Alexey Nikolaevich Verstovsky |

Alexey Verstovsky

Muimbi weRussia ane tarenda, munyori uye wemitambo yemitambo A. Verstovsky aive zera rimwe chete naPushkin uye wekare akararama panguva yeGlinka. Muna 1862, pashure porufu rwomunyori, mutsoropodzi akatanhamara wenziyo A. Serov akanyora kuti “mumaererano nomukurumbira, Verstovsky anokurira Glinka,” achitaura nezvekubudirira kunoramba kusingawanzoitiki kwenziyo yake yakanakisisa, Askold’s Grave.

Apinda mundima yemimhanzi mukupera kwema1810s, Verstovsky aive pakati pehupenyu hwemimhanzi uye yemitambo yeRussia kwemakore anopfuura makumi mana, achishingairira kutora chikamu mazviri semuimbi ane mukurumbira uye seane simba maneja wetiyetera. Muimbi wacho ainyatsozivana nevakawanda vakatanhamara veRussian artic tsika. Akanga ari "pauri" naPushkin, Griboyedov, Odoevsky. Kushamwaridzana kwepedyo uye kushanda pamwe chete kwakamubatanidza nevanyori vakawanda nevanyori vemitambo - kunyanya A. Pisarev, M. Zagoskin, S. Aksakov.

Mamiriro ekunyora uye emitambo akave nepesvedzero inooneka pakuumbwa kwezvinonaka zvemunyori. Kuswedera pedyo nemifananidzo yeRussian romanticism uye Slavophiles yakaratidzwa zvose mukuzvipira kwaVerstovsky kune yekare yeRussia, uye mukukwezva kwake kune "dhiabhorosi" fungidziro, kune ngano, zvakasanganiswa zvinoshamisa pamwe nekubereka kwerudo kwezviratidzo zvehupenyu hwenyika, vanhu chaivo venhoroondo uye. zviitiko.

Verstovsky akaberekerwa munzvimbo yeSeliverstovo mudunhu reTambov. Baba vemunyori aive mwanakomana asiri wepamutemo waGeneral A. Seliverstov uye mukadzi akatapwa weTurkey, uye nekudaro zita rake rekupedzisira - Verstovsky - rakaumbwa kubva muchikamu chezita remhuri, uye iye pachake akagoverwa kuvakuru sechizvarwa che "Polish. munyoro.” Kukura kwemimhanzi yemukomana kwakaitika munzvimbo yakanaka. Mhuri yacho yairidza mimhanzi yakawanda, baba vangu vaiva ne<em>serf orchestra yavo uye raibhurari huru yemimhanzi yenguva idzodzo. Kubva pazera remakore masere, muimbi weramangwana akatanga kuita mumakonzati evasina kudzidza semuimbi wepiyano, uye munguva pfupi chido chake chekunyora nziyo chakazviratidzawo.

Muna 1816, nokuda kwevabereki vake, jaya racho rakatumirwa kuInstitute of the Corps of Railway Engineers muSt. Zvisinei, pashure pokudzidza ikoko kwegore rimwe chete, akasiya chikoro chacho ndokupinda basa rehurumende. Murume wechidiki ane zvipo akabatwa nemhepo yemimhanzi yeguta guru, uye anoenderera mberi nedzidzo yake yemimhanzi achitungamirirwa nevadzidzisi vePetersburg vakakurumbira. Verstovsky akatora zvidzidzo zvepiyano kubva kuna D. Steibelt naJ. Field, vakaridza violin, vakadzidza dzidziso yemimhanzi uye nheyo dzekuumbwa. Pano, muSt. Petersburg, chido cheimba yemitambo chinoberekwa uye chinowedzera kusimba, uye acharamba ari mutsigiri anoshingaira wehupenyu hwake hwose. Nehunhu hwake hwekuda uye hukasha, Verstovsky anotora chikamu mumitambo yemamateur semutambi, anoshandura French vaudevilles muchiRussian, uye anonyora mimhanzi yemitambo yemitambo. Vanozivana vanofadza vanogadzirwa nevamiriri vakakurumbira venyika yemitambo, vadetembi, vaimbi, vanyori. Pakati pavo pane munyori wechidiki N. Khmelnitsky, munyori wemitambo anoremekedzwa A. Shakhovskoy, mutsoropodzi P. Arapov, uye munyori A. Alyabyev. Pakati pevaaizivana navo paivawo N. Vsevolozhsky, muvambi wezvinyorwa uye zvematongerwo enyika "Green Lamp", iyo yaisanganisira vazhinji vemangwana Decembrists uye Pushkin. Verstovsky akapindawo misangano iyi. Zvichida panguva ino kuzivana kwake kwekutanga nemudetembi mukuru kwakaitika.

Muna 1819, munyori wemakore makumi maviri akave akakurumbira nokuda kwekuita kwake vaudeville "Mbuya Maparrots" (zvichienderana nemashoko aKhmelnitsky). Achikurudzirwa nekubudirira, Verstovsky anosarudza kuzvipira zvachose kushumira unyanzvi hwake hunodiwa. Vaudeville yekutanga yakateverwa ne "Quarantine", "The first debut of the actress Troepolskaya", "Crazy House, or a Strange Wedding", etc. Vaudeville, akatamiswa kubva pachigamba cheFrance uye akadzorerwa kutsika dzeRussia, inova imwe yevanofarira. mhando dzeruzhinji rweRussia panguva iyoyo. Ane hungwaru uye anofara, azere netarisiro inosimbisa hupenyu, zvishoma nezvishoma anotora tsika dzechiRussian comic opera uye anokura kubva mumutambo unonakidza nemimhanzi kuita vaudeville opera, umo mimhanzi inoita basa rinokosha rinoshamisa.

Vemazuva ano vaikoshesa zvikuru Verstovsky, munyori wevaudeville. Griboedov, ari mubasa rekubatana pavaudeville "Ndiani mukoma, ndiani hanzvadzi, kana Kunyengedza mushure mekunyengera" (1823), akanyorera munyori kuti: "Handina mubvunzo pamusoro pekunaka kwemimhanzi yako uye ndinozvirumbidza mberi. pairi.” Mumwe mushingairi wehunyanzvi hwepamusoro V. Belinsky akanyora kuti: Uku hakusi kungotaura kwemimhanzi, kusina zvakunoreva, asi chimwe chinhu chinorarama nehupenyu hwetarenda rakasimba. Verstovsky ane mimhanzi yevaudevilles inodarika makumi matatu. Uye kunyange zvazvo mamwe acho akanyorwa pamwe chete nevamwe vanyori, ndiye akazivikanwa semuvambi werudzi urwu muRussia, musiki, sezvakanyorwa naSerov, "yemhando yekodhi yemimhanzi yevaudeville."

Kutanga kunoshamisa kwekuita kwaVerstovsky kwakasimbiswa nebasa rake rebasa. Muna 1823, maererano nokugadzwa kuhofisi yagavhuna mukuru weuto reMoscow D. Golitsyn, munyori wechiduku uyu akatamira kuMoscow. Nesimba rake rekuzvarwa uye kushingairira, anojoinha hupenyu hwemitambo yeMoscow, anoita vaanozivana navo vatsva, vane hushamwari uye vanogadzira kuonana. Kwemakore makumi matatu nemashanu, Verstovsky akashanda muhofisi yemitambo yeMoscow, achitarisira zvose zvinyorwa uye chikamu chesangano nehupfumi, chaizvoizvo, achitungamirira panguva iyo yakabatana opera uye drama troupe yeBolshoi neMaly theatre. Uye hazvina kuitika kuti vanhu vepanguva yake vakadana nguva refu yebasa rake kuimba yemitambo "nguva yeVerstovsky." Maererano nekurangarirwa kwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vaimuziva, Verstovsky aiva munhu akakurumbira zvikuru, achibatanidza tarenda yepamusoro yemuimbi nemafungiro ane simba emurongi - tsika yebhizimisi remitambo. Pasinei nemabasa ake akawanda, Verstovsky akaramba achinyora zvakawanda. Akanga ari munyori kwete chete wemitambo yemitambo, asiwo yenziyo dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzorudo, dzakabudirira kuitwa pachikuva uye dzakasimbiswa zvakasimba muupenyu hwemaguta. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekuitwa kusinganzwisisike kweinzwi revanhu vekuRussia uye yemazuva ese rwiyo-rudo, kuvimba nerwiyo rwakakurumbira nemhando dzekutamba, hupfumi, uye chaiyo yemufananidzo wemimhanzi. Chinhu chakasiyana chechimiro chekugadzira cheVerstovsky maitiro ake ekumiririra yakasimba-inoda, ine simba, inoshingaira nyika dzepfungwa. Hunhu hwakajeka uye hunhu hunokosha hunosiyanisa mabasa ake kubva kubasa revazhinji venguva yake, akapendwa zvakanyanya mumatoni eelegiac.

Tarenda yakakwana uye yepakutanga yeVerstovsky yakazviratidza munziyo dzake dzeballad, dzaakadana kuti "cantatas". Idzi ndidzo Black Shawl dzakagadzirwa muna 1823 (paPushkin Station), Nziyo nhatu uye The Poor Singer (paV. Zhukovsky Station), zvichiratidza mafungiro emunyori akananga kumitambo yemitambo, dudziro yerudo. Aya ma "cantatas" akaitwawo muchimiro chakarongwa - ane nzvimbo, mune zvipfeko uye pamwe ne orchestral inoperekedza. Verstovsky akagadzirawo mahombe cantatas evanoimba solo, kwaya uye orchestra, pamwe neakasiyana siyana ezwi uye orchestra nziyo "pane dzimwe nguva", uye anoyera kwaya makonti. Mimhanzi theatre yakaramba iri nzvimbo inokosheswa zvikuru.

Kune 6 operas mune yekusika nhaka yeVerstovsky. Wokutanga wavo - "Pan Tvardovsky" (1828) - yakanyorwa pasina. Zagoskin kubva pa "nyaya yake inotyisa" yezita rimwe chete, zvichibva kuWest Slavic (Polish) shanduro yengano yeFaust. Yechipiri opera, Vadim, kana Kumutswa kweVasikana vane Gumi neVaviri Vakarara (1832), yakabva paZhukovsky's ballad Thunderbolt, kana Gumi neVaviri Vakarara Vasikana, inobva pane chirongwa kubva muupenyu hweKievan Rus. MuKyiv yekare, chiito chinoitika uye chechitatu - iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa opera naVerstovsky - "Askold's Grave" (1835), zvichienderana nenhoroondo uye yerudo nyaya yezita rimwe chete naZagoskin.

Vateereri vakagamuchira nemufaro kuratidzwa kwemaopera matatu ekutanga naVerstovsky, uyo akaedza nemoyo wose kugadzira opera yenyika yeRussia zvichibva pazviitiko zvenhoroondo uye zvengano kubva kure-kare uye zvinosanganisira mativi ane hunhu uye anopenya erudzi rwevanhu. Iko kudhirowa kwerudo kwezviitiko zvenhoroondo zvichipesana nemashure emifananidzo yakadzama yehupenyu hwechivanhu, netsika dzayo, nziyo, uye matambiro, zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwekunakidzwa kwenguva yeRomantic. Zverudo uye kusiyanisa hupenyu chaihwo hwemagamba kubva kuvanhu uye nhema dzemadhimoni ngano. Verstovsky akasika rudzi rwechiRussia rwiyo opera, umo hwaro hwemaitiro ndeyeRussia-Slavic rwiyo-kutamba, elegiac romance, dramatic ballad. Vocalism, rwiyo lyricism, akafunga nzira huru pakugadzira mhenyu, mavara anoratidza uye anoratidza manzwiro evanhu. Kusiyana neizvi, zvinoshamisa, zvemashiripiti-madhimoni ezvikamu zvemitambo yake inoumbwa nenzira dze orchestra, pamwe chete nerubatsiro rwe melodrama, iyo inonyanya hunhu hwenguva iyoyo (kureva, kudzokorora kunopesana nekumashure kwe orchestral accompaniment). Izvi ndizvo zviitiko "zvinotyisa" zvezvitsinga, uroyi, kuonekwa kwemweya yakaipa ye "gehena". Kushandiswa kwe melodrama kwaive kwakasikwa mumitambo yaVerstovsky, sezvo vakanga vachiri rudzi rwemhando yakasanganiswa yemimhanzi uye inoshamisa, iyo yaisanganisira nhaurirano dzeprose. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti mu "Vadim" basa guru rakagadzirirwa kune yakakurumbira nhamo P. Mochalov yainyanya kushamisa.

Kuonekwa kwe "Ivan Susanin" naGlinka, yakaitwa gore mushure me "Askold's Grave". (1836), yakaratidza kutanga kwedariro idzva munhoroondo yemimhanzi yeRussia, yakafukidza zvose zvakanga zvatangira uye kusundira Verstovsky's naive-romantic operas munguva yakapfuura. Muimbi wacho ainetsekana zvinorwadza nekurasikirwa nemukurumbira wake wekare. “Pazvinyorwa zvose zvandakaona sezvako, ndakaona ndisina kuzvikanganwa zvachose, sokunge kuti ndakanga ndisipo …” akanyorera Odoevsky. - "Ndini wekutanga kuyemura tarenda rakanakisa raGlinka, asi handidi uye handikwanise kusiya kodzero yehukuru."

Asingadi kubvumirana nekurasikirwa kwechiremera chake, Verstovsky akaramba achinyora maoperas. Yakaonekwa panguva yekupedzisira yehupenyu hwake, iyo opera yakavakirwa pachirongwa kubva kuhupenyu hwemazuva ano hweRussia Kushuva Nyika (1839), iyo ngano-yemashiripiti opera A Dream in Reality, kana Churova Valley (1844) uye yakakura ngano- fantastic opera The Stormbreaker (1857) - pupurira kutsvaga kwekugadzira zvese zvine chekuita nemhando yeoperatic uye muchimiro chechimiro. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvimwe zvakabudirira zvakawanikwa, kunyanya mu opera yekupedzisira "Gromoboy", yakaratidzwa neVerstovsky's characteristic Russian-Slavic flavour, munyori wacho achiri kutadza kudzokera kune yaimbova kubwinya kwayo.

Muna 1860, akasiya basa muhofisi yemitambo yeMoscow, uye musi waSeptember 17, 1862, ararama Glinka kwemakore mashanu, Verstovsky akafa. Kunyora kwake kwekupedzisira kwaiva cantata "Mutambo waPetro Mukuru" pamavhesi emudetembi wake waanofarira - AS Pushkin.

T. Korzhenyants