Mikhail Izrailevich Vaiman |

Mikhail Vaiman

Kune zvinyorwa zveOistrakh naKogan, vamiririri vakakurumbira vechikoro cheSoviet violin, tinowedzera chinyorwa paMikhail Vayman. Mune basa rekuita raVaiman, imwe mutsara wakakosha wekuita kweSoviet wakaratidzwa, uyo une hunyanzvi hwepfungwa uye hwekunakisa kukosha.

Vayman akapedza kudzidza pachikoro cheLeningrad chevatambi veviolinists, icho chakaburitsa vatambi vakanyanya vakaita saBoris Gutnikov, Mark Komissarov, Dina Shneiderman, muBulgarian Emil Kamillarov, nevamwe. Zvinoenderana nezvinangwa zvake zvekusika, Vayman ndiye anonyanya kufadza nhamba yemuongorori. Uyu mutambi weviolin anofamba muhunyanzvi hwehunhu hwepamusoro. Anotsvaga nekutsvaga kupinda mukati mezvinoreva mimhanzi yaanoita, uye kunyanya kuti awane chinyorwa chinosimudzira mairi. MuWyman, mufungi mumunda wenziyo anobatana ne "muimbi wemoyo"; hunyanzvi hwake hune manzwiro, hwenziyo, hwakazadzwa nemazwi ehungwaru, hwakaoma huzivi hwehurongwa hwehunhu-hwetsika. Haisi masanga kuti shanduko yaWymann semutambi yakabva kuBach kuenda kuna Frank naBeethoven, uye Beethoven wenguva yekupedzisira. Ichi ndicho chitendero chake chekuziva, chakaitwa uye chakawanikwa nekutambura semugumisiro wekufungisisa kwenguva refu pamusoro pezvinangwa uye zvinangwa zveunyanzvi. Anotaura kuti unyanzvi hunoda “mwoyo wakachena” uye kuti kuchena kwemifungo chinhu chinokosha paunyanzvi hwokuita hwakafemerwa zvechokwadi. Zvisikwa zveMundane, - anodaro Wyman, kana achitaura naye nezvemumhanzi, - vanokwanisa kugadzira mifananidzo yakasarudzika. Hunhu hwemunyori unosiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pane zvese zvaanoita.

Zvisinei, "kuchena", "kukwirira" kunogona kunge kwakasiyana. Vanogona kureva, semuenzaniso, chikamu chepamusoro-yehupenyu aestheticized. Kuna Wyman, aya pfungwa akabatana zvachose nepfungwa yakanaka yerunako uye chokwadi, nevanhu, pasina iyo art yakafa. Wyman anoona hunyanzvi kubva pamaonero etsika uye anoona iri sebasa guru remuimbi. Zvikuru pane zvose, Wyman anofadzwa ne "violinism", kwete kudziyirwa nemoyo uye mweya.

Muzvishuvo zvake, Vayman ari munzira dzakawanda padyo neOistrakh yemakore achangopfuura, uye nevanoridza violin vekunze - kuMenuhin. Anotenda zvakanyanya musimba rekudzidzisa reunyanzvi uye haachinji kune mabasa anotakura kutonhora, kusahadzika, kuseka, kuora, kusava nematuro. Akatonyanya kutorwa kune rationalism, constructivist abstractions. Kwaari, hunyanzvi inzira yeruzivo rwehuzivi hwechokwadi kuburikidza nekuburitswa kweiyo psychology yeazvino. Kuziva, kunyatsonzwisisa kwechiitiko chehunyanzvi kunotsigira nzira yake yekusika.

Mamiriro ekugadzira aWyman anotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti, kuve nekuraira kwakanakisa kwemafomu makuru emakonsati, anowedzera uye akarerekera kuhukama hwepedyo, inova nzira yake yekusimbisa husina hunyoro hwekunzwa, mithunzi midiki yemanzwiro. Saka chishuwo chekutamba kwekutamba, rudzi rwe "kutaura" kurovedzera kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekuita sitiroko.

Ndeipi chikamu chechimiro chinogona kuiswa Wyman? Ndiani iye, "classic", maererano nekududzira kwake Bach naBeethoven, kana "rudo"? Ehe, yerudo maererano nekunyanya kudanana maonero emimhanzi uye maitiro pazviri. Zverudo ndiko kutsvaga kwake kwepamusoro-soro, sevhisi yake yechival kumimhanzi.

Mikhail Vayman akaberekwa musi waDecember 3, 1926 muguta reUkraine reNovy Bug. Paakanga ava nemakore manomwe, mhuri yakatamira Odessa, apo remangwana violinist akapedza pauduku hwake. Baba vake vaiva mumwe wevaimbi vane unyanzvi vaiita zvakasiyana-siyana, vaiva vakawanda panguva iyoyo mumatunhu; aiitisa, achiridza violin, akapa zvidzidzo zveviolin, uye akadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvedzidziso paOdessa Music School. Amai vakanga vasina dzidzo yemimhanzi, asi, yakanyatsobatana nemamiriro emimhanzi kuburikidza nemurume wavo, vaishuva kuti mwanakomana wavo avewo muimbi.

Kusangana kwekutanga kwechidiki Mikhail nemimhanzi kwakaitika muNew Bug, uko baba vake vakatungamirira orchestra yezviridzwa zvemhepo muImba yeTsika yeguta. Mukomana wacho aigara achiperekedza baba vake, akapindwa muropa nokuridza hwamanda uye akapinda mumakonzati akawanda. Asi amai vacho vakapikisa, vachifunga kuti zvaikuvadza kuti mwana aridze chiridzwa chinofuridza. Kutamira kuOdessa kwakagumisa hobby iyi.

Apo Misha aiva nemakore 8, akaunzwa kuna P. Stolyarsky; kuzivana kwakaguma nekunyoreswa kwaWyman muchikoro chemimhanzi chemudzidzisi wevana anoshamisa. Chikoro cheVaiman chainyanya kudzidziswa nemubatsiri waStolyarsky L. Lembergsky, asi pasi pekutarisirwa kwepurofesa pachake, uyo aigara achiongorora kuti mudzidzi ane tarenda ari kukura sei. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kusvika 1941.

Pana July 22, 1941, baba vaVayman vakapinzwa muchiuto, uye muna 1942 vakafira pamberi. Amai vakasara voga nemwanakomana wavo aiva nemakore gumi nemashanu. Vakagamuchira mashoko ekufa kwababa vavo pavakanga vatova kure neOdessa - muTashkent.

Imwe nzvimbo inochengeterwa vanhu vakabviswa muLeningrad yakagara muTashkent, uye Vayman akanyoreswa pachikoro chemakore gumi pasi pacho, mukirasi yaPurofesa Y. Eidlin. Achikurumidza kunyoresa mugiredhi rechi8, muna 1944 Wyman akapedza chikoro chesekondari uye akabva angopasa bvunzo dzechikoro chebhaibheri. Kunzvimbo yekugara, akadzidzawo naEidlin, mudzidzisi akadzama, ane tarenda, ane hunyanzvi. Kukodzera kwake kuumbwa muWyman kwehunhu hwemuimbi-anofunga.

Kunyangwe mukati menguva yezvidzidzo zvechikoro, vakatanga kutaura nezveWyman seanovimbisa violinist ane data rese rekuvandudza kuita soloist mukuru wekonsati. Muna 1943, akatumirwa kuongororo yevadzidzi vane tarenda vezvikoro zvemimhanzi muMoscow. Rakanga riri basa rinoshamisa rakaitwa panguva apo hondo yakanga yanyanyisa.

Muna 1944 Leningrad Conservatory yakadzokera kuguta rayo rekuzvarwa. Kuna Wyman, nguva yehupenyu yeLeningrad yakatanga. Anova chapupu chekukurumidza kumutsidzirwa kwetsika yekare yeguta, tsika dzaro, inotora nechido zvose izvo tsika iyi inotakura mukati mayo - kuoma kwayo kwakakosha, kuzere nekunaka kwemukati, dzidzo yepamusoro, penchant yekubatana uye kukwana. mafomu, hungwaru hwepamusoro. Unhu uhwu hunoita kuti hunzwe pachena mukuita kwake.

Chiitiko chakakosha muhupenyu hwaWyman ndeye 1945. Mudzidzi wechidiki weLeningrad Conservatory anotumirwa kuMoscow kumakwikwi ekutanga mushure mehondo All-Union yevaimbi vanoita uye anokunda diploma nekukudzwa ikoko. Mugore iroro, kutamba kwake kwekutanga kwakaitika muHoro huru yeLeningrad Philharmonic neine orchestra. Akaita Concerto yaSteinberg. Mushure mekupera kwekonzati, Yuri Yuriev, People's Artist yeUSSR, akauya kuimba yekupfeka. “Mukomana. akadaro akabata. - nhasi ndiko kutanga kwako - rangarira kusvika pakupera kwemazuva ako, nekuti iyi ndiyo peji remusoro wehupenyu hwako hwehunyanzvi. “Ndinoyeuka,” anodaro Wyman. - Ndichiri kurangarira mazwi aya semashoko ekuparadzana emutambi mukuru, aigara achizvipira hunyanzvi. Zvaizova zvakanaka sei kudai tose taitakura kanenge kachidimbu kekutsva kwake mumwoyo yedu!”

Pamuedzo wokukwanisa kupinda Mumakwikwi eInternational J. Kubelik Competition muPrague, wakaitirwa muMoscow, vateereri vaifarira havana kurega Vayman achibuda pachikuva kwenguva yakareba. Kwaiva kubudirira chaiko. Nekudaro, pamakwikwi, Wyman akatamba zvishoma zvakabudirira uye haana kuhwina nzvimbo yaaigona kuvimba nayo mushure mekuita kweMoscow. Mhedzisiro iri nani zvisingaenzaniswi - mubairo wechipiri - wakawanikwa naWeimann kuLeipzig, kwaakatumirwa muna 1950 kuJ.-S. Bach. Dare revatongi rakarumbidza dudziro yake yemabasa aBach seyakatanhamara mukufunga nemanyorero.

Wyman anonyatsochengeta menduru yegoridhe yakagamuchirwa paBelgian Queen Elisabeth Competition muBrussels muna 1951. Yakanga iri yake yekupedzisira uye yakajeka yemakwikwi emakwikwi. The world music press akataura nezvake naKogan, uyo akagamuchira mubairo wekutanga. Zvakare, sa1937, kukunda kwevaridzi veviolin vedu kwakaonekwa sekukunda kwechikoro chose cheSoviet violin.

Mushure memakwikwi, hupenyu hwaWyman hunova hwakajairika kune muimbi wekonti. Nguva zhinji anotenderera Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Federal Republic of Germany neGerman Democratic Republic (akanga ari muGerman Democratic Republic ka19!); makonzati muFinland. Norway, Denmark, Austria, Belgium, Israel, Japan, England. Kwese kwese kubudirira kukuru, kuyemurwa kwakakodzera nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake uye hwepamusoro art. Munguva pfupi Wyman achazivikanwa kuUnited States, uko kondirakiti yakatosainwa yerwendo rwake.

Muna 1966, mutambi mukuru weSoviet akapiwa zita reHonored Artist of the RSFSR.

Kwese kupi Wyman anoita, mutambo wake unoongororwa nekudziya kunoshamisa. Anobata mwoyo, anofarira neunhu hwake hunoratidza, kunyange zvazvo unyanzvi hwake hwokugadzira hunogara huchiratidzwa muongororo. "Kutamba kwaMikhail Vayman kubva pachiyero chekutanga cheBach Concerto kusvika pakurova kwekupedzisira kweuta mubasa rebravura raTchaikovsky kwaive elastic, kusimba, uye kupenya, nekuda kwaari pamberi pevatambi veviolin vane mukurumbira pasi rose. Chimwe chinhu chakanakisa chakanzwika mutsika yakanatswa yekuita kwake. Mutambi weSoviet violinist haangori shasha chete, asiwo muimbi akangwara, anonzwira tsitsi ... "

“Sezviri pachena, chinhu chinokosha zvikuru mumutambo waWyman ushamwari, runako, rudo. Kumwe kukwizwa kweuta kunoratidza manzwiro akawanda,” rakadaro pepanhau rinonzi “Kansan Uutiset” (Finland).

MuBerlin, muna 1961, Wymann akaita makonsati akaitwa naBach, Beethoven naTchaikovsky naKurt Sanderling panzvimbo yekondakita. "Iyi konzati, chave chiitiko chaicho, chakasimbisa kuti hushamwari hwemutungamiriri anoremekedzwa Kurt Sanderling nemuimbi weSoviet ane makore makumi matatu nematatu hwakavakirwa patsika dzakadzama dzevanhu nehunyanzvi."

Munyika yekwaSibelius muna Kubvumbi 1965, Vayman akaita konzati nemunyori mukuru wekuFinnish uye akafadza kunyange phlegmatic Finns nekutamba kwake. "Mikhail Vayman akazviratidza kuve shasha mukuita kwake kweSibelius Concerto. Akatanga kunge ari kure, achifunga, achinyatsotevera shanduko. Mazwi eadagio ainzwika zvakanaka pasi peuta hwake. Mukupedzisira, mukati megadziriro yokumhanya kuri pakati nepakati, akatamba nezvinetso “fon aben” (achizvikudza.— nokuzvikudza.— Nomutoo wokuzvitutumadza. Zvakanaka lr), sezvo Sibelius akaratidza maonero ake pamusoro pekuti chikamu ichi chinofanira kuitwa sei. Kwemapeji ekupedzisira, Wyman aive nemweya uye hunyanzvi zviwanikwa zveakanakisa virtuoso. Akaakanda mumoto, achisiya, zvisinei, imwe nzvimbo (zvinyorwa zvemukati, mune iyi nyaya, chii chinoramba chakachengetwa) sechipo. Haambodariki mutsara wekupedzisira. Ane hunhu hwekupedzisira sitiroko,” akanyora kudaro Eric Tavastschera mupepanhau rinonzi Helsingen Sanomat musi waApril 2, 1965.

Uye dzimwe ongororo dzevatsoropodzi veFinnish dzakafanana: "Mumwe wekutanga virtuosos yenguva yake", "Mudzidzisi Mukuru", "Kuchena uye kusakwana kwehunyanzvi", "Mavambo uye kukura kwekududzira" - iyi ndiyo ongororo yekuita kwaSibelius. uye Tchaikovsky concertos, iyo Vayman neLeningradskaya Orchestra philharmonics vachitungamirirwa naA. Jansons vakashanyira Finland muna 1965.

Wyman muimbi-anofunga. Kwemakore akawanda anga akabatikana nedambudziko rekududzirwa kwemazuva ano kwemabasa aBach. Makore mashoma apfuura, nekushingirira kwakafanana, akachinja kugadzirisa dambudziko renhaka yaBeethoven.

Nekuomerwa, akasiya nzira yerudo yekuimba nziyo dzaBach. Kudzokera kune zvekutanga zve sonatas, akatsvaga chirevo chekutanga mavari, achivabvisa patina yetsika dzekare dzakasiya mutsara wekunzwisisa kwavo mimhanzi iyi. Uye mimhanzi yaBach pasi peuta hweWeimann yakataura nenzira itsva. Yakataura, nekuti ligi dzisina kufanira dzakaraswa, uye chirevo chekuzivisa chimiro cheBach chakazoburitswa. "Melodic recitation" - aya ndiwo maitirwo akaitwa naWyman's sonatas uye partitas. Achigadzira hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana hwekudzokorora-declamatory tekinoroji, akaratidzira ruzha rwemabasa aya.

Kunyanya kufunga kwekusika Wyman aive akabatikana nedambudziko reethos mumimhanzi, akanyanya kusimba mukati make kudiwa kwekuuya kumumhanzi waBeethoven. Basa rakatanga pamutambo weviolin uye kutenderera kwesonatas. Mune ese ari maviri emhando, Wyman ainyanya kutsvaga kuratidza iyo yetsika musimboti. Akanga asingafariri zvikuru hugamba nemutambo sezvakaita zvishuvo zvakakwirira zvemweya waBeethoven. “Muzera redu rokusava nechokwadi nokutsoropodza, kutsvinya uye kutsvinya, umo vanhu vagara vaneta kubvira kare,” anodaro Wyman, “muimbi anofanira kushevedzera nounyanzvi hwake kune chimwe chinhu—kutenda muukuru hwemifungo yomunhu, mukubvira kunaka, mukucherechedza kudiwa kwebasa retsika, uye pane izvi zvose ndiyo mhinduro yakakwana iri mumhanzi weBeethoven, uye nguva yekupedzisira yekugadzira.

Mukutenderera kwe sonatas, akaenda kubva kune yekupedzisira, yeGumi, uye sekunge "akaparadzira" mamiriro ayo kune ese sonatas. Zvimwe chetezvo mukonsato, apo dingindira rechipiri rechikamu chekutanga uye chikamu chechipiri chakava pakati, chakasimudzwa nekucheneswa, chinoratidzwa semhando yemhando yemhando yemweya.

Mumhinduro yakadzama yehuzivi uye yetsika yekutenderera kweBeethoven's sonatas, mhinduro yechokwadi, Wyman akabatsirwa zvakanyanya nekushandira pamwe kwake neanoridza piyano anoshamisa Maria Karandasheva. Mune sonatas, vaviri vakatanhamara vane pfungwa dzakafanana vaimbi vakasangana kuti vabatane, uye kuda kwaKarandasheva, kuomarara uye kuomarara, kusanganisa nekunamata kunoshamisa kwekuita kwaWyman, kwakapa mhedzisiro yakanaka. Kwemadekwana matatu pana October 23, 28 naNovember 3, 1965, muGlinka Hall muLeningrad, iyi “nhau pamusoro poMunhu” yakawadzanyurika pamberi pavateereri.

Yechipiri uye isina kukosha chikamu chezvido zvaWaiman ndeyemazuva ano, uye kunyanya Soviet. Kunyange muhuduku hwake, akashandisa simba rakawanda pakuita mabasa matsva nevanyori veSoviet. NeConcert yaM. Steinberg muna 1945, nzira yake yeunyanzvi yakatanga. Izvi zvakateverwa neLobkowski Concerto, iyo yakaitwa muna 1946; muhafu yekutanga ye50s, Vaiman akagadziridza uye akaita Concerto nemunyori wechiGeorgian A. Machavariani; muhafu yechipiri ye30s - B. Kluzner's Concert. Akanga ari mutambi wokutanga weShostakovich Concerto pakati peSoviet violinists mushure meOistrakh. Vaiman akawana rukudzo rwekuita Concerto iyi manheru akatsaurirwa kumakore makumi mashanu ekuzvarwa kwemunyori muna 50 muMoscow.

Vaiman anobata mabasa evanyori veSoviet nekutarisisa uye nehanya. Mumakore achangopfuura, sezvakangoita muMoscow kuna Oistrakh uye Kogan, saka muLeningrad, vanenge vese vanyori vanogadzira mimhanzi yeviolin vanotendeukira kuna Vaiman. Mumakore gumi eLeningrad art muMoscow muna December 1965, Vaiman akatamba zvakanaka Concerto naB. Arapov, pa "Leningrad Spring" muna April 1966 - Concerto naV. Salmanov. Iye zvino ari kushanda pamakonzati naV. Basner naB. Tishchenko.

Wyman mudzidzisi anonakidza uye anosika kwazvo. Iye mudzidzisi wemifananidzo. Izvi zvinowanzoreva kuregeredza rutivi rwehunyanzvi hwekudzidziswa. Muchiitiko ichi, kusava nedivi rimwe kwakadaro kunobviswa. Kubva kumudzidzisi wake Eidlin, akagara nhaka yekuongorora maitiro kune tekinoroji. Ane maonero akanyatsofungwa, akarongeka pane chimwe nechimwe cheunyanzvi hweviolin, zvinoshamisa nenzira yakarurama zvikonzero zvezvinetso zvemudzidzi uye anoziva nzira yekubvisa kukanganisa. Asi izvi zvese zviri pasi peiyo nzira yehunyanzvi. Anoita kuti vadzidzi vave "nhetembo", anovatungamirira kubva kumabasa emaoko kusvika kumatunhu akakwirira eunyanzvi. Mumwe nomumwe wevadzidzi vake, kunyange avo vane unyanzvi hwepakati, vanowana unhu hwemhizha.

"Varwi veviolin vanobva kunyika dzakawanda vakadzidza uye vakadzidza naye: Sipika Leino naKiiri vanobva kuFinland, Paole Heikelman kubva kuDenmark, Teiko Maehashi naMatsuko Ushioda vanobva kuJapan (wekupedzisira akahwina zita remubairo weMakwikwi eBrussels muna 1963 uye Moscow Tchaikovsky Competition mu. 1966 d.), Stoyan Kalchev anobva kuBulgaria, Henrika Cszionek anobva kuPoland, Vyacheslav Kuusik anobva kuCzechoslovakia, Laszlo Kote naAndrosh anobva kuHungary. Vadzidzi veSoviet veWyman ndivo vakahwina diploma yeAll-Russian Competition Lev Oskotsky, akahwina Paganini Makwikwi muItaly (1965) Philip Hirshhorn, muhwina weInternational Tchaikovsky Competition muna 1966 Zinovy ​​​​Vinnikov.

Kuita kwaWeimann kukuru uye kunobereka dzidziso hakugone kutariswa kunze kwezvidzidzo zvake muWeimar. Kwemakore akawanda, mune yaimbogara Liszt, misangano yemimhanzi yepasi rose yave ichiitwa imomo muna Chikunguru woga woga. Hurumende yeGDR inokoka vaimbi vakuru-vadzidzisi vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana kwavari. Maviolinists, cellists, pianist uye vaimbi vezvimwe hunyanzvi vanouya pano. Kwemakore manomwe akatevedzana, Vayman, iye oga mutambi weviolin muUSSR, akakokwa kuti atungamirire kirasi yeviolin.

Makirasi anoitwa nenzira yezvidzidzo zvakavhurika, pamberi pevateereri ve70-80 vanhu. Pamusoro pekudzidzisa, Wymann anopa makonti gore rega rega muWeimar aine chirongwa chakasiyana. Ivo, sekunge, mufananidzo wehunyanzvi weseminari. Muzhizha ra1964, Wyman akaita ma sonatas matatu e solo violin naBach pano, achiratidza kunzwisisa kwake mimhanzi yemunyori uyu pavari; muna 1965 akaridza Beethoven Concertos.

Nokuda kwekuita uye kudzidzisa kwakanakisa muna 1965, Wyman akapiwa zita rekuremekedza seneta weF. Liszt Higher Musical Academy. Vayman ndiye muimbi wechina kugamuchira zita iri: wekutanga aive Franz Liszt, uye pakarepo pamberi paVayman, Zoltan Kodály.

Wyman's yekugadzira biography haina kumbopera. Zvaanoda paari, mabasa aanozvigadzirira, anoshanda sevimbiso yekuti acharuramisa chinzvimbo chepamusoro chaakapihwa muWeimar.

L. Raaben, 1967

Mumufananidzo: kondakita - E. Mravinsky, soloist - M. Vayman, 1967