yemabasa zvikamu: virtuoso K. inoratidzirwa nehegemony yakakwana yeanoimba uye ari pasi (anoperekedza) basa reorchestra; ye symphonized K. - dramaturgy. chiitiko cheiyo orchestra (kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvemusoro kunoitwa pamwe chete neanoimba uye orchestra), zvichitungamira kune kuenzana kwechikamu che soloist uye orchestra. Musymphonic K. hunhu hwava nzira yemutambo. development. Iyo symphonization yakambundikira mairi kunyangwe chaiyo virtuoso chinhu cheiyo genre secadenza. Kana mu virtuoso K. the cadenza yaida kuratidza hunyanzvi. hunyanzvi hwemuimbi ari ega, mune symphony akabatana mukukura kwemimhanzi. Kubva panguva yaBeethoven, vanyori pachavo vakatanga kunyora cadenzas; mu1 fp. Beethoven's concerto cadence inova organic. chikamu chechimiro chebasa.

Musiyano wakajeka pakati pevirtuosic uye symphonic k. hazviiti nguva dzose. Iko K. mhando yakapararira, umo konzati uye symphonic unhu huri pedyo nekubatana. Semuenzaniso, mumakonti eF. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Glazunov, SV Rachmaninov symphonic. dramaturgy inosanganiswa neiyo brilliant virtuoso hunhu hwechikamu chega. Muzana ramakore rechi 20 hukuru hwekuita kwekonsati yevirtuoso ndiyo yakajairika kumakonsati eSS Prokofiev, B. Bartok, iyo inotungamira yesymphonic. Unhu hunocherechedzwa, semuenzaniso, mune 1st violin concerto naShostakovich.

Sezvo aine simba rakakura pane symphony, iyo symphony, zvakare, yakakanganiswa neiyo symphony. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19. yakakosha "konzati" yakasiyana-siyana ye symphonism, yakaratidzwa nebasa. R. Strauss (“Don Quixote”), NA Rimsky-Korsakov (“Spanish Capriccio”). Muzana remakore rechi20 Kwakaonekwawo makonsati mashoma evaimbi evaimbi zvichibva pamusimboti wekuridza konzati (somuenzaniso, mumhanzi weSoviet, nemuimbi weAzerbaijani S. Gadzhibekov, muimbi wekuEstonia J. Ryaets, nevamwe).

Chaizvoizvo K. dzakasikirwa Europe yese. zviridzwa - piano, violin, cello, viola, mabhesi maviri, mhepo dzemapuranga nendarira. RM Gliere ndiye muridzi weK. ane mukurumbira zvikuru wezwi uye orchestra. Mazizi. vanyori vakanyora K. nokuti nar. zviridzwa - balalaika, domra (KP Barchunova nevamwe), Armenian tar (G. Mirzoyan), Latvian kokle (J. Medin), etc. Mune mazizi mimhanzi genre K. yakave yakapararira mukuora. mafomu akajairika uye anomiririrwa zvakanyanya mubasa revanyori vakawanda (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, TN Khrennikov, SF Tsintsadze nevamwe).

References: Orlov GA, Soviet Piano Concerto, L., 1954; Khokhlov Yu., Soviet Violin Concerto, M., 1956; Alekseev A., Concerto nemakamuri emhando dzemimhanzi yezviridzwa, mubhuku: History of Russian Soviet Music, vol. 1, M., 1956, mapeji 267-97; Raaben L., Soviet Instrumental Concerto, L., 1967.

LH Raaben