Christoph Willibald Gluck |

Christopher Willibald Gluck

KV Gluck muimbi mukuru we opera akaita muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. shanduko yeItaly opera-seria uye yeFrench rwiyo rwenhamo. Iyo huru yengano opera, iyo yakanga ichipfuura nedambudziko rakakura, yakawana mubasa raGluck hunhu hwenhamo chaiyo yemumhanzi, yakazadzwa nekushuva kwakasimba, ichisimudza hunhu hwekuvimbika, basa, kugadzirira kuzvipira. Kuonekwa kwekutanga reformist opera "Orpheus" kwakatangira kure-kurwira kodzero yekuva muimbi, kudzungaira, kugona siyana opera marudzi panguva iyoyo. Gluck akararama hupenyu hunoshamisa, akazvipira zvachose kumitambo yemitambo.

Gluck akaberekerwa mumhuri yemusango. Baba vaiona basa remuimbi sebasa risingakodzeri uye munzira dzose vaikanganisa mimhanzi yemwanakomana wavo mukuru. Nokudaro, achiri kuyaruka, Gluck anobva pamba, anodzungaira, achirota kuti awane dzidzo yakanaka (panguva ino akanga apedza kudzidza kukoreji yevaJesuit muKommotau). Muna 1731 Gluck akapinda muYunivhesiti yePrague. Mumwe mudzidzi weFaculty of Philosophy akapedza nguva yakawanda kune zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi - akatora zvidzidzo kubva kune akakurumbira muimbi weCzech Boguslav Chernogorsky, akaimba mukwaya yeChechi yeSt. Kudzungaira munharaunda dzePrague (Gluk aifarira kuridza violin uye kunyanya cello yake yaaida mukudzungaira ensembles) kwakamubatsira kuti awedzere kujairana nemimhanzi yechiCzech.

Muna 1735, Gluck, akanga atova muimbi ane unyanzvi, akaenda kuVienna akapinda mubasa rekwaya yaCount Lobkowitz. Nenguva isipi mutarisiri wokuItaly anonzi A. Melzi akapa Gluck basa rokuimba muimba yokunamatira muMilan. MuItaly, nzira yaGluck semunyori weopera inotanga; anojairana nebasa revakuru veItaly masters, ari kuita mukuumbwa pasi pekutungamirwa naG. Sammartini. Nhanho yekugadzirira yakaenderera mberi kwemakore anenge mashanu; kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira Zvita 5 apo opera yokutanga yaGluck inonzi Artaxerxes (yakasununguka P. Metastasio) yakaitwa zvinobudirira muMilan. Gluck anogamuchira akawanda maodha kubva kunhandare dzeVenice, Turin, Milan, uye mukati memakore mana anogadzira akati wandei opera seria ("Demetrius", "Poro", "Demofont", "Hypermnestra", nezvimwewo), izvo zvakamuunzira mukurumbira uye kuzivikanwa. kubva kune yakaomesesa uye inoda ruzhinji rweItaly.

Muna 1745 munyori wacho akashanyira London. The oratorios yeGF Handel yakaita simba rakasimba paari. Iyi yemhando yepamusoro, hukuru, hunyanzvi hwehugamba hwakazova kuna Gluck iyo inonyanya kukosha yekugadzira referensi poindi. Kugara muEngland, pamwe chete nemitambo neboka rekuItaly opera rehama dzeMingotti mumaguta makuru eEurope (Dresden, Vienna, Prague, Copenhagen) zvakapfumisa ruzivo rwemuimbi wenziyo, zvakabatsira kumisikidza vanonakidza vanogadzira vanobatana, uye kusvika pakuziva akasiyana siyana. zvikoro zveopera zviri nani. Chiremera chaGluck munyika yemimhanzi chakazivikanwa nokupa kwake Order yapapa yeGolden Spur. "Cavalier Glitch" - zita iri rakapiwa kumunyori. (Ngatirangarirei inoshamisa nyaya pfupi naTA Hoffmann "Cavalier Gluck".)

Danho idzva muhupenyu nebasa remunyori rinotanga nekutamira kuVienna (1752), uko Gluck akakurumidza kutora chinzvimbo chekondakita uye munyori wedare opera, uye muna 1774 akagamuchira zita re "chaiye muimbi wemambo nedare remambo. .” Achienderera mberi nekunyora seria operas, Gluck zvakare akatendeukira kumhando nyowani. Mimhanzi yemakomiki echiFrench (Merlin's Island, Imaginary Slave, The Corrected Drunkard, The Fooled Cady, zvichingodaro), yakanyorwa kuzvinyorwa zvevanyori vemitambo vakakurumbira vechiFrench A. Lesage, C. Favard naJ. Seden, vakapfumisa musambo wemunyori neutsva. matauriro, maitiro ekunyora, aipindura kune zvinodiwa nevateereri muunyanzvi hwakakosha, hwegutsaruzhinji. Basa raGluck mumhando ye ballet rinofadza zvikuru. Mukubatana neine tarenda yeViennese choreographer G. Angiolini, iyo pantomime ballet Don Giovanni yakagadzirwa. Hutsva hwekuita uku - dhirama rechokwadi - rinonyanya kutsanangurwa nechimiro chechirongwa: kwete chinyakare chinoyevedza, chekufungidzira, asi chinosiririsa, chinopokana zvakanyanya, chinokanganisa matambudziko asingaperi ehupenyu hwevanhu. (Runyoro rweballet rwakanyorwa zvichibva pamutambo waJB Molière.)

Chiitiko chakanyanya kukosha mukusimukira kwemunyori uye muhupenyu hwemimhanzi hweVienna yaive yekutanga yekutanga reformist opera, Orpheus (1762). mutambo wekare wakasimba uye wakanaka. Runako rweunyanzvi hwaOrpheus uye simba rerudo rwake zvinokwanisa kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvose - iyi pfungwa yekusingaperi uye inogara inonakidza iri pamwoyo we opera, chimwe chezvisikwa zvakakwana zvemunyori. Muarias yeOrpheus, mune yakakurumbira nyere solo, inozivikanwawo mune dzakawanda shanduro dzezviridzwa pasi pezita rekuti "Melody", chipo chekutanga chemuimbi chakaburitswa; uye chiitiko pamasuwo eHadhesi - iyo inoshamisa duel pakati peOrpheus neFuries - yakaramba iri muenzaniso unoshamisa wekuvakwa kwechimiro chikuru che operatic, umo kubatana kwakakwana kwemimhanzi uye danho rekusimudzira kwave kuwanikwa.

Orpheus akateverwa nemamwe 2 mamwe maopera ekuchinja - Alcesta (1767) uye Paris naHelena (1770) (ose ari maviri. Calcabidgi). Munhanganyaya ye "Alceste", yakanyorwa pachiitiko chekukumikidzwa kwe opera kuna Duke weTuscany, Gluck akagadzira misimboti yehunyanzvi iyo yakatungamira basa rake rose rekusika. Kusawana rutsigiro rwakakodzera kubva kuruzhinji rweViennese neItaly. Gluck anoenda kuParis. Makore akashandiswa muguta guru reFrance (1773-79) inguva yechiitiko chepamusoro-soro chemunyori. Gluck anonyora uye anoronga mitambo mitsva yekuvandudza paRoyal Academy of Music - Iphigenia kuAulis (yakasununguka naL. du Roulle mushure menjodzi yaJ. Racine, 1774), Armida (yakasununguka naF. Kino yakavakirwa padetembo rinonzi Jerusalem Liberated by T. . Tasso ", 1777), "Iphigenia muTaurida" (yakasununguka. N. Gniyar uye L. du Roulle yakabva pamutambo waG. de la Touche, 1779), "Echo naNarcissus" (mahara L. Chudi, 1779 ), reworks "Orpheus" uye "Alceste", maererano netsika dzeFrance theatre. Chiitiko chaGluck chakamutsa hupenyu hwemumhanzi weParis uye chakamutsa nhaurirano dzakapinza. Kudivi romunyori kune vanyanyisi veFrance, maensaikoropidhita (D. Diderot, J. Rousseau, J. d'Alembert, M. Grimm), avo vakagamuchira kuberekwa kwechimiro chougamba chakakwirira zvikuru muopera; vadzivisi vake vatevedzeri vekare French lyric dambudziko uye opera seria. Mukuedza kuzunungusa nzvimbo yaGluck, vakakoka munyori weItaly N. Piccinni, uyo aifarira kuzivikanwa kweEurope panguva iyoyo, kuParis. Kukakavadzana pakati pevatsigiri veGluck naPiccinni kwakapinda munhoroondo yeFrench opera pasi pezita rokuti "hondo dzeGlucks uye Piccinnis". Vaimbi ivo pachavo, vaibata mumwe nemumwe nekunzwira tsitsi kwechokwadi, vakaramba vari kure ne "hondo dzekunaka".

Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, akapedza muVienna, Gluck akarota kugadzira opera yenyika yeGermany maererano nechirongwa che "Battle of Hermann" yaF. Klopstock. Zvisinei, kurwara kwakakomba uye zera zvakadzivisa kushandiswa kwechirongwa ichi. Panguva yemariro eGlucks muVienna, basa rake rekupedzisira "De profundls" ("Ndinodana kubva kugomba rakadzika-dzika ...") yekwaya uye orchestra yakaitwa. Mudzidzi waGluck A. Salieri akaita ichi chinodiwa chekutanga.

G. Berlioz, anoyemura zvikuru basa rake, anonzi Gluck “Aeschylus of Music”. Chimiro chenhamo dzemumhanzi waGluck - runako rwepamusoro uye hukuru hwemifananidzo, kuravira kusingafadzi uye kubatana kwese, monumentality yekuumbwa, zvichibva mukudyidzana kwemafomu ega uye ekwaya - inodzokera kutsika dzenhamo yekare. Vakasikwa muzuva rekukura kwesangano rekuvhenekerwa manheru eChimurenga cheFrance, vakapindura zvaidikanwa zvenguva yacho muunyanzvi hukuru hwehugamba. Saka, Diderot akanyora nguva pfupi Gluck asati asvika muParis: "Regai nyanzvi ionekwe iyo ichagadzira dambudziko rechokwadi ... pamutambo wenziyo." Akagadza sechinangwa chake "kudzinga kubva mu opera zvese izvo zvakaipa zvakanyanyisa izvo izvo zvinonzwisisika uye kuravira kwakanaka zvave zvichiratidzira pasina kwenguva yakareba," Gluck anogadzira mutambo umo zvese zvinoumba dramaturgy zvine musoro uye kuita zvimwe, mabasa anodiwa mukuumbwa kwese. "... Ndakadzivisa kuratidzira murwi wematambudziko anoshamisa kune kukanganisa kwekujekesa," inodaro Alceste dedication, "uye handina kubatanidza kukosha kwekuwanikwa kwechigadzirwa chitsva kana chisina kutevedzera zvakasikwa kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu uye chisina kubatanidzwa. nekutaura.” Nokudaro, kwaya uye ballet vanova vatori vechikamu vakazara muchiito; recitatives inotaura zvinonzwika zvinosanganiswa nearias, rwiyo rwayo rusina kuwandisa kwemaitiro evirtuoso; iyo overture inotarisira chimiro chemanzwiro echiito chemangwana; nhamba dzenziyo dzinenge dzakwana dzinosanganiswa kuita zviitiko zvikuru, nezvimwewo. Sarudzo yakanangana nekumisikidzwa kwenzira dzemumhanzi uye hunhu hunoshamisa, kuzviisa pasi kwezvese zvinongedzo zvemhando huru - izvi ndizvo zvakakosha zvakawanikwa naGluck, izvo zvaive zvakakosha zvikuru pakuvandudza mashandiro. dramaturgy uye nekutanga imwe itsva, symphonic kufunga. (The heyday of Gluck's operatic creativity inowira panguva yekuvandudzwa kwakanyanya kwemafomu makuru ecyclic - iyo symphony, sonata, pfungwa.) Mumwe wekare akararama panguva yaI. Haydn naWA Mozart, akabatana zvakanyanya nehupenyu hwemimhanzi uye hunyanzvi. nzvimbo yeVienna. Gluck, uye maererano nenzvimbo yekuchengetera hunhu hwake hwekugadzira, uye maererano neyakajairwa maitiro ekutsvaga kwake, inobatana chaizvo neViennese classical chikoro. Tsika dze "dambudziko repamusoro" raGluck, iyo mitsva mitsva yedhiramaturgy yakagadziridzwa mune opera art yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX: mumabasa aL. Cherubini, L. Beethoven, G. Berlioz naR. Wagner; uye mumhanzi weRussia - M. Glinka, aikoshesa zvikuru Gluck semunyori wekutanga weopera wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

I. Okhalova

Mwanakomana wemusango wenhaka, kubva paudiki anoperekedza baba vake munzendo dzake zhinji. Muna 1731 akapinda muYunivhesiti yePrague, kwaakadzidza unyanzvi hwezwi uye kuridza zviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Kuve mubasa reMuchinda Melzi, anogara kuMilan, anotora zvidzidzo zvekunyora kubva kuSammartini uye anoisa pamitambo yakawanda. Muna 1745, muLondon, akasangana naHandel naArne uye vakaimbira imba yemitambo. Kuve mutungamiriri weboka reItaly Mingotti, anoshanyira Hamburg, Dresden nemamwe maguta. Muna 1750 anoroora Marianne Pergin, mwanasikana wemubhangi akapfuma weViennese; muna 1754 akazova bandmaster weVienna Court Opera uye akanga ari chikamu cheboka raCount Durazzo, uyo aitungamirira nhandare. Muna 1762, Gluck's opera Orpheus naEurydice yakabudirira kuiswa kune rebretto naCalzabidgi. Muna 1774, mushure mekukanganisa kwemari kwakati wandei, anotevera Marie Antoinette (waaive mudzidzisi wemimhanzi), akazova mambokadzi weFrance, kuParis uye anohwina nyasha neruzhinji kunyangwe kuramba kwevapikisi. Zvisinei, atsamwiswa nekukundikana kwe opera "Echo naNarcissus" (1779), anobva kuFrance ndokuenda kuVienna. Muna 1781, munyori akanga akaoma mitezo uye akarega mabasa ose.

Zita raGluck rinozivikanwa munhoroondo yemimhanzi neinonzi shanduko yemutambo wemimhanzi werudzi rweItaly, iyo chete inozivikanwa uye yakapararira muEurope munguva yake. Haangoonekwa semuimbi mukuru chete, asi pamusoro pezvese muponesi werudzi rwakakanganiswa muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nekushongedzwa kwakanaka kwevaimbi uye nemitemo yezvakajairwa, muchina-based librettos. Mazuva ano, chinzvimbo chaGluck hachicharatidziki sechinoshamisa, sezvo munyori anga asiri iye ega mugadziri weiyo shanduko, kudiwa kwainzwikwa nevamwe vanyori veopera uye vakasununguka, kunyanya vekuItaly. Uyezve, pfungwa yekuderera kwemutambo wemimhanzi haigone kushanda kune iyo yepamusoro yemhando, asi chete kune yakaderera-giredhi nziyo uye vanyori vane tarenda shoma (zvakaoma kupa mhosva tenzi akadaro saHandel nekuda kwekuderera).

Iva sezvazvingaite, zvichikurudzirwa nemusununguri Calzabigi nedzimwe nhengo dzeboka reCount Giacomo Durazzo, maneja weVienna imerial theatre, Gluck akaunza hutsva huzhinji mukuita, izvo pasina mubvunzo zvakakonzera mhedzisiro yakakura mumunda wemitambo yemitambo. . Calcabidgi akayeuka, kuti: “Kwakanga kusingabviri kuti VaGluck, vaitaura mutauro wedu [ndiko kuti, wokuItaly], kutaura nhetembo. Ndakamuverengera Orpheus uye kakawanda ndakadzokorora zvidimbu zvakawanda, ndichisimbisa mimvuri yekudzokorora, kumira, kunonoka, kukurumidza, inonzwika zvino inorema, ikozvino yakatsetseka, yandaida kuti ashandise mukunyora kwake. Panguva imwe cheteyo, ndakamukumbira kuti abvise mafioritas, cadenzas, ritornellos, uye zvose zvinonyadzisa uye zvinoshamisira zvakanga zvapinda mumhanzi yedu.

Akatsunga uye ane simba nemasikirwo, Gluck akatanga kuita chirongwa chakarongwa uye, achivimba neCalzabidgi's libretto, akazvizivisa munhanganyaya kuna Alceste, yakatsaurirwa kuna Grand Duke weTuscany Pietro Leopoldo, Mambo Leopold II weramangwana.

Misimboti mikuru yeiyi manifesto ndeiyi: kudzivirira kuwedzeredza kwezwi, kusekesa uye kufinha, kuita kuti mimhanzi ishandire nhetembo, kuwedzera zvinorehwa nekupfuura, izvo zvinofanirwa kuzivisa vateereri kune zviri mu opera, kupfavisa mutsauko pakati pekudzokorora. uye aria kuti urege "kukanganisa nekudzikamisa chiitiko."

Kujeka uye nyore kunofanira kuva chinangwa chemuimbi uye mudetembi, vanofanira kusarudza "mutauro wemwoyo, chido chakasimba, mamiriro ezvinhu anofadza" kune kutonhora kwetsika. Izvi zvinogadziriswa zvino zvinoratidzika kwatiri sezvisingakoshi, zvisina kuchinjwa mumitambo yemimhanzi kubva kuMonteverdi kusvika kuPuccini, asi zvakanga zvisina kudaro munguva yaGluck, kune avo vakararama panguva yake "kunyangwe kutsauka kuduku kubva kune zvakagamuchirwa kwaiita sechinhu chitsva" (mumashoko a Massimo Mila).

Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo inonyanya kukosha mukugadziridza yaive yakanakisa uye yemimhanzi kubudirira kwaGluck, uyo akaonekwa muhukuru hwake hwose. Izvi zvakabudirira zvinosanganisira: kupinda mukati memanzwiro evatambi, hukuru hwechinyakare, kunyanya emapeji ekwaya, kudzika kwekufunga kunosiyanisa arias anozivikanwa. Pashure pokunge aparadzana naCalzabidgi, uyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, haana kudiwa mudare, Gluck akawana tsigiro muParis kwemakore akawanda kubva kuFrench librettists. Pano, pasinei nekukanganisa kunouraya nemunharaunda yakanatswa asi isingadzivisiki yemitambo yemitambo (zvichida kubva pakuona kwekuchinja), munyori zvakadaro akaramba akakodzera mitemo yake, kunyanya mumitambo yeIphigenia muAulis uye Iphigenia muTauris.

G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)

glitch. Melody (Sergei Rachmaninov)