Lyra: tsananguro yechiridzwa, kuumbwa, nhoroondo, ruzha, kushandisa, kutamba maitiro

Kune mazwi ane mukurumbira anoshandiswa pasina kufunga nezvekwaakabva. Nhetembo, makomedhi, nziyo, nhaurirano dzinogona kuve dzenziyo - asi iyi epithet inorevei chaizvo? Uye shoko rinonzwisisika rokuti "lyric" rakabva kupi mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana?

Chii chinonzi lira

Kuonekwa kwe epithet yemweya uye izwi rekuti munhu ane chikwereti kune maGiriki ekare. Iyo mbira chiridzwa chemumhanzi, chiridzwa icho chaive chikamu cheiyo yekutanga kosi yevagari veGreece yekare. Huwandu hwetambo paye classical lyre yaive nomwe, maererano nenhamba yemapuraneti, uye yaimiririra kuwirirana kwenyika.

Kukuperekedzwa kwembira, solo epic nziyo dzakaverengwa mukwaya pachena uye mabasa ediki mafomu enhetembo mudenderedzwa rakasarudzwa, nekudaro zita remhando yenhetembo - mazwi. Kekutanga, izwi rekuti lyra rinowanikwa mudetembi Archilochus - kuwanikwa kunotangira pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC. VaGiriki vakashandisa izwi iri kuratidza zviridzwa zvose zvemhuri yembira, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa - kuumba, iyo inotaurwa muIliad, barbit, cithara uye helis (zvinoreva turtle muchiGiriki).

Chiridzwa chekare chakabvutwa chine tambo, chinofananidzwa nembira mukuzivikanwa mumabhuku ekare, munguva dzazvino inozivikanwa sechiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, chiratidzo chepasi rose chevadetembi nemapoka emauto.

Tool mudziyo

Rudimbwa rune tambo rwakagara nhaka chimiro charwo chedenderedzwa kubva pazvinhu zvakatanga kugadzirwa kubva kugoko rekamba. Mutumbi wakati sandara wakanga wakafukidzwa nedehwe remombe, wakashongedzerwa nenyanga mbiri dzemhembwe kana kuti matanda akakombama pamativi. Chitanda chakachinjika chakasungirirwa nechepamusoro penyanga dzacho.

Pachivakwa chakapedzwa, chaiita sekora, vaidhonza tambo dzakareba zvakafanana kubva paura hwemakwai kana kuti hemp, mufurakisi, kubva pa3 kusvika ku11. Dzaibatanidzwa nembariro nemuviri. Pamitambo, vaGiriki vaifarira 7-tambo zviridzwa. Paivawo ne11-12-tambo uye yakaparadzana 18-tambo yekuedza mienzaniso.

Kusiyana nevaGiriki nevaRoma, dzimwe tsika dzekare dzeMedithera neKumabvazuva kweKumabvazuva dzaiwanzoshandisa quadrangular resonator.

Gare gare vamwe veEurope yokuchamhembe vakavawo nemisiyano yavo. Iyo yekare mbira yeGerman yakawanikwa yakatanga muzana ramakore re1300, uye rotta yeScandinavia yakatanga kusvika XNUMX. Iyo medieval yeGerman rotta inogadzirwa zvinoenderana nemisimboti yakafanana neyemienzaniso yeHellenic, asi muviri, mbiru uye crossbar yakavezwa kubva pamatanda akasimba.

History

Mumifananidzo uye zvivezwa zvekare, Apollo, Muses, Paris, Eros, Orpheus, uye, zvechokwadi, mwari Hermes anoratidzwa nembira. VaGiriki vakati kugadzirwa kwechiridzwa chekutanga kune uyu aigara muOlympus. Maererano nengano, mwari muduku wekare akabvisa manapukeni ake ndokuenda kunoba mombe dzinoyera dzemumwe mwari, Apollo. Vari munzira kudaro, mwana wegondo akagadzira mbira netsvimbo. Apo umbavha hwakaonekwa, Hermes akafadza Apollo zvakanyanya nehunyanzvi hwake zvekuti akamusiira mombe ndokutora toyi yemimhanzi. Nokudaro, vaGiriki vanodana chimbo chechitendero Apollonian, mukusiyana neDionysian wind aulos.

Chiridzwa chenziyo chiri muchimiro chekora chinoratidzwa pazvigadzirwa zvevanhu vekuMiddle East, Sumer, Rome, Greece, Egypt, inowanikwa pasi pezita rekuti "kinnor" muTorah. Munyika yeSumer yeUri, mbira dzekare dzakachengetwa mumakuva, rimwe rawo riine mitsetse yehoko gumi neimwe. Chimwe chikamu che11-year-old chiridzwa chakafanana chakawanikwa muScotland, iyo inoratidzika semuswe. Mudimbwa unonzi tateguru wezviridzwa zvine tambo zvakawanda zvemazuva ano.

kushandisa

Nekuda kwenhetembo dzaHomer, ruzivo rwakachengetwa rwekuti zviridzwa zvakatora chikamu sei muhupenyu hwenzanga yeMycenaean pakupera kwe2nd millennium BC. Mimhanzi yetambo yakashandiswa mukubatanidzwa kwebasa, mukukudza vamwari, mazororo echiGiriki akajairika, masimpoziamu uye kufora kwechitendero.

Vadetembi nemakwaya vakaita mabasa achiperekedzwa nembira pazvirongwa zvekukudza kukunda kwemauto, makwikwi emitambo, uye Mitambo yePythian. Pasina kuperekedzwa nevadetembi, mhemberero dzemuchato, mabiko, kukohwa mazambiringa, mhemberero dzemariro, tsika dzemumba uye mitambo yemitambo haigone kuita. Vaimbi vakapinda muchikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hwemweya hwevanhu vekare - mazororo mukukudza vamwari. Dithyrambs nedzimwe nziyo dzerumbidzo dzaiverengwa kuti tambo dzacho dzitangwe.

Kudzidzira kuridza mbira kwakashandiswa mukurerwa kwechizvarwa chitsva chinowirirana. Aristotle naPlato vakasimbirira pakudiwa kwemimhanzi mukuumba hunhu. Kuridza chiridzwa chaive chinhu chakakosha padzidzo yevaGiriki.

Kuridza mbira

Yaive tsika kubata chiridzwa chakatwasuka, kana kurereka kubva pauri, pakona ye45 °. Vaiverenga vaiita vakamira kana kugara. Vaitamba nehombe yebhonzo, vachibatanidza dzimwe, tambo dzisina kufanira neruoko rwavo rwemahara. Tambo yakasungirirwa paplectrum.

Kugadziriswa kwechiridzwa chekare chaiitwa maererano ne5-nhanho chiyero. Nzira yokuridza nayo mitengeranwa yakasiyana-siyana inotekeshera pasi rose - aziva chiridzwa chimwe chine tambo, muimbi anogona kuridza dzose. Uyezve, chiyero chetambo 7 chaichengetwa mumhuri yose yembira.

Multi-tambo yakapihwa mhosva seyakawandisa, zvichitungamira kune polyphony. Kubva kumuimbi wekare kare vaida kuzvidzora mukuita uye hukuru hwakasimba. Kuridza mbira kwaiwanikwa varume nevakadzi. Kurambidzwa kwevakadzi chete kwaisanganisira cithara nehombe yemapuranga - vakomana chete ndivo vaibvumirwa kudzidza. Vaimbi vane kitharas (kifarods) vakaimba nhetembo dzaHomer nemamwe mavhesi ane hexametric kuenda kunziyo dzakanyatsogadzirwa - mazita.