Tommaso Albinoni (Tomaso Albinoni) |
Thomas Albinoni
Zvinhu zvishomanana chete zvinozivikanwa nezveupenyu hwaT. Albinoni, mutambi weviolini wokuItaly uye munyori wenziyo. Akaberekerwa muVenice mumhuri yakapfuma yeburgher uye, sezviri pachena, aigona kudzidza mimhanzi akadzikama, asinganyanyi kunetseka nezvemamiriro ake emari. Kubva muna 1711, akarega kusaina nziyo dzake "Venetian dilettante" (delettanta venete) uye anozvidaidza kuti musico de violino, nokudaro achisimbisa shanduko yake kune chinzvimbo chehunyanzvi. Kupi uye ndiani Albinoni akadzidza naye hazvizivikanwe. Zvinotendwa kuti J. Legrenzi. Mushure memuchato wake, munyori akatamira kuVerona. Sezviri pachena, kwenguva yakati aigara muFlorence - kunyanya ikoko, muna 1703, imwe yemitambo yake yakaitwa (Griselda, in free. A. Zeno). Albinoni akashanyira Germany uye, sezviri pachena, akazviratidza ikoko satenzi anoshamisa, sezvo ari iye akapiwa rukudzo rwekunyora nekuita muMunich (1722) opera yemuchato waPrince Charles Albert.
Hapana chimwe chinozivikanwa pamusoro peAlbinoni, kunze kwekuti akafira muVenice.
Mabasa emunyori akadzika kwatiri zvakare mashoma munhamba - kunyanya instrumental concertos uye sonatas. Zvisinei, kuva akararama panguva imwe chete naA. Vivaldi, JS Bach naGF Handel, Albinoni haana kuramba ari mumapoka evanyori vane mazita anozivikanwa chete nevanyori venhoroondo dzemimhanzi. Mumazuva ekufashana kweiyo Italian instrumental art yeBaroque, pakatarisana nemashure ebasa revatambi vemakonzati echiXNUMX - hafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. - T. Martini, F. Veracini, G. Tartini, A. Corelli, G. Torelli, A. Vivaldi nevamwe - Albinoni akataura shoko rake rinokosha reunyanzvi, iro nekufamba kwenguva rakaonekwa uye rakakosheswa nevazukuru.
Maconcerto eAlbinoni anoitwa zvakanyanya uye akanyorwa pane zvinyorwa. Asi pane humbowo hwekuzivikanwa kwebasa rake munguva yehupenyu hwake. Muna 1718, muunganidzwa wakabudiswa muAmsterdam, uyo waisanganisira makonsati gumi nemaviri nevanyori vainyanya kuzivikanwa vekuItaly venguva iyoyo. Pakati pazvo pane konikiti yeAlbinoni muG guru, yakanakisa muunganidzwa uyu. Bach mukuru, akanyatsodzidza mimhanzi yevaairarama navo, akasarudza masonta aAlbinoni, kunaka kwepurasitiki yenziyo dzavo, uye akanyora ma<em>clavier fugues pambiri dzacho. Humbowo hwakaitwa neruoko rwaBach uye kune 12 sonatas neAlbinoni (op. 6) zvakare zvakachengetedzwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Bach akadzidza kubva muzvinyorwa zveAlbinoni.
Tinoziva 9 opus of Albinoni - pakati pavo kutenderera kwe trio sonatas (op. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8) uye kutenderera kwe "symphonies" uye concertos (op. 2, 5, 7, 9). Kugadzira mhando yekonsato grosso yakagadziridzwa naCorelli naTorelli, Albinoni inowana yakasarudzika hunyanzvi mairi - mupurasitiki yekushanduka kubva ku tutti kuenda kune wega (iyo yaanowanzo na 3), mune yakanakisa lyricism, inoyemurika kuchena kwechimiro. Concerts op. 7 uye op. 9, mamwe acho anosanganisira oboe (op. 7 nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11), anosiyaniswa nekunaka kwakakosha kwemutinhimira wechikamu chega. Vanowanzo kunzi oboe concertos.
Mukuenzanisa nemakonsakiti aVivaldi, chiyero chavo, hunyanzvi hwekuita solo zvikamu, misiyano, masimba uye chishuvo, makontikiti eAlbinoni anomira pachena nekuda kwekusimba kwavo, kukwenenzverwa kwemucheka we orchestral, melodism, kugona kwemaitiro ekupikisa (saka Bach anotarisa) , zvinonyanya kukosha, iyo inenge inooneka kongiri yemifananidzo yeunyanzvi, shure kweiyo munhu anogona kufungidzira pesvedzero ye opera.
Albinoni akanyora nezve 50 operas (kupfuura opera munyori Handel), iyo yaakashanda pairi muhupenyu hwake hwose. Tichitarisa nemazita ("Cenobia" - 1694, "Tigran" - 1697, "Radamisto" - 1698, "Rodrigo" - 1702, "Griselda" - 1703, "Abandoned Dido" - 1725, nezvimwewo), pamwe chete ne mazita evakasununguka (F. Silvani, N. Minato, A. Aureli, A. Zeno, P. Metastasio) kusimudzirwa kweopera mubasa reAlbinoni kwakaenda munzira kubva kune baroque opera kuenda kune yekare opera seria uye, saizvozvo, kune iyo yakakwenenzverwa opera mavara, zvinokanganisa, zvinoshamisa crystallinity, kujeka, izvo zvaive musimboti wepfungwa yeopera seria.
Mumimhanzi yeAlbinoni's instrumental concertos, kuvapo kwemifananidzo ye operatic inonzwa zvakajeka. Yakasimudzwa mune yavo elastic rhythmic toni, iyo huru allegri yekutanga mafambiro inoenderana nemagamba anovhura operatic chiitiko. Sezvineiwo, musoro weorchestral motif wekutanga tutti, maitiro eAlbinoni, gare gare wakatanga kudzokororwa nevanyori vazhinji veItaly. Mhedziso mikuru yemakonsati, maererano nechimiro uye rudzi rwezvinhu, inoungira dhinouement inofadza yechiitiko che opera (op. 7 E 3). Zvikamu zviduku zvekonzati, zvinoyevedza mukunaka kwadzo, zvinopindirana nelamento opera arias uye zvinomira pamwe chete neunyanzvi hwemashoko ekuchema enziyo dzaA. Scarlatti naHandel. Sezvinozivikanwa, kubatana pakati pechiridzwa concerto uye opera munhoroondo yemimhanzi muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kwaive kwepedyo uye kunoreva. Nheyo huru yekonti - kuchinjika kwe tutti uye solo - yakakurudzirwa nekuvakwa kwe opera arias (chikamu chezwi chiri chishandiso ritornello). Uye mune ramangwana, kusimudzira pamwe chete kweiyo opera uye konzati yezviridzwa zvakave nezvibereko pakukura kwemarudzi ese ari maviri, zvichiwedzera sezvo sonata-symphony cycle yakaumbwa.
Mutambo wemakonsati eAlbinoni wakakwana zvakanyanyisa: zvikamu zvitatu (Allegro - Andante - Allegro) zvine rwiyo rwepamusoro pakati. Muzvikamu zvina-zvikamu zve sonatas (Guva - Allegro - Andante - Allegro), chikamu chechitatu chinoshanda semuzinda wenziyo. Iyo yakaonda, yepurasitiki, melodic jira yeAlbinoni's instrumental concertos mune rimwe nerimwe remanzwi ayo anokwezva kumuteereri wemazuva ano nokuda kweiyo yakakwana, yakasimba, isina chero runako rwekuwedzeredza, iyo inogara iri chiratidzo chepamusoro.
Y. Evdokimova
