Georgy Vasilyevich Sviridov |

Georgy Sviridov

… Munguva dzenyonganyonga, kunyanya hunhu hweunyanzvi hunoenderana hunomuka, hunosanganisira chishuvo chepamusoro-soro chemunhu, chishuvo chekunzwanana kwemukati mehunhu hwemunhu kwete kunyongana kwenyika… Uku kuwirirana kwenyika yemukati kwakabatana nekunzwisisa uye kunzwa nhamo yehupenyu, asi panguva imwechete iri kukunda dambudziko iri. Chido chekunzwanana kwemukati, kuziva kwepamusoro magumo emunhu - ndizvo zvinonyanya kunzwika kwandiri muPushkin. G. Sviridov

Kuwirirana kwemweya pakati pemunyori nanyanduri hakusi kwetsaona. Unyanzvi hwaSviridov hunosiyaniswawo nekusawirirana kwemukati kusingawanzo, chido chekuda kunaka uye chokwadi, uye panguva imwechete pfungwa yenjodzi inobva mukunzwisisa kwakadzama kwehukuru uye mutambo wenguva inorarama. Muimbi uye muimbi wetarenda rakakura, rekutanga, anonzwa pakutanga semwanakomana wenyika yake, akaberekwa uye akakurira pasi pedenga rayo. Muhupenyu chaihwo hweSviridov kune hukama hwakananga nemabviro evanhu uye nehupamhi hwetsika dzeRussia.

Mudzidzi waD. Shostakovich, akadzidza paLeningrad Conservatory (1936-41), nyanzvi inoshamisa yenhetembo nekupenda, iye pachake aine chipo chakatanhamara chenhetembo, akaberekerwa mutaundi duku reFatezh, mudunhu reKursk, mumhuri ye munyori weposvo nomudzidzisi. Vose baba naamai vaSviridov vaiva zvizvarwa zvemo, vakabva kune varimi vari pedyo nemisha yeFatezh. Kukurukurirana kwakananga nemhoteredzo yokumaruwa, kufanana nokuimba kwomukomana mukwaya yechechi, kwakanga kuri kwomuzvarirwo uye kwoupenyu. Aya ndiwo matombo maviri emakona echiRussia mimhanzi tsika - kunyorwa kwenziyo uye hunyanzvi hwemweya - yaigara mundangariro yemumhanzi yemwana kubva paudiki, yakava musimboti weishe munguva yekukura yekusika.

Zviyeuchidzo zvepakutanga zvehuduku zvinosanganiswa nemifananidzo yeSouth Russian nature - mvura meadows, minda uye copses. Uye zvino - dambudziko rehondo yevagari vemo, 1919, apo mauto aDenikin akapinda muguta akauraya mukominisiti wechidiki Vasily Sviridov. Hazvisi zvemasanga kuti munyori anodzokorora achidzokera kune nhetembo dzekumaruwa eRussia (kutenderera kwezwi "Ndine Baba Varombo" - 1957; cantatas "Kursk Songs", "Wooden Russia" - 1964, "The Baptist Man" - 1985; nziyo dzekwaya), uye kumhirizhonga inotyisa makore ekuchinja ("1919" - chikamu chechinomwe che "Yesenin's Memory Nhetembo", nziyo dzega "Mwanakomana akasangana nababa vake", "Rufu rwecommissar").

Zuva rekutanga reunyanzvi hwaSviridov rinogona kuratidzwa chaizvo: kubva muzhizha kusvika Zvita 1935, mukati memakore asingasviki makumi maviri, tenzi wenguva yemberi wemimhanzi yeSoviet akanyora kutenderera kwazvino kunozivikanwa kwerudo kunoenderana nenhetembo dzaPushkin ("Kusvika Izhora", "Winter Road", "Sango Rinodonhedza ...", "Kuna Nanny", nezvimwewo) ibasa rakamira rakasimba pakati peSoviet mimhanzi classics, kuvhura runyoro rwehunyanzvi hwaSviridov. Ichokwadi, pakanga pachine makore ekudzidza, hondo, kubuda, kukura kwekugadzira, kugona kwepamusoro peunyanzvi huri mberi. Kukura kwakazara kwekugadzira uye kuzvimiririra kwakauya pamucheto we20s ne40s, apo yake yerudzi rwenhetembo yezwi cyclic yakawanikwa uye dingindira rake guru repic (mudetembi nenyika yekumusha) rakazadzikiswa. Dangwe remhando iyi ("Nyika yemadzibaba" pane st. A. Isahakyan - 50) yakateverwa neNziyo kune ndima dzaRobert Burns (1950), iyo oratorio "Nhetembo muChirangaridzo yeYesenin" (1955). ) uye "Pathetic" (pa st. V. Mayakovsky - 1956).

“… kunyarara kunotsiviwa neruzha rwuri kure ... "Uye, achidana kuti ateerere "ruzha runotyisa uye runovhara nzeve rwechimurenga", mudetembi anoti "kutinhira uku, zvakadaro, kunogara kuri pamusoro pehukuru." Yaiva neiyo "Blokian" kiyi iyo Sviridov akasvika kune dingindira reGreat October Revolution, asi akatora chinyorwa kubva kune mumwe mudetembi: munyori akasarudza nzira yekupikisa kukuru, achitendeukira kunhetembo yaMayakovsky. Sezvineiwo, iyi yaive yekutanga melodic kuenzanisa nhetembo dzake munhoroondo yemimhanzi. Izvi zvinoratidzwa, semuenzaniso, nenziyo yakafuridzirwa "Handei, mudetembi, ngatitarisei, tiimbe" mumagumo e "Pathetic Oratorio", apo chimiro chekufananidzira chenhetembo dzakakurumbira chinoshandurwa, pamwe chete nehupamhi, mufaro. chant "Ndinoziva kuti guta richava". Chokwadi chisingapere melodic, kunyangwe mikana yenziyo yakaratidzwa naSviridov muMayakovsky. Uye "rumble of the revolution" iri mukufamba kunoshamisa, kunotyisa kwechikamu chekutanga ("Tendeuka pakufamba!"), Mu "cosmic" chiyero chekupedzisira ("Shine uye pasina misumari!") ...

Chete mumakore ekutanga ezvidzidzo zvake uye kukura kwekusika Sviridov akanyora mimhanzi yakawanda yezviridzwa. Pakupera kwe30s - kutanga kwe40s. zvinosanganisira Symphony; piano konzati; chamber ensembles (Quintet, Trio); 2 sonatas, 2 partitas, Album yevana yepiyano. Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa izvi muzvinyorwa zvevanyori zvitsva zvakawana mukurumbira uye zvakatora nzvimbo yazvo pachikuva chekonzati.

Asi chinhu chikuru mubasa raSviridov mimhanzi yezwi (nziyo, rudo, kutenderera kwezwi, cantatas, oratorios, mabasa ekwaya). Pano, pfungwa yake inoshamisa yevhesi, kudzika kwekunzwisisa kwenhetembo uye tarenda rakapfuma remelodic zvakabatanidzwa nemufaro. Haana chete "kuimba" mitsara yeMayakovsky (kuwedzera kune oratorio - mimhanzi yakakurumbira kudhindwa "Nyaya yeBagels uye Mukadzi Asingazivi Republic"), B. Pasternak (cantata "Kune chando"). , N. Gogol's prose (kwaya "Pavaduku Vakarasika" ), asiwo mumhanzi uye maitiro akagadziridzwa rwiyo rwemazuva ano. Mukuwedzera kune vanyori vakataurwa, akaisa kumimhanzi mitsetse yakawanda naV. Shakespeare, P. Beranger, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev, B. Kornilov, A. Prokofiev, A. Tvardovsky, F. Sologub, V. Khlebnikov uye vamwe - kubva kuvadetembi -Decembrists kuna K. Kuliev.

Mumhanzi waSviridov, simba remweya uye kudzika kwehuzivi hwenhetembo zvinoratidzwa munziyo dzekuboora, kujeka kwekristaro, mukuwanda kwemavara e orchestra, mune yekutanga modal chimiro. Kutanga ne "Nhetembo muKurangarira kwaSergei Yesenin", munyori anoshandisa mumhanzi wake mataurirwo-maitiro eiyo yekare Orthodox Znamenny chant. Kuvimba nenyika yehunyanzvi hwezvemweya yevanhu veRussia inogona kuteverwa munziyo dzakadai sekuti "Mweya wakasuwa pamusoro pedenga", mumakonti ekwaya "In Memory of AA Yurlov" uye "Pushkin's Wreath", zvinoshamisa. machira ekwaya aisanganisirwa mumimhanzi yedhirama A K. Tolstoy “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” (“Munamato”, “Rudo Rutsvene”, “Verse yePenitence”). Mimhanzi yemabasa aya yakachena uye inoyevedza, ine chirevo chikuru chetsika. Pane chiitiko mufirimu refirimu "Georgy Sviridov" apo munyori anomira pamberi pemufananidzo muBlok's apartment museum (Leningrad), iyo mudetembi pachake haana kumboparadzana nayo. Iyi itsinhiro yomufananidzo waSalome ane Musoro waJohane Mubhapatidzi (kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 1963) nenyanzvi yechiDutch K. Massis, apo mifananidzo yomudzvinyiriri Herodhe nomuporofita akafira zvokwadi inosiana zvakajeka. "Muporofita chiratidzo chemudetembi, magumo ake!" Sviridov anodaro. Kufambirana uku hakusi netsaona. Blok yakave nekufanofungidzira kwemoto, chamupupuri uye ramangwana rinosiririsa remuzana ramakore re40 rinouya. Uye kumashoko echiporofita chinotyisa cheBlok, Sviridov akasika chimwe chezvinyorwa zvake "Inzwi kubva kuKwaya" (1963). Blok akadzokorodza akafuridzira munyori, uyo akanyora nezve 1962 nziyo dzichibva munhetembo dzake: idzi solo miniature, uye kamuri kutenderera "Petersburg Nziyo" (1967), uye madiki cantatas "Nziyo Dzinosuruvarisa" (1979), "Nziyo shanu pamusoro peRussia" (1980), uye nhetembo dzekwaya cyclic Night Clouds (XNUMX), Nziyo dzeNguva isina nguva (XNUMX).

… Vamwe vadetembi vaviri, avo vaivawo nezvimiro zvechiporofita, vanotora nzvimbo huru mubasa raSviridov. Izvi ndizvo Pushkin uye Yesenin. Kumavhesi aPushkin, akazvipa pasi uye nemabhuku ose emangwana echiRussia kune izwi rechokwadi nehana, uyo akashumira vanhu neunyanzvi hwake, Sviridov, mukuwedzera kune nziyo dzega uye rudo rwevechidiki, akanyora gumi akanaka ekwaya yePushkin's Wreath. ” (10), apo kuburikidza nekuwirirana uye mufaro wehupenyu kunoputsa kuratidzwa kwakanyanya kwemudetembi ari ega nekusingaperi ("Vanorova mambakwedza"). Yesenin ndiye wepedyo uye, mune zvese, mudetembi mukuru weSviridov (anenge makumi mashanu ega uye nziyo dzekwaya). Zvinoshamisa kuti, munyori akaziva nhetembo dzake muna 1979. Mutsara wekuti "Ndiri mudetembi wekupedzisira wemusha" wakavhundutsa uye pakarepo wakava mimhanzi, bukira kubva "Nhetembo muMemory of Sergei Yesenin" yakakura - basa rinokosha. yeSviridov, yemimhanzi yeSoviet uye kazhinji, kuti nzanga yedu inzwisise zvakawanda zvehupenyu hweRussia mumakore iwayo. Yesenin, sevamwe vakuru "co-vanyori" veSviridov, vaiva nechipo cheuporofita - kumashure pakati pe50s. akaporofita kuguma kunotyisa kwenyika yeRussia. "Iron muenzi", achiuya "panzira yemunda webhuruu", haisi motokari iyo Yesenin inonzi yaitya (sezvaimbove yakatendwa), iyi ndiyo apocalyptic, chifananidzo chinotyisa. Pfungwa dzanyanduri dzakanzwikwa uye dzakaratidzwa munziyo nemunyori. Pakati pemabasa ake naYesenin makwaya, mashiripiti muhupfumi hwavo hwenhetembo ("Mweya unosuwa kudenga", "Manheru ebhuruu", "Tabun"), cantatas, nziyo dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kusvika kuimba-yezwi nhetembo "Vakaenda. Russia" (1956).

Sviridov, ane hunhu hwake hwekufanoona, pakutanga uye zvakadzika kupfuura mamwe maverengeka mazhinji etsika yeSoviet, akanzwa kudikanwa kwekuchengetedza mutauro wechiRussia nhetembo uye mimhanzi, hupfumi hunokosha hwehunyanzvi hwekare hwakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore, nekuti pamusoro peiyi hupfumi hwenyika muzera redu rose. kuputswa kwenheyo netsika, muzera rekushungurudzwa zvine ruzivo, zviri zvechokwadi pakanga paine njodzi yekuparadzwa. Uye kana mabhuku edu emazuva ano, kunyanya kuburikidza nemiromo yaV. Astafiev, V. Belov, V. Rasputin, N. Rubtsov, achidana nenzwi guru kuti aponese izvo zvichiri kuponeswa, ipapo Sviridov akataura pamusoro peizvi kumashure pakati- 50s.

Chinhu chakakosha cheunyanzvi hwaSviridov ndeye "super-historicity". Icho chiri pamusoro peRussia yose, ichifukidza zvayo zvekare, zvazvino uye zveramangwana. Munyori anogara achiziva nzira yekusimbisa iyo inonyanya kukosha uye isingafi. Inyanzvi yekwaya yeSviridov yakavakirwa pane dzakadai seyemweya Orthodox nziyo uye ngano yeRussia, inosanganisira mukutenderera kwayo kutenderera mutauro werwiyo rwechimurenga, kufora, kutaura kwekutaura - ndiko kuti, zvinyorwa zvinonzwika zvezana ramakore rechi XX. , uye panheyo iyi chiitiko chitsva chakadai sesimba uye runako, simba remweya uye kupinda mukati, izvo zvinosimudza choral art yenguva yedu kune imwe nhanho. Pakanga paine zuva rekufarirwa kweRussia classical opera, kwakave nekusimuka kweSoviet symphony. Nhasi, hutsva hweSoviet choral art, inopindirana uye yakakwirira, iyo isina analogues ingave yekare kana mumhanzi wemazuva ano wekunze, chiratidzo chakakosha chehupfumi hwemweya uye simba revanhu vedu. Uye ichi ndicho chiitiko chekugadzira cheSviridov. Zvaakawana zvakagadzirwa nekubudirira kukuru nevamwe vanyori veSoviet: V. Gavrilin, V. Tormis, V. Rubin, Yu. Butsko, K. Volkov. A. Nikolaev, A. Kholminov nevamwe.

Mimhanzi yaSviridov yakava yemhando yepamusoro yeSoviet art yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. nekuda kwekudzika kwayo, kuwirirana, kubatana kwepedyo netsika dzakapfuma dzechiRussia mimhanzi tsika.

L. Polyakova