Giuseppe Verdi (Giuseppe Verdi) |

Giuseppe Verdi

Kufanana netarenda guru. Verdi inoratidza nyika yake uye nguva yake. Ndiye ruva revhu rake. Iri izwi reItaly yanhasi, kwete neusimbe kana kunakidzwa neItaly mumakomiki uye pseudo-serious operas yaRossini naDonizetti, kwete iyo ine hunyoro uye yakasarudzika, inochema Italy yeBellini, asi Italy yakamutswa kukuziva, Italy yakazununguswa nezvematongerwo enyika. dutu, Italy, yakashinga uye ine shungu kune hasha. A. Serov

Hapana aigona kunzwa hupenyu huri nani kupfuura Verdi. A. Boito

Verdi imhando yetsika yemimhanzi yeItaly, mumwe wevanyori vakanyanya kukosha vezana ramakore rechi26. Mimhanzi yake inoratidzirwa nekupenya kwenzira dzepamusoro dzevagari vemo dzisingapere nekufamba kwenguva, kurongeka kusinga fungidzike mukumisikidzwa kwemaitiro akaomarara anoitika mukati memweya wemunhu, hukuru, runako uye rwiyo rusingaperi. Muimbi wePeru ane XNUMX operas, zvemweya uye zvezviridzwa mabasa, zverudo. Chikamu chinonyanya kukosha cheVerdi's creative heritage ndeye operas, mazhinji acho (Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida, Othello) akanzwika kubva kumatanho edzimba dze opera pasi rose kwemakore anopfuura zana. Mabasa emamwe marudzi, kunze kweiyo Requiem yakafuridzirwa, haazivikanwe, zvinyorwa zveakawanda awo akarasika.

Verdi, kusiyana nevaimbi vazhinji vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, haana kuzivisa misimboti yake yekugadzira muhurukuro dzechirongwa mupepanhau, haana kubatanidza basa rake nemvumo yeaesthetics yeimwe nzira yehunyanzvi. Zvakadaro, kureba kwake, kwakaoma, kusingagaro manyawi uye kupfekedzwa korona nekukunda nzira yekugadzira yakanangidzirwa kune yakatambura zvakanyanya uye nekuziva chinangwa - kubudirira kwemumhanzi realism mukuridza opera. Hupenyu mukukakavadzana kwese kwese ndiro dingindira rebasa remunyori. Rudzi rwechimiro charwo rwakanga rwakakura zvisina kujairika - kubva kumakakatanwa emagariro kusvika kunetsana nemanzwiro mumweya wemunhu mumwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, hunyanzvi hwaVerdi hunotakura pfungwa yekunaka kwakakosha uye kuwirirana. “Ndinoda zvose zviri mumifananidzo zvinoyevedza,” akadaro munyori wacho. Mimhanzi yake pachake yakavawo muenzaniso wemifananidzo yakanaka, yemwoyo wose uye yakafemerwa.

Achiziva zviripachena mabasa ake ekugadzira, Verdi haana kuneta mukutsvaga nzira dzakakwana dzekuenzanisira pfungwa dzake, ainyanya kuda kwaari, evakasununguka nevatambi. Kazhinji iye pachake akasarudza nheyo yezvinyorwa zve libretto, yakakurukurwa zvakadzama nevakasununguka nzira yose yekusika kwayo. Kushanda pamwe kwakabudirira zvikuru kwakabatanidza munyori nevanyori vakasununguka vakadai saT. Solera, F. Piave, A. Ghislanzoni, A. Boito. Verdi aida chokwadi chinokatyamadza kubva kuvaimbi, akanga asingashiviriri kuratidzirwa kupi nokupi kwenhema pachikuva, hunhu husina mufungo, husina ruvara nemirangariro yakadzama, kwete kururamiswa nechiito chikuru. “…Tarenda guru, mweya uye kutamba padariro” - ndihwo hunhu hwaaikoshesa zvikuru muvatambi. Kuita “zvine revo, noruremekedzo” kwemaopera kwakaratidzika kwaari kuva kwakafanira; "... kana maopera asingakwanisi kuitwa mukuperera kwavo kwese - nenzira yavakarongerwa nemunyori - zviri nani kusaaita zvachose."

Verdi akararama hupenyu hurefu. Akaberekerwa mumhuri yemushandi weimba yevaeni. Vadzidzisi vake vaiva munyori wechechi yemusha P. Baistrocchi, ipapo F. Provezi, aitungamirira upenyu hwemimhanzi muBusseto, uye kondakita weimba yemitambo yeMilan La Scala V. Lavigna. Atova munyori akura, Verdi akanyora kuti: “Ndakadzidza mamwe emabasa akanaka kwazvo enguva yedu, kwete nokuadzidza, asi nokuanzwa munhandare… chidzidzo chakareba uye chakasimba ... ruoko rwangu rwakasimba zvakakwana kubata chinyorwa sezvandinoda, uye ndine chivimbo chakakwana kuti ndiwane mhedzisiro yandaida nguva zhinji; uye kana ndikanyora chero chinhu kwete maererano nemitemo, imhaka yokuti mutemo chaiwo haundipi zvandinoda, uye nokuti handioni mitemo yose yakagamuchirwa kusvikira nhasi yakanaka pasina.

Kubudirira kwekutanga kwemunyori wechidiki kwakabatana nekugadzirwa kweOpera Oberto paLa Scala theatre muMilan muna 1839. Makore matatu gare gare, opera Nebhukadhinezari (Nabucco) yakaitwa munhandare imwe cheteyo, iyo yakaunza munyori mukurumbira wakafara ( 3). Maopera ekutanga emunyori akaonekwa panguva yekuchinja kwekuchinja muItaly, iyo yainzi nguva yeRisorgimento (Italian - rumutsiriro). Kurwira kubatana uye rusununguko rweItaly kwakaputira vanhu vese. Verdi haana kukwanisa kumira parutivi. Akasangana zvakanyanya nekukunda nekukundwa kwesangano rechimurenga, kunyangwe aisazviona sewezvematongerwo enyika. Magamba-patriotic operas ema1841s. - "Nabucco" (40), "Lombards muFirst Crusade" (1841), "Hondo yeLegnano" (1842) - yaiva rudzi rwekupindura kune zviitiko zvekuchinja. Zvirongwa zvebhaibheri uye zvenhoroondo zvema opera aya, kure nemazuva ano, akaimba hugamba, rusununguko uye rusununguko, uye naizvozvo akanga ari pedyo nezviuru zveItaly. "Maestro of the Italian Revolution" - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo vanhu vemazuva ano vakadana Verdi, basa rake rakave rakakurumbira zvikuru.

Zvisinei, zvido zvekugadzira zvemunyori wechidiki hazvina kungogumira padingindira rehondo yehugamba. Mukutsvaga zvirongwa zvitsva, munyori anotendeukira kumabhuku ezvinyorwa zvepasi rose: V. Hugo (Ernani, 1844), W. Shakespeare (Macbeth, 1847), F. Schiller (Louise Miller, 1849). Kuwedzera kwemadingindira ekugadzira kwakaperekedzwa nekutsvaga nzira itsva dzemimhanzi, kukura kwehunyanzvi hwemunyori. Nguva yekukura kwekusika yakaratidzwa nehutatu hunoshamisa hwema operas: Rigoletto (1851), Il trovatore (1853), La Traviata (1853). Mubasa reVerdi, kekutanga, kupikisa kusarongeka kwevanhu kwakanzwika pachena. Magamba emitambo iyi, akapiwa manzwiro ekushingaira, akanaka, anouya mukupokana nemitemo inowanzogamuchirwa yehutsika. Kutendeukira kumapuranga akadaro rakanga riri danho rakashinga zvikuru (Verdi akanyora pamusoro peLa Traviata: "Chirongwa chacho ndechemazuva ano. Mumwe angadai asina kutora urongwa uhwu, zvichida, nekuda kwehutano, nekuda kwenguva, uye nekuda kwechimwe chiuru cherusaruro rweupenzi. … II ndizviite nemufaro mukuru).

Pakati pe50s. Zita raVerdi rinozivikanwa zvikuru pasi rose. Muimbi anopedzisa zvibvumirano kwete chete nemitambo yeItaly. Muna 1854 anogadzira opera "Sicilian Vespers" yeParisian Grand Opera, makore mashoma gare gare maoperas "Simon Boccanegra" (1857) uye Un ballo mu maschera (1859, yeItaly theatre San Carlo uye Appolo) yakanyorwa. Muna 1861, nekuraira kwemutungamiriri weSt. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre, Verdi akagadzira opera The Force of Destiny. Maererano nekugadzirwa kwayo, munyori anoenda kuRussia kaviri. Iyo opera haina kubudirira kukuru, kunyangwe mimhanzi yaVerdi yaive yakakurumbira muRussia.

Pakati pema operas e60s. Inonyanya kufarirwa yaive opera Don Carlos (1867) yakavakirwa pamutambo wezita rimwe chete naSchiller. Mimhanzi ya "Don Carlos", yakazadzwa neyakadzama psychologism, inotarisira nhongonya dzeVerdi's operatic creativity - "Aida" uye "Othello". Aida yakanyorwa muna 1870 pakuvhurwa kwenzvimbo itsva yemitambo muCairo. Izvo zvakawanikwa zveese apfuura maopera akabatanidzwa mairi: kukwana kwemimhanzi, kupenya kwemavara, uye kupinza kwedramaturgy.

Kutevera "Aida" yakasikwa "Requiem" (1874), mushure mezvo pakave nekureba (kupfuura makore gumi) kunyarara kwakakonzerwa nedambudziko muhupenyu hwevanhu uye hwemimhanzi. MuItaly, makanga mune chido chakapararira chemimhanzi yaR. Wagner, nepo tsika yenyika yakanga isingakanganwiki. Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo akanga asiri kungorwisana kwekuravira, zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushongedza zvinzvimbo, pasina izvo hunyanzvi hwekuita hazvifungidzike, uye kukura kwehunyanzvi hwese. Yakanga iri nguva yekudonha kwekutanga kwetsika dzeunyanzvi dzenyika, iyo yainyanya kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya nevanoda nyika yeItaly art. Verdi akafunga sezvinotevera: “Unyanzvi ndehwemarudzi ose. Hapana anotenda mune izvi zvakasimba kupfuura zvandinoita. Asi inokura mumwe nemumwe. Uye kana maGerman aine maitiro akasiyana ehunyanzvi kupfuura isu, hunyanzvi hwavo hwakasiyana zvakanyanya neyedu. Hatikwanise kunyora semaGerman… "

Achifunga nezveramangwana remumhanzi weItaly, achinzwa mutoro mukuru kune nhanho imwe neimwe inotevera, Verdi akatanga kushandisa pfungwa yeOthello opera (1886), iyo yakava nyanzvi yechokwadi. "Othello" ndiyo dudziro isingaenzaniswi yenyaya yeShakespearean mumhando ye operatic, muenzaniso wakakwana wemutambo wemimhanzi uye wepfungwa, kusikwa kwehupenyu hwake hwose.

Basa rekupedzisira reVerdi - iyo comic opera Falstaff (1892) - inoshamisika nekufara kwayo uye hunyanzvi hwayo; inoratidzika kuzarura peji itsva mubasa remunyori, iyo, zvinosuruvarisa, haina kuenderera mberi. Upenyu hwose hwaVerdi hunovhenekerwa nekutenda kwakadzama mukururama kwegwara rakasarudzwa: “Nezvekudhirowa kuri kuita, ndine pfungwa dzangu pachangu, zvandinotenda, zvakajeka, zvakanyatsojeka, izvo zvandisingakwanise, uye handifanire, ramba.” L. Escudier, mumwe wevakararama panguva imwe neimwe yomunyori wacho, akamurondedzera zvakarurama kwazvo kuti: “Verdi aingova nezvido zvitatu chete. Asi vakasvika pakusimba kukuru: rudo rweunyanzvi, kunzwa kwenyika uye ushamwari. Kufarira basa rekuda uye rechokwadi reVerdi harinete. Kuzvizvarwa zvitsva zvevanoda mimhanzi, inoramba iri chiyero chekare chinosanganisa kujeka kwepfungwa, kurudziro yekunzwa uye kukwana kwemimhanzi.

A. Zolotykh

• Nzira yekugadzira yeGiuseppe Verdi →
• Tsika dzemimhanzi dzeItaly muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX →

Opera yaive pakati pezvido zveVerdi zvehunyanzvi. Panguva yekutanga yebasa rake, muBusseto, akanyora mabasa akawanda ezviridzwa (zvinyorwa zvavo zvakarasika), asi haana kuzodzokera kune iyi genre. Kunze kweiyo tambo quartet ye1873, iyo yakanga isina kuitirwa nemunyori kuti iite basa reruzhinji. Mumakore mamwe chete ehudiki, nemaitiro ekuita kwake semuimbi, Verdi akagadzira mimhanzi inoera. Kunopera kwebasa rake - mushure meRequiem - akagadzira mamwe akati wandei emhando iyi (Stabat mater, Te Deum nevamwe). Zverudo zvishoma zvakare ndezvenguva yekutanga kugadzira. Akashandisa simba rake rese kuita opera kweanopfuura hafu yezana ramakore, kubva kuOberto (1839) kuenda kuFalstaff (1893).

Verdi akanyora makumi maviri nenhanhatu opera, matanhatu acho akapa mune itsva, yakagadziridzwa shanduro. (Nemakumi emakore, mabasa aya akaiswa sezvinotevera: kunonoka 30s - 40s - 14 operas (+1 mune itsva edition), 50s - 7 operas (+1 mu edition itsva), 60s - 2 opera (+2 mune itsva edition), 70s - 1 opera, 80s - 1 opera (+2 mune itsva edition), 90s - 1 opera.) Muhupenyu hwake hurefu, akaramba akatendeka kune ake aesthetic zvinangwa. "Ndinogona kunge ndisina kusimba zvakakwana kuti ndiite zvandinoda, asi ndinoziva zvandiri kuedza," Verdi akanyora muna 1868. Mashoko aya anogona kutsanangura basa rake rose rokusika. Asi nekufamba kwemakore, maitiro eunyanzvi emunyori akave akajeka, uye hunyanzvi hwake hwakava hwakakwana, hwakakudzwa.

Verdi akatsvaga kuratidza mutambo "wakasimba, wakapfava, wakakosha." Muna 1853, achinyora La Traviata, akanyora kuti: “Ndinorota nezvezvirongwa zvitsva zvikuru, zvakanaka, zvakasiyana-siyana, zvine ushingi, uye zvakashinga zvikuru ipapo. Mune imwe tsamba (yegore rimwe chetero) tinoverenga kuti: “Ndipei yakanaka, yepakutanga zano, inonakidza, ine mamiriro anoshamisa, zvishuwo - pamusoro pezvose zvido! ..”

Echokwadi uye akasimbiswa anoshamisa mamiriro, anotsanangurwa zvakapinza mavara - izvo, maererano naVerdi, ndicho chinhu chikuru muchirongwa che opera. Uye kana mumabasa ekutanga, nguva yerudo, kukura kwemamiriro ezvinhu kwaisagara kuchibatsira mukuburitswa pachena kwevatambi, zvino ne50s munyori akaziva zvakajeka kuti kudzika kwekubatana uku kunoshanda sehwaro hwekugadzira chokwadi chakanyanya. mutambo wemimhanzi. Ndokusaka, mushure mekutora zvakasimba nzira yechokwadi, Verdi akashora opera yemazuva ano yeItalian kune monotonous, monotonous plots, mafomu enguva dzose. Nokuda kwokusakwana kwokuratidza kupokanidzana kwoupenyu, akashorawo mabasa ake akanga ambonyorwa: “Zvine zviono zvinofadza zvikuru, asi hazvina kusiyana. Ivo vanongobata divi rimwe chete - sublime, kana uchida - asi nguva dzose zvakafanana.

Mukunzwisisa kwaVerdi, opera haifungidzike pasina kurodzwa kwekupedzisira kwekupokana. Mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa, munyori akati, anofanira kufumura zvido zvevanhu muhunhu hwavo, chimiro chemunhu. Naizvozvo, Verdi aipikisa zvakasimba chero maitiro mune libretto. Muna 1851, achitanga basa re<em>Il trovatore, Verdi akanyora kuti: “Cammarano akasununguka (munyori akasununguka wenziyo yacho.— MD) ichadudzira chimiro, zviri nani kwandiri, ndinowedzera kugutsikana. Gore rakanga rapfuura, atanga muimbi weopera wakavakirwa pazano raMambo Lear waShakespeare, Verdi akaonesa, kuti: “Lear haafaniri kuitwa mutambo muchimiro chinogamuchirwa chose chose. Kwaizova kuri madikanwa kuwana chimiro chitsva, chikuru, chisina rusaruro.”

Kurongeka kweVerdi inzira yekunyatsoburitsa pfungwa yebasa. Upenyu hwemunyori huzere nekutsvaga kwezvirongwa zvakadaro. Kutanga naErnani, anoramba achitsvaga zvinyorwa zvemazano ake ekushanda. Nyanzvi yakanakisa yezvinyorwa zvechiItalian (nechiLatin), Verdi ainyatsoziva chiGerman, French, uye Chirungu dramaturgy. Vanyori vake vaanofarira ndiDante, Shakespeare, Byron, Schiller, Hugo. ( Pamusoro paShakespeare, Verdi akanyora muna 1865 kuti: “Ndiye munyori wangu wandinoda zvikuru, wandinoziva kubvira ndichiri muduku uye ndinogara ndichiverengazve.” Akanyora nziyo nhatu dzokuimba pamusoro pezvairongwa naShakespeare, akarota Hamlet uye The Tempest, uye akadzokera kubasa kane kana King. Lear ”(muna 1847, 1849, 1856 na1869); maopera maviri akavakirwa pahurongwa hwaByron (chirongwa chisina kupera chaKaini), Schiller - mana, Hugo - maviri (chirongwa chaRuy Blas")

Kutanga kwaVerdi kwekugadzira kwaisangogumira pakusarudzwa kwechirongwa. Ainyatsotarisira basa remurevereri werusununguko. "Handina kumbobvira ndanyora maopera kune akagadzirwa-akagadzirwa librettos akagadzirwa nemumwe munhu padivi," akadaro munyori wenziyo, "ini handisi kunyatsonzwisisa kuti munyori wepikicha anogona kuzvarwa sei anogona kufungidzira chaizvo zvandinogona kuumba muopera." Runyoro rwaVerdi rwakakura rwakazadzwa nemirairo yekugadzira uye zano kune vaanoshanda navo vekunyora. Iyi mirairo ine chekuita zvakanyanya nehurongwa hwechiitiko che opera. Muimbi wacho aida kuwanda kwehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwechinyorwa chezvinyorwa, uye nekuda kweizvi - kuderedzwa kwemitsara yedivi rekunyengedza, kudzvanywa kwechinyorwa chemutambo.

Verdi akaraira vashandi vake matendeuko ekutaura aaida, mutinhimira wemavhesi uye huwandu hwemashoko anodiwa pamimhanzi. Akabhadhara zvakanyanya kune "kiyi" mitsara muzvinyorwa zve libretto, yakagadzirirwa kuburitsa pachena zviri mukati meimwe inoshamisa mamiriro kana hunhu. "Hazvina basa kuti iri kana iro izwi riripo, chirevo chinodiwa chinofadza, chine chimiro," akanyora kudaro muna 1870 kune weAida akasununguka. Kuvandudza libretto ye "Othello", akabvisa zvisina kufanira, mumaonero ake, mitsara uye mazwi, aida rhythmic zvakasiyana-siyana muzvinyorwa, akaputsa "kupfava" kwevhesi, iyo yakasunga kukura kwemimhanzi, yakawana kujekesa kwakanyanya uye kupfupika.

Pfungwa dzakashinga dzaVerdi hadzina kugara dzichiwana kutaura kwakakodzera kubva kune vaaishanda navo. Nokudaro, kukoshesa zvikuru libretto ye "Rigoletto", munyori akacherechedza mavhesi asina simba mairi. Zvakawanda hazvina kumugutsa mumutambo weIl trovatore, Sicilian Vespers, Don Carlos. Asingave awana chiitiko chinogutsa chose uye kunyorwa kwechinyorwa chepfungwa yake itsva mune yakasununguka King Lear, akamanikidzwa kusiya kupera kwe opera.

Mukushanda nesimba nevakasununguka, Verdi akazopedzisira akura pfungwa yekuumbwa. Aiwanzotanga mimhanzi chete mushure mekugadzira chinyorwa chakazara che opera yose.

Verdi akataura kuti chinhu chakamuomera kwazvo "chaive chekunyora nekukurumidza kuti ataure pfungwa yemimhanzi mukuvimbika kwayakazvarwa nayo mupfungwa." Iye anoyeuka, kuti: “Pandaiva muduku, ndaiwanzoshanda ndisingarori kubva naXNUMX:XNUMX mangwanani kusvikira naXNUMX:XNUMX manheru.” Kunyange pazera guru, paaigadzira zvibodzwa zveFalstaff, akabva angoridza ndima huru dzakapedzwa, sezvo akanga “achitya kukanganwa mimwe misanganiswa yezviridzwa nezviridzwa zvetimbre.”

Paaigadzira mimhanzi, Verdi aifunga nezvemikana yekumisikidzwa kwayo. Akabatanidzwa kusvika pakati pe-50s nemitambo yemitambo yakasiyana-siyana, aigara achigadzirisa dzimwe nyaya dzemitambo yemimhanzi, zvichienderana nemasimba ekuita ayo boka rakapiwa raive naro. Uyezve, Verdi aifarira kwete chete muzwi hunhu hwevaimbi. Muna 1857, pamberi pekutanga kwe "Simon Boccanegra", akati: "Basa raPaolo rakakosha kwazvo, zvakakosha kuti uwane baritone angave mutambi akanaka." Kare muna 1848, maererano nekugadzirwa kwakarongwa kweMacbeth muNaples, Verdi akaramba muimbi Tadolini akapiwa kwaari, sezvo mano ake ezwi uye esiteji akanga asingaenderane nebasa rakarongwa: "Tadolini ane inzwi rakanaka, rakajeka, rakajeka, rine simba, uye ini ndinoda izwi remukadzi, matsi, ane hasha, akasuwa. Tadolini ane chimwe chinhu chengirozi muzwi rake, uye ini ndinoda chimwe chinhu chidhiabhori muizwi remukadzi.

Mukudzidza maopera ake, kusvika kuFalstaff, Verdi akatora chikamu chekushingaira, achipindira mubasa remuitisi, achinyatsoteerera vaimbi, achinyatsofamba nezvikamu navo. Saka, muimbi Barbieri-Nini, uyo akaita basa raLady Macbeth pamutambo wekutanga muna 1847, akapupura kuti munyori akadzidzira damba naye kusvika ka150, achiwana nzira yekutaura mazwi aaida. Akashanda zvakangodaro aine makore makumi manomwe nemana aine mukurumbira tenor Francesco Tamagno, uyo aitamba basa reOthello.

Verdi akatarisisa zvakanyanya kududzirwa kwechikuva che opera. Tsamba dzake dzine mashoko akawanda anokosha panyaya idzi. "Masimba ese echikuva anopa kutaura kunoshamisa," akanyora kudaro Verdi, "uye kwete chete mimhanzi yekufambisa kwema cavatinas, duets, fainari, nezvimwe." Maererano nekugadzirwa kweThe Force of Destiny muna 1869, akanyunyuta pamusoro pemutsoropodzi, uyo akanyora chete pamusoro pezwi remuiti: vanoti ... ". Achicherechedza mimhanzi yevaimbi, munyori wacho akasimbisa kuti: “Opera—ndinzwisisei zvakarurama—ndiko kuti, mutambo wemumhanzi wechikuva, yakapiwa zviri pakati nepakati. Zvinopesana neizvi achibvisa mimhanzi pachikuva uye Verdi akapikisa: kutora chikamu mukudzidza nekugadzirisa mabasa ake, aida chokwadi chemanzwiro nezviito zvose mukuimba uye mukufamba kwedariro. Verdi akapokana kuti chete pasi pemamiriro ekubatana kunoshamisa kwezvese nzira dzekuridza nhanho yemimhanzi ndipo kuita kweopera kukwane.

Saka, kutanga kubva pasarudzo yechirongwa mukushanda nesimba neakasununguka, pakugadzira mimhanzi, panguva yekuratidzwa kwayo - pamatanho ese ekushanda pane opera, kubva pakubata pamuviri kusvika padanho, kushata kwatenzi kwakazviratidza, uko kwakatungamira neItaly nechivimbo. art yakaberekerwa kwaari kunzvimbo dzakakwirira. realism.

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Zvinangwa zvekushanda zveVerdi zvakaumbwa semhedzisiro yemakore mazhinji ebasa rekugadzira, basa guru rinoshanda, uye kushingirira kutsvaga. Ainyatsoziva mamiriro emitambo yemitambo yemazuva ano muEurope. Achishandisa nguva yakawanda kune dzimwe nyika, Verdi akazivana nemapoka akanakisisa muEurope - kubva kuSt. Petersburg kusvika kuParis, Vienna, London, Madrid. Aiziva nziyo dzevanyori vakuru vepanguva iyoyo. (Zvichida Verdi akanzwa mimhanzi yaGlinka muSt.. Verdi akavaongorora nechiyero chakafanana chekutsoropodza chaakasvika nacho pabasa rake. Uye kazhinji haana kunyanya kuenzanisa kubudirira kweunyanzvi hwedzimwe tsika dzenyika, asi akazvigadzirisa nenzira yake, kukunda simba ravo.

Aya ndiwo mabatiro aaiita tsika dzemumhanzi uye dzedariro dzeFrance theatre: vainyatsozivikanwa kwaari, kana chete nekuti matatu emabasa ake ("Sicilian Vespers", "Don Carlos", iyo yechipiri edition ye "Macbeth") yakanyorwa. yeParisian stage. Aivewo maitiro ake kuna Wagner, ane maoperas, mazhinji enguva yepakati, aaiziva, uye mamwe acho aifarirwa zvikuru (Lohengrin, Valkyrie), asi Verdi akakakavadzana naMeyerbeer naWagner. Haana kurerutsa kukosha kwavo mukusimudzira tsika dzemumhanzi wechiFrench kana chiGerman, asi akaramba mukana wekuvatevedzera kweuranda. Verdi akanyora kuti: “Kana maGerman, kubva kuBach, akasvika kuWagner, vanobva vaita semaGerman chaiwo. Asi isu, vazukuru vePalestrina, tichitevedzera Wagner, tiri kuita mhosva yemimhanzi, tichigadzira unyanzvi husina kufanira uye hunokuvadza. "Tinonzwa zvakasiyana," akawedzera.

Mubvunzo wekupesvedzera kwaWagner wakanyanya kuoma muItari kubva kuma60s; vanyori vechidiki vakawanda vakabvuma kwaari (Vayemura vanoshingaira zvikuru vaWagner muItaly vakanga vari mudzidzi waLiszt, munyori wenziyo. J. Sgambatti, kondakita G. Martucci, A. Boito (pakutanga kwebasa rake rekusika, asati asangana naVerdi) nevamwe.). Verdi akati neshungu: "Tese - vanyori, vatsoropodzi, veruzhinji - takaita zvese zvatinogona kuti tisiye nyika yedu yemimhanzi. Pano tiri pachiteshi chezvikepe chakanyarara ... rimwe danho, uye isu tichave maGermanized mune izvi, semune zvimwe zvese. Zvakanga zvakaoma uye zvichirwadza kuti anzwe kubva mumiromo yevechidiki uye vamwe vatsoropodzi mazwi ekuti maopera ake ekare akanga ekare, akanga asingasviki zvinodiwa zvemazuva ano, uye iye zvino, kutanga naAida, anotevera mumakwara aWagner. "Rukudzo rwakadini, mushure memakore makumi mana ebasa rekugadzira, kuguma sewannabe!" Verdi akadanidzira nehasha.

Asi haana kuramba kukosha kwekukunda kwaWagner kwehunyanzvi. Muimbi weGerman akamuita kuti afunge nezve zvinhu zvakawanda, uye pamusoro pezvese nezve basa reiyo orchestra mu opera, iyo yaitarisirwa pasi nevaimbi veItaly vehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX (kusanganisira Verdi pachake panguva yekutanga yebasa rake), nezve. kuwedzera kukosha kwekuwirirana (uye iyi yakakosha nzira yekutaura kwemimhanzi yakaregeredzwa nevanyori veItaly opera) uye, pakupedzisira, nezvekuvandudzwa kwemisimboti yekuguma-ku-kuguma kwekusimudzira kukunda kupatsanurwa kwemafomu ehuwandu hwehuwandu.

Nekudaro, pamibvunzo yese iyi, iyo inonyanya kukosha yemimhanzi dramaturgy ye opera yehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore, Verdi akawana. zvavo mhinduro kunze kwaWagner's. Mukuwedzera, akavarondedzera kunyange asati ajairana nemabasa emunyori akangwara weGermany. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwe "timbre dramaturgy" muchiitiko chekuonekwa kwemidzimu mu "Macbeth" kana mukuratidza kutyisa kwemabhanan'ana mu "Rigoletto", kushandiswa kwetambo dze divisi murejista yepamusoro mukusuma kune yekupedzisira. chiito che "La Traviata" kana trombones muMiserere ye "Il Trovatore" - idzi dzakashinga, nzira dzega dzega dzekushandisa dzinowanikwa pasinei neWagner. Uye kana tikataura nezve pesvedzero yemumwe munhu paVerdi orchestra, saka isu tinofanira kunge tichifunga nezveBerlioz, waaikoshesa zvikuru uye waaive naye muhushamwari kubva pakutanga kwema60s.

Verdi akangozvimiririra mukutsvaga kwake kusanganiswa kwemisimboti yenziyo-ariose (bel canto) uye declamatory (parlante). Akagadzira yake chaiyo "musanganiswa maitiro" (stilo misto), iyo yakashanda sehwaro kwaari kugadzira emahara mafomu e monologue kana dialogic mifananidzo. Rigoletto's aria "Courtesans, fiend of vice" kana kuti hondo yemweya pakati peGermont naVioletta yakanyorwawo vasati vazivana nemitambo yaWagner. Zvechokwadi, kujairana navo kwakabatsira Verdi kuti ave noushingi kukudziridza nheyo itsva dzemutambo, izvo zvakanyanya kukanganisa mutauro wake we harmonic, uyo wakava wakaoma uye unoshanduka. Asi pane kadhiini misiyano pakati pemisimboti yekusika yeWagner naVerdi. Ivo vanonyatso kuoneka mumaitiro avo kune basa reizwi chinhu mu opera.

Nekutarisisa kwese uko Verdi akabhadhara kune orchestra muzvinyorwa zvake zvekupedzisira, akaziva izwi uye melodic chinhu sekutungamira. Naizvozvo, pamusoro penziyo dzapakuvamba dzaPuccini, Verdi akanyora muna 1892, kuti: “Kunoratidzika kwandiri kuti musimboti we<em>symphonic unotonga pano. Izvi pachazvo hazvina kuipa, asi munhu anofanira kungwarira: opera imhanzi, uye symphony ndiyo symphony.

"Inzwi nerwiyo," Verdi akadaro, "kwandiri chichagara chiri chinhu chakakosha." Akadzivirira zvakasimba chinzvimbo ichi, achitenda kuti maitiro enyika emimhanzi yeItaly anowana kutaura mairi. Muchirongwa chake chekuvandudzwa kwedzidzo yeruzhinji, chakaunzwa kuhurumende muna 1861, Verdi akakurudzira kurongeka kwezvikoro zvekuimba zvemanheru zvemahara, nekuda kwekukurudzira kwese kwemumhanzi wezwi kumba. Makore gumi gare gare, akakumbira vanyori vechidiki kuti vadzidze zvinyorwa zvekare zvekuItaly, kusanganisira mabasa ePalestrina. Mukufananidzwa kwezvakasiyana zvetsika yekuimba yevanhu, Verdi akaona kiyi yekubudirira kunobudirira kwetsika dzenyika dzeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. Nekudaro, izvo izvo zvaakaisa mari mumifungo ye "melody" uye "mumhanzi" zvakachinja.

Mumakore ekukura kwekugadzira, akapikisa zvakanyanya avo vaiturikira pfungwa idzi parutivi. Muna 1871, Verdi akanyora, kuti: “Munhu haagoni kungova shasha yenziyo! Pane chimwe chinhu chinopfuura rwiyo, pane kuwirirana - kutaura zvazviri - mimhanzi pachayo! .. “. Kana kuti mutsamba yakabva muna 1882: “Mutinhimira, kutsinhirana, kudzokorora, kuimba kwoupengo, mhatsa yeokestra namavara hazvisi chimwe asi nzira. Ita mimhanzi yakanaka nemidziyo iyi!..” Mukupisa kwegakava racho, Verdi akatotaura mitongo yainzwika kuva gangaidzo mumuromo make: “Mimhanzi haiitwe kubva pachikero, tutatu kana groupetto ... Kune, semuenzaniso, nziyo mubhadhi. kwaya (kubva kuBellini's Norma. MD), munyengetero waMosesi (kubva munziyo yezita rimwe chetero rakanyorwa naRossini.— Mab. MD), nezvimwewo, asi havasi mu cavatinas yeThe Barber yeSeville, The Thieving Magpie, Semiramis, nezvimwewo - Chii? "Chero chaunoda, kwete nziyo" (kubva mutsamba ya1875.)

Chii chakakonzera kurwiswa kwakasimba kudaro pamusoro penziyo dzaRossini nemutsigiri asingachinjiki uye anoparadzira akasimba emitambo yenyika yeItaly, yaive Verdi? Mamwe mabasa akaiswa mberi nezvinyorwa zvitsva zvema operas ake. Mukuimba, aida kunzwa "kusanganiswa kwekare nekudzokorora kutsva", uye mu opera - ruzivo rwakadzika uye rwakasiyana-siyana rwemhando yega yega yemifananidzo chaiyo uye mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa. Izvi ndizvo zvaaivavarira, achivandudza chimiro chenyika chemimhanzi yeItaly.

Asi mukusvika kwaWagner naVerdi kune matambudziko eiyo operatic dramaturgy, kuwedzera kune national misiyano, zvimwe sitaira kutungamira kwehunyanzvi. Kutanga seyerudo, Verdi akabuda semukuru mukuru weiyo opera chaiyo, ukuwo Wagner aive uye akaramba ari murudo, kunyangwe mumabasa ake enguva dzakasiyana dzekusika maitiro echokwadi aionekwa zvakanyanya kana zvishoma. Izvi zvinopedzisira zvaona mutsauko wepfungwa dzakavafadza, madingindira, mifananidzo, izvo zvakamanikidza Verdi kupikisa "Wagner"mutambo wemimhanzi"kunzwisisa kwako"mutambo wedariro".

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Havasi vese vakararama panguva iyoyo vakanzwisisa hukuru hwezviito zvekusika zveVerdi. Nekudaro, zvingave zvisina kunaka kutenda kuti ruzhinji rwevaimbi veItaly muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore re1834 vaive pasi pesimba raWagner. Verdi aive nevatsigiri vake uye vabatsiri mukurwira kwezvinangwa zvenyika. Mukuru wake wepanguva yake Saverio Mercadante akaramba achishanda, semuteveri weVerdi, Amilcare Ponchielli (1886-1874, the best opera Gioconda - 1851; aive mudzidzisi waPuccini) akawana budiriro huru. Gara rakajeka revaimbi rakavandudzwa nekuita mabasa eVerdi: Francesco Tamagno (1905-1856), Mattia Battistini (1928-1873), Enrico Caruso (1921-1867) nevamwe. Mutevedzeri akakurumbira Arturo Toscanini (1957-90) akarererwa pamabasa aya. Pakupedzisira, muma1863, chiverengero chakati chavanyori vechidiki vokuItaly chakasvika pakakwirira, vachishandisa tsika dzaVerdi nenzira yavo vamene. Ava ndiPietro Mascagni (1945-1890, opera Rural Honor - 1858), Ruggero Leoncavallo (1919-1892, opera Pagliacci - 1858) uye ane tarenda zvakanyanya pavari - Giacomo Puccini (1924-1893; budiriro yekutanga yakakosha ndiyo yekutanga kubudirira opera "Manon", 1896; mabasa akanakisa: "La Boheme" - 1900, "Tosca" - 1904, "Cio-Cio-San" - XNUMX). (Vakabatanidzwa naUmberto Giordano, Alfredo Catalani, Francesco Cilea nevamwe.)

Basa revanyori ava rinoratidzirwa nekukumbira kune dingindira remazuva ano, rinovasiyanisa kubva kuVerdi, uyo mushure meLa Traviata haana kupa mufananidzo wakananga wezvidzidzo zvemazuva ano.

Hwaro hwekutsvagisa kwehunyanzvi hwevaimbi vechidiki kwaive kufamba kwekunyora kwema80s, inotungamirwa nemunyori Giovanni Varga uye yakanzi "verismo" (verismo zvinoreva "chokwadi", "chokwadi", "kuvimbika" muchiItaly). Mumabhuku avo, maverist ainyanya kuratidza hupenyu hwevarimi vakaparara (kunyanya kumaodzanyemba kweItari) nevarombo vemumaguta, ndiko kuti, varombo vemapoka epasi, vakadzvanywa neinofambira mberi nzira yekuvandudza capitalism. Mukushoropodzwa kusina tsitsi kwezvakaipa zveboka remabourgeois, kukosha kwekufambira mberi kwebasa reveverist kwakaratidzwa. Asi kupindwa muropa nehurongwa hwe "ropa", kuchinjisa nguva dzakasimba dzenyama, kuratidzwa kwehunhu, hunhu hwemhuka hwemunhu hwakatungamira kune zvakasikwa, kune kuperevedza kuratidzwa kwechokwadi.

Kusvika kumwero wakati, kupokana uku kunowanikwawo kune verist composers. Verdi haana kukwanisa kunzwira tsitsi nekuratidzwa kwechisikigo muma operas avo. Kare muna 1876, akanyora kuti: “Hazvina kuipa kutevedzera zvinhu chaizvo, asi zvinotova nani kugadzira chokwadi… Nokuchikopa, unogona chete kugadzira pikicha, kwete mufananidzo.” Asi Verdi haana kukwanisa kubatsira asi kugamuchira chishuwo chevanyori vadiki kuti varambe vakatendeka kumirairo yechikoro cheItaly opera. Izvo zvitsva zvavakatendeukira kwazviri zvaida dzimwe nzira dzekutaura nemisimboti yedramaturgy - yakawedzera kusimba, inokatyamadza, yakafaranuka nekutya, nekukasira.

Nekudaro, mumabasa akanakisa emaverists, kuenderera mberi nemimhanzi yeVerdi kunonzwika zvakajeka. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka mubasa rePuccini.

Nekudaro, pane imwe nhanho, mumamiriro eimwe dingindira uye mamwe marongero, hunhu hwakanyanya, hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji hwenyanzvi huru yeItaly yakavhenekera nzira dzekuenderera mberi kwekusimudzirwa kweRussia opera art.

M. Druskin

Zvinyorwa:

opareta - Oberto, Count of San Bonifacio (1833-37, yakaitwa muna 1839, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Mambo kweAwa (Un giorno di regno, akazonzi Imaginary Stanislaus, 1840, ikoko avo), Nebhukadhinezari (Nabucco, 1841, yakaitwa muna 1842, ibid), Lombards muFirst Crusade (1842, yakaitwa muna 1843, ibid; 2nd edition, pasi pezita rokuti Jerusalem, 1847, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Ernani (1844, theatre La Fenice, Venice), Two Foscari (1844, theatre Argentina, Rome), Jeanne d'Arc (1845, theatre La Scala, Milan), Alzira (1845, theatre San Carlo, Naples) , Attila (1846, La Fenice Theatre, Venice), Macbeth (1847, Pergola Theatre, Florence; 2nd edition, 1865, Lyric Theatre, Paris), Robbers (1847, Haymarket Theatre, London), The Corsair (1848, Teatro Grande, Trieste), Battle of Legnano (1849, Teatro Argentina, Rome; pamwe yakadzokororwa libretto, yakanzi The Siege of Harlem, 1861), Louise Miller (1849, Teatro San Carlo, Naples), Stiffelio (1850, Grande Theatre, Trieste; 2nd edition, pasi pezita rokuti Garol d, 1857, Tea tro Nuovo, Rimini), Rigoletto (1851, Teatro La Fenice, Venice), Troubadour (1853, Teatro Apollo, Rome), Traviata (1853, Teatro La Fenice, Venice), Sicilian Vespers (French libretto naE. Scribe uye Ch. Duveyrier, 1854, yakaitwa muna 1855, Grand Opera, Paris; 2nd edition titled "Giovanna Guzman", Italian libretto by E. Caimi, 1856, Milan), Simone Boccanegra (freetto by FM Piave, 1857, Teatro La Fenice, Venice; 2nd edition, libretto yakadzokororwa naA Boito, 1881, La Scala Theatre , Milan), Un ballo in maschera (1859, Apollo Theatre, Rome), The Force of Destiny (libretto by Piave, 1862, Mariinsky Theatre, Petersburg, Italian troupe; 2nd edition, libretto yakadzokororwa naA. Ghislanzoni, 1869, Teatro alla Scala, Milan), Don Carlos (French libretto by J. Mery and C. du Locle, 1867, Grand Opera, Paris; 2nd edition, Italian libretto, yakagadziridzwa A. Ghislanzoni, 1884, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Aida (1870 , yakaitwa muna 1871, Opera Theatre, Cairo), Otello (1886, yakaitwa muna 1887, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Falstaff (1892, yakaitwa muna 1893, ibid.), yekwaya nepiyano - Ruzha, hwamanda (mashoko naG. Mameli, 1848), Anthem of the Nations (cantata, mazwi naA. Boito, akaitwa muna 1862, Covent Garden Theatre, London), mabasa emweya - Requiem (ye4 solo, kwaya uye orchestra, yakaitwa muna 1874, Milan), Pater Noster (zvinyorwa naDante, zvevashanu-izwi kwaya, yakaitwa muna 5, Milan), Ave Maria (zvinyorwa naDante, zvesoprano uye tambo orchestra. , yakaitwa muna 1880, Milan), Zvidimbu zvina Zvitsvene (Ave Maria, yekwaya yemazwi mana; Stabat Mater, yekwaya yemazwi mana neokestra; Le laudi alla Vergine Maria, yekwaya yevakadzi vane manzwi mana; Te Deum, yekwaya uye ochestra; 1880-4, yakaitwa muna 4, Paris); yezwi nepiyano - 6 dzerudo (1838), Exile (ballad yebass, 1839), Seduction (ballad yebass, 1839), Album - nhanhatu dzerudo (1845), Stornell (1869), nevamwe; instrumental ensembles - tambo quartet (e-moll, yakaitwa muna 1873, Naples), nezvimwe.