Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka |

Michael Glinka

Tine basa guru pamberi pedu! Gadzira yako wega chimiro uye gadzira nzira nyowani yeRussia opera mimhanzi. M. Glinka

. hupenyu. V. Stasov

Mumunhu waM. Glinka, tsika yemimhanzi yeRussia kekutanga yakaisa pamberi pemunyori wekukosha kwenyika. Zvichienderana netsika dzemazana emakore emimhanzi yeRussian uye nyanzvi mimhanzi, kubudirira uye ruzivo rwehunyanzvi hwekuEurope, Glinka akapedza maitiro ekugadzira chikoro chenyika chevanyori, icho chakakunda muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. imwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira mutsika dzeEurope, yakava yekutanga yekuRussia muimbi wemhando yepamusoro. Mubasa rake, Glinka akaratidza kufambira mberi kwemafungiro ezvishuvo zvenguva iyoyo. Mabasa ake akazadzwa nemafungiro ekuda nyika, kutenda muvanhu. Kufanana naA. Pushkin, Glinka akaimba kunaka kwehupenyu, kukunda kwechikonzero, kunaka, kururamisira. Akasika unyanzvi hunopindirana uye hwakanaka zvokuti munhu haaneti nekuchiyemura, kuwana humwe hunhu hwakakwana huri mahuri.

Chii chakaumba unhu hwomunyori? Glinka anonyora pamusoro peizvi mu "Notes" yake - muenzaniso unoshamisa wezvinyorwa zvememoir. Anodana nziyo dzechiRussia kuti ndidzo pfungwa huru dzeuduku (ndidzo dzaiva “chikonzero chokutanga chandakatanga kukudziridza kunyanya mimhanzi yevanhu vokuRussia”), pamwe chete nerwiyo rwasekuru serf, rwaa“ida kupfuura zvose.” Semukomana, Glinka airidza nyere uye violin mairi, uye sezvaaikura, akaitisa. “Kunakidzwa kwenhetembo kunofadza” kwakazadza mweya wake nekurira kwemabhero nekuimba kwechechi. Mudiki Glinka akadhirowa zvakanaka, aine shungu dzekufamba, akasiyaniswa nepfungwa dzake dzinokurumidza uye nekufungidzira kwakapfuma. Zviitiko zviviri zvakakura zvenhoroondo zvaive chokwadi chakakosha chebiography yake yemunyori weramangwana: Hondo yePatriotic ya1812 uye kusimuka kwaDecembrist muna 1825. Vakasarudza pfungwa huru yeuXNUMXbuXNUMXbkusika ("Ngatikumikidze mweya yedu kuNyika yeBaba zvinoshamisa. pfungwa”), pamwe nezvinotendwa nezvematongerwo enyika. Maererano neshamwari yehuduku hwake N. Markevich, "Mikhailo Glinka ... haana kunzwira tsitsi chero maBourbons."

Muuyo unobetsera pana Glinka wakanga uri kugara kwake muSt. Petersburg Noble Boarding School (1817-22), yakakurumbira nokuda kwevadzidzisi vayo vanorangarira zvishoma nezvishoma. Mudzidzisi wake pachikoro chebhodhingi aiva V. Küchelbecker, Decembrist yemberi. Vechidiki vakapfuura mumamiriro ezvinhu emakakatanwa ezvematongerwo enyika uye ekunyora neshamwari, uye vamwe vevanhu vari pedyo neGlinka mushure mekukundwa kwekumukira kwaDecembrist vaiva pakati peavo vakadzingirwa kuSiberia. Hazvishamisi kuti Glinka akabvunzurudzwa nezvekubatana kwake ne "vapanduki".

Mukuumbwa kwemafungiro uye unyanzvi hwemuvambi weramangwana, zvinyorwa zveRussia zvakatamba basa rinokosha nekufarira kwaro munhoroondo, kusika, uye hupenyu hwevanhu; kutaurirana zvakananga naA. Pushkin, V. Zhukovsky, A. Delvig, A. Griboyedov, V. Odoevsky, A. Mitskevich. Ruzivo rwemimhanzi rwakasiyanawo. Glinka akatora zvidzidzo zvepiyano (kubva kuna J. Field, uye kubva kuS. Mayer), akadzidza kuimba uye kuridza violin. Aiwanzoshanyira dzimba dzemitambo, aipinda manheru emimhanzi, achiridza mimhanzi mumaoko e4 nehama Vielgorsky, A. Varlamov, akatanga kuumba rudo, mitambo yezviridzwa. Muna 1825, chimwe chezvinyorwa zvemashoko echiRussia zvakaonekwa - rudo "Usaedza" kune ndima dzeE. Baratynsky.

Mazhinji akajeka ehunyanzvi mafungiro akapihwa kuna Glinka nekufamba: rwendo kuenda kuCaucasus (1823), kugara muItaly, Austria, Germany (1830-34). Murume wechidiki anoshamwaridzana, ane shungu, ane shungu, akabatanidza mutsa uye kutwasanuka nekunzwa kwenhetembo, akaita shamwari nyore nyore. MuItaly, Glinka akava pedyo naV. Bellini, G. Donizetti, akasangana naF. Mendelssohn, uye gare gare G. Berlioz, J. Meyerbeer, S. Moniuszko aizoonekwa pakati peshamwari dzake. Achifarira kukwezva kwakasiyana-siyana, Glinka akadzidza zvakakomba uye neshungu, apedza dzidzo yake yemimhanzi muBerlin nenyanzvi yezvidzidzo Z. Dehn.

Pakanga pano, kure nenyika yake, iyo Glinka akaziva zvizere magumo ake echokwadi. "Pfungwa yemimhanzi yenyika ... yakawedzera kujeka uye kujeka, chinangwa chakamuka chekugadzira opera yeRussia." Urongwa uhwu hwakazadzika paakadzokera kuSt. Petersburg: muna 1836, opera yaIvan Susanin yakapedzwa. Zano rayo, rakakurudzirwa naZhukovsky, rakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuisa pfungwa yechiitiko muzita rekuponesa nyika yaamai, iyo yainyanya kufadza Glinka. Ichi chaive chitsva: mumimhanzi yese yeEurope neRussia pakanga pasina gamba rekuda nyika saSusanin, ane mufananidzo unoratidza zvakanakisa maitiro erudzi rwenyika.

Pfungwa yehugamba inosanganisirwa naGlinka mumhando dzeunyanzvi hwenyika, zvichibva patsika dzakapfuma dzekunyora rwiyo rweRussia, Russian nyanzvi yekwaya art, iyo yakabatana nemirairo yeEuropean opera mimhanzi, nemisimboti yekusimudzira symphonic.

The premiere of the opera musi waNovember 27, 1836 yakaonekwa nevatungamiri veRussia tsika sechiitiko chakakosha zvikuru. "Ne opera yaGlinka, pane ... chinhu chitsva muArt, uye nguva itsva inotanga munhoroondo yayo - nguva yemimhanzi yeRussia," Odoevsky akanyora. Iyo opera yakafarirwa zvakanyanya nevaRussia, gare gare vanyori vekune dzimwe nyika uye vatsoropodzi. Pushkin, uyo aivapo panguva yokutanga, akanyora quatrain:

Kuteerera nhau idzi Shanje, dzakasvibiswa nehutsinye, Ngazvive gnash, asi Glinka Haakwanisi kunamatira muvhu.

Kubudirira kwakafuridzira munyori. Pakarepo mushure mekutanga kwaSusanin, basa rakatanga paOpera Ruslan naLyudmila (yakavakirwa pachirongwa chenhetembo yaPushkin). Zvisinei, marudzi ose emigariro: roorano isingabudiriri yakaguma nechatanuro; tsitsi dzepamusoro-soro - kushumira muDare Choir, iyo yakatora simba rakawanda; rufu runosuruvarisa rwaPushkin mune duel, iyo yakaparadza zvirongwa zvekushanda pamwe chete pabasa - izvi zvose hazvina kufarira nzira yekusika. Kuvhiringidzwa nedambudziko remumba. Kwenguva yakati Glinka aigara nemunyori wemitambo N. Kukolnik munharaunda ine ruzha uye inofadza yepuppet "hama" - vanyori, vanyori, avo vakanyanya kutsauswa kubva pakusika. Pasinei neizvi, basa rakafambira mberi, uye mamwe mabasa akaonekwa akafanana - rudo runobva munhetembo dzaPushkin, rwiyo rwezwi "Farewell to Petersburg" (pachiteshi cheKukolnik), shanduro yekutanga ye "Fantasy Waltz", mimhanzi yemutambo weKukolnik " Prince Kholmsky".

Zviitwa zveGlinka semuimbi uye mudzidzisi wezwi zvakadzokera panguva imwe chete. Anonyora "Etudes for the Voice", "Exercises Kuvandudza Izwi", "Chikoro Chekuimba". Pakati pevadzidzi vake ndiS. Gulak-Artemovsky, D. Leonova nevamwe.

Kutanga kwe "Ruslan naLyudmila" musi waNovember 27, 1842 kwakaunza Glinka manzwiro akaoma. Veruzhinji, vachitungamirirwa nemhuri yeumambo, vakasangana nemutambo wacho noruvengo. Uye pakati pevatsigiri vaGlinka, maonero akaparadzaniswa zvakanyanya. Zvikonzero zvemaitiro akaomarara kune opera zviri mune yakadzama hunyanzvi hwaro hwebasa, iyo ngano-epic opera theatre, yaimbozivikanwa kuEurope, yakatanga, uko kwakasiyana-siyana mimhanzi-yekufananidzira mativi akaonekwa mune inoshamisa interweaving - epic. , lyrical, oriental, fantastic. Glinka “akaimba nhetembo yaPushkin nenzira inoshamisa” ( B. Asafiev ), uye kuitika kwokukurumidza kwezviitiko zvakavakirwa pakuchinja kwemifananidzo ine mavara kwakasundwa namashoko aPushkin anoti: “Mabasa ekare, ngano dzomunguva dzakare. Sezvo kuvandudzwa kwemafungiro epedyo ePushkin, mamwe maitiro e opera akaonekwa mu opera. Mimhanzi yezuva, kuimba rudo rwehupenyu, kutenda mukukunda kwezvakanaka pane zvakaipa, inodzokorora yakakurumbira "Rarama zuva, rima ngarivanze!", Uye chimiro chakajeka chenyika ye opera, sokunge zvakadaro, inokura kubva kunze. mitsetse yesumo; "Kune mweya weRussia, kune kunhuwa kweRussia." Glinka akapedza makore mashomanana akatevera kunze kwenyika muParis (1844-45) uye muSpain (1845-47), achinyatsodzidza Spanish pamberi perwendo. MuParis, konzati yemabasa aGlinka yakaitwa nekubudirira kukuru, iyo yaakanyora nezvayo: "... muimbi wekutanga weRussia, uyo akasuma ruzhinji rweParis kuzita rake nemabasa ake akanyorwa mukati Russia uye kuRussia“. Maonero echiSpanish akafuridzira Glinka kugadzira zvidimbu zviviri zvesymphonic: "Jota weAragon" (1845) uye "Memories of a Summer Night in Madrid" (1848-51). Panguva imwe chete navo, muna 1848, iyo yakakurumbira "Kamarinskaya" yakaonekwa - fungidziro pamisoro yenziyo mbiri dzeRussia. Mimhanzi yesymphonic yeRussia inotangira mumabasa aya, "inoshumwa kune vanoziva uye neruzhinji."

Kwemakore gumi ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Glinka aigara alternately muRussia (Novospasskoye, St. Petersburg, Smolensk) uye kunze kwenyika (Warsaw, Paris, Berlin). Mamiriro ezvinhu eruvengo anoramba achiwedzera aimuodza mwoyo. Chete denderedzwa diki revanoyemura vechokwadi uye vane shungu vakamutsigira mumakore aya. Pakati pavo ndiA. Dargomyzhsky, uyo ushamwari hwake hwakatanga panguva yekugadzirwa kweOpera Ivan Susanin; V. Stasov, A. Serov, wechidiki M. Balakirev. Chiitiko chekugadzira chaGlinka chiri kuderera zvakanyanya, asi maitiro matsva ehunyanzvi hweRussia ane hukama nekubudirira kwe "chikoro chechisikigo" haana kumupfuura uye akafunga nzira yekumwe kutsvaga kwehunyanzvi. Anotanga kushanda purogiramu symphony "Taras Bulba" uye opera-mutambo "Vaviri-mudzimai" (maererano A. Shakhovsky, isina kupera). Panguva imwecheteyo, kufarira kwakamuka mune polyphonic art yeRenaissance, iyo pfungwa yeuXNUMXbuXNUMXb mukana wekubatanidza "Western Fugue ne. maererano nemimhanzi yedu zvisungo zvewanano zviri pamutemo. Izvi zvakare zvakatungamirira Glinka muna 1856 kuBerlin kuZ. Den. Danho idzva mune rake rekugadzira biography rakatanga, iro rakanga risingafungirwe kupera ... Glinka akange asina nguva yekuita zvakawanda zvezvakarongwa. Zvisinei, pfungwa dzake dzakagadzirwa mubasa revanyori veRussia vezvizvarwa zvakatevera, avo vakanyora pamureza wavo weunyanzvi zita remuvambi wemimhanzi yeRussia.

O. Averyanova