Mazuva ano
French modernisme, kubva moderne - yazvino, yemazuva ano
Tsanangudzo inoshandiswa kune akati wandei. mafungu ezana ramakore rechi 20, chinhu chakajairika chinove chinowedzera kana kushoma kuzorora pamwe nekunaka. classical tsika nemagariro. mhosva. Pamatanho enhoroondo mune pfungwa yeM. yakaiswa decomp. zvinoreva. Pakupera kwe19 - kutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20, apo tsanangudzo iyi yakatanga kushandiswa, yakashandiswa kumabasa evanyori vakadai saDebussy, Ravel, R. Strauss. Kubva kuSer. 20th century pasi peM. kazhinji inonzwisisa zviitiko zvemazuva ano. mumhanzi “avant-garde” (ona. Avant-gardism), vamiririri vacho vanoramba kwete Debussy naStrauss chete, asiwo Schoenberg naBerg sevatauriri vakanonoka ve“romantic worldview.” Mamwe mazizi. vatsoropodzi vehunyanzvi vakakurudzira kusiya izwi rekuti "M." nekuda kwehupamhi hwayo hwakanyanya uye kuwedzera. Kunyange zvakadaro, inochengetedzwa mumazizi. uye zarub. theoretical lit-re nezvechikumbiro; mumakore 60-70. Kuedza kunoverengeka kwakaitwa kujekesa uye kusimbisa zvarinoreva.
MuchiRussian pre-revolutionary kushoropodzwa kwezwi rokuti "M." zvaizodudzirwa. maawa mune zvakananga etymological. zvichireva se "simba refashoni", richiraira kuedza. kuchinja kwezvinoda uye unyanzvi. currents, discontinuity, kuregeredza kwekare. N. Ya. Myaskovsky akapikisa M. sekunamatira kwepamusoro kune fashoni yenguva pfupi kune yechokwadi, organic. innovation. Myaskovsky nevamwe vadzivisi veM. vakakwanisa kunyatsoona mamwe maitiro asina kunaka anoratidzwa mu bourgeois. kuda-ve kubva pakutanga. Zana remakore rechi20 X. Stuckenschmidt akakwidziridza kutsvakwa kunopfuurira kwezvitsva zvepamutemo, izvo zvinobuda mufashoni nokukurumidza sezvazvinova, kuva imwe nheyo yepasi rose inosungirwa kukudziridzwa kwemimhanzi: “Paunyanzvi hwose, mimhanzi inoratidzika kuva ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. ephemeral ... Kunzwa kupfuura mamwe manzwiro kudiwa kwekugara uchifadzwa nezviredzo zvitsva, uye zviwanikwa zvakadaro zvinomukwezva nhasi zvinotozomuodza mwoyo mangwana.
Asi izvi kusagadzikana uye kusagadzikana kweaesthetic. maitiro anokonzera kushanduka kwefivha muunyanzvi hwakarongeka uye nzira dzekugadzira dzinoshanda chete sechiratidzo chekunze chemaitiro akadzama epfungwa. MuMarxist-Leninist art history, art inoonekwa sechiitiko chine chekuita nedambudziko remabhunu. tsika munguva yeimperialism uye proletarian revolutions. Chinhu chikuru chehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano kusabatana kwemuimbi uye nzanga, kupatsanurwa kubva kumasimba anoumba nhoroondo uye achishingairira kushandura hunyanzvi hwazvino. chokwadi. Pachikonzero ichi, pane maitiro eelitism, subjectivism, pessimism. kusava nechokwadi uye kusatenda mukufambira mberi kwevanhu. Hazvibviri kutarisa vese vemazuva ano vemazuva ano sevatauriri vakananga uye vanoziva kune mabhunu. pfungwa, kuvaratidza unhu hwakadai sehupenzi, unzenza, chitendero cheutsinye nechisimba. Pakati pavo pane vanhu vakatendeseka vakatendeseka vanotsoropodza zvinoverengeka zvemabhunu. chokwadi, kushora kusateerera mutemo kwevanhu, hunyengeri hwe "avo vane simba", kudzvinyirirwa kwekoloni uye mauto. Nekudaro, kuratidzira kwavo kunotora nzira yekungoita zvekusarudzika kana anarchism. kupandukira kweunhu, zvichitungamirira kubva mukubatanidzwa nesimba mukurwisana kwevanhu. For M. in decomp. kuratidzwa kwayo kunoratidzwa nekurasikirwa kwekutendeseka kwemaonero enyika, kusakwanisa kugadzira mufananidzo wakafara, wakazara wenyika. Chimiro ichi chaive chatove chimiro chehunyanzvi hwakadai. mirayiridzo con. 19 - kupemha. 20th century se impressionism uye expressionism. Kuwedzera kuparadzaniswa kwemunhu muzuva ranhasi. Capitalist nzanga kazhinji inotungamira mukubuda kwezvisikwa zvinorwadza zvakashata zvemazuva ano pseudo-art, umo kudonha kwekuziva kunosanganisira kudonha kwakakwana kwehunyanzvi. mafomu.
Padhipatimendi maartist, maficha emazuva ano anogona kusanganiswa nezvinhu zvakanaka, zvinofambira mberi. Dzimwe nguva hunhu uhu hunokurirwa nenyanzvi mukukura, uye anotora chinzvimbo chemugadziri wepamusoro. mhosva. Munguva yekukanganisa kwechokwadi mumazizi. nhoroondo yeunyanzvi kazhinji haina kufunga nezvekusaenderana kwenzira dzemazuva ano. mhosva, izvo zvakakonzera kurambwa kusingasaruri kwenzira dzakawanda. kubudirira kwekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Mamwe maartist makuru akanyoreswa pasina zvisungo mumusasa we reactionary modernists, ane basa rinomiririra hunyanzvi husingarambike. kukosha pasinei nekusawirirana kwemafungiro ayo uye aesthetic. basics. Kukanganisawo kuziva kuti ndeweM. pane zvikonzero zvepamutemo. Nzira dzakasiyana uye nzira dzeunyanzvi. kutaura kunogona kushandira zvinangwa zvakasiyana uye kuwana decomp. zvinoreva zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu azvinoshandisirwa. M. ipfungwa yeaesthetic uye ideological kurongeka, iyo yakavakirwa zvakanyanya pamafungiro emuimbi kupasirese, kune chokwadi chakamupoteredza. Iyo hypertrophy yekutanga yepamutemo, inowanikwa muhuwandu hwemazuva ano. mimhanzi inoyerera kumadokero, mhedzisiro yekudzikira kwekugona kwekugadzira kwehunyanzvi. kufunga. Unyanzvi hwepachivande, hwakaparadzaniswa kubva kune hukama huzhinji, hunova hwaro hwekugadzira kure-kure, kunzwisisika. masisitimu ekuumbwa, sekutonga, anogara kwenguva pfupi uye nekukurumidza anotsiviwa nevamwe, seyakagadzirwa uye isingaite. Nokudaro kuwanda kwemarudzi ose emapoka maduku uye zvikoro zvemazuva ano. "avant-garde", inoratidzirwa nekusashivirira kwakanyanya uye kusarudzika kwezvinzvimbo.
Mutauriri ane mukurumbira weiyo ideology yeMuses. M. pakati. Zana remakore rechi20 raiva T. Adorno. Akadzivirira zvinzvimbo zveunyanzvi hwakanyanya, akaparadzaniswa nehunyanzvi, achiratidza mamiriro ekusurukirwa kwakadzama, kusava netariro uye kutya kwechokwadi, achikakavara kuti munguva yedu chete hunyanzvi hwakadaro hunogona kuva "wechokwadi", izvo zvinopa manzwiro ekuvhiringidzika kwemunhu nyika yakamupoteredza uye yakavharirwa zvachose kubva kune chero mabasa emagariro. Adorno akafunga basa revanyori ve "New Viennese school" A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern kuva muenzaniso wekutaura kwakadaro. Kubva kuSer. 60s mune theoretical zviziviso uye hunyanzvi. dzidzira zarub. mimhanzi "avant-garde" inowedzera uye inonyatso simbisa zvinopesana - kubvisa "kure" kuparadzanisa unyanzvi kubva muupenyu, kutungamira, kushanda nesimba kune vateereri. Asi iyi "kupinda muhupenyu" inonzwisiswa kunze uye nemagetsi, sekuiswa kwezvinhu zve "theatricalization" mukuita kwemimhanzi, kusvibiswa kwemutsara pakati pemimhanzi uye kwete-mimhanzi inonzwika, nezvimwewo "unyanzvi" hwakadaro hunoramba huri hunokosha. sezvakaparadzaniswa uye kure nemabasa ekukurumidzira enguva yedu. . Nzira yekubuda mudenderedzwa rakashata repfungwa dzemazuva ano inogoneka chete munzira yekusvika kune chaiyo yakakosha zvido zvevanhu vakafara. ruzhinji nematambudziko chaiwo emazuva edu.
References: Mibvunzo yenziyo dzemazuva ano, L., 1963; Shneerson G., Pamusoro pemimhanzi mupenyu uye akafa, M., 1964; Zvinetso zvemazuva ano zvechokwadi uye zvemazuva ano, M., 1965; Modernism. Ongororo uye kutsoropodza nzira huru, M., 1969; Lifshitz M., Modernism sePhenomenon ye Modern Bourgeois Ideology, Kommunist, 1969, No 16; Dambudziko reBourgeois Tsika neMimhanzi, vol. 1-2, M., 1972-73.
Yu.V. Keldysh
Pfungwa inoreva kuzara kwe decadent-formalistic. mafungu muunyanzvi hwe con. 19-20th mazana emakore Pakutanga akamuka mumufananidzo. art kureva maitiro akadai sekutaura, cubism, futurism, surrealism, abstractionism, etc. Art inoratidzirwa ne subjectivism uye hunhu, formalism uye kuora kwehunyanzvi. mufananidzo. Muballet, maitiro eM. akawana kutaura mukusvibisa uye maitiro, mukuramba kwekirasi. kutamba, kutsveyamiswa kwezvisikwa. kufamba kwevanhu. muviri, mukunamatwa kweakashata nehwaro, mukuparara kwekutamba. kufananidzira (kunyanya, mukuedza kugadzira matambiro akashata asina mimhanzi). Achiona "kusasikwa" kwemadhanzi emazuva ano, MM Fokin akanyora kuti: "Avo vanoda kuzviratidza sevagadziri vekutamba, kuve vemazuva ano, vanosundwa nepfungwa imwechete - kuti vasiyane nevamwe ... Iyi injodzi yakaipa yekukanganisa. munhu, kuenzanisa unyanzvi hunorwadza, kurasikirwa nemanzwiro echokwadi "("Against the Current", 1962, p. 424-25).
Kuramba realism uye classic. tsika, kuparadza classical system. kutamba, M. muchimiro chayo chakachena chinogona kutungamirira mukusvava kure kweunyanzvi, kubuda kwe anti-art. Naizvozvo, basa revakuru uye vane tarenda maartist vakawana pesvedzero yeM., haina kuganhurirwa kune idzi pesvedzero, havapedzi hunhu hwayo.
Mafungiro eM. uye kutamba kwemazuva ano haana kufanana, kunyange zvazvo ari mukubatana. Vamwe vamiririri vekutamba kwemazuva ano vakakanganiswa nemaitiro emazuva ano: kutaura, abstractionism, constructivism, surrealism. Pasinei nepesvedzero idzi, unyanzvi hwavo, mumienzaniso yayo yakanakisisa, hwakaramba hwakatendeka kuchokwadi choupenyu. Nokudaro, mukati mekutamba kwemazuva ano, mamwe madhanzi epurasitiki ega ega akaitwa. kukunda kunogona kusanganiswa nehurongwa hwekutamba kwechinyakare uye kuchipfumisa pahwaro hwekusikwa kwehunyanzvi hwechokwadi. mifananidzo.
Ballet. Encyclopedia, SE, 1981
