Johann Christian Bach |

Johann Christian Bach

Johann Christian Bach, pakati pezvimwe zvakanaka, akarera nekurima ruva renyasha nenyasha paivhu rekare. F. Rohlic

"Mukuru wevanakomana vose vaSebastian" (G. Abert), mutongi wemafungiro emimhanzi yeEurope, mudzidzisi wefashoni, munyori anozivikanwa zvikuru, uyo anogona kukwikwidzana nemukurumbira nemumwe wenguva yake. Matambudziko akadai akawira gotwe pavanakomana vaJS Bach, Johann Christian, uyo akadzika munhoroondo pasi pezita rekuti "Milanese" kana "London" Bach. Makore echidiki chete aJohann Christian akapedzerwa muGermany: anosvika makore gumi nemashanu ari mumusha wevabereki, uyezve achidzidziswa naPhilip Emanuel munun'una mukuru wehafu - "Berlin" Bach - muPotsdam padare raFrederick Mukuru. Muna 15, jaya, wekutanga uye chete wemhuri yose, akasiya nyika yake nokusingaperi. Nzira yake iri muItaly, ichienderera mberi muzana remakore re XVIII. kuve mecca yemimhanzi yeEurope. Seri kwekubudirira kwemuimbi wechidiki muBerlin se harpsichordist, pamwe chete nechiitiko chiduku chekunyora, chaakavandudza kare muBologna, ane mukurumbira Padre Martini. Fortune kubva pakutanga akanyemwerera kuna Johann Christian, izvo zvakafambiswa zvakanyanya nekutora kwake chiCatholic. Tsamba dzekurumbidza kubva kuNaples, ipapo kubva kuMilan, pamwe chete nemukurumbira wemudzidzi wePadre Martini, akazarura mikova yeMilan Cathedral yaJohann Christian, kwaakatora nzvimbo yemumwe wevanyori. Asi basa remuimbi wechechi, uyo aiva baba vake nevanin'ina, haana kukwezva gotwe reBachs. Nenguva isipi, munyori mutsva weOpera akazvizivisa, achikurumidza kukunda nhanho dzemitambo muItaly: maopus ake akaiswa muTurin, Naples, Milan, Parma, Perugia, uye pakupera kwema1754s. uye kumba, muBraunschweig. Mukurumbira waJohann Christian wakasvika kuVienna neLondon, uye muna Chivabvu 60 akakumbira zororo revakuru vechechi kuti azadzise hurongwa hweopera kubva kuLondon Royal Theatre.

Nguva itsva yakatanga muhupenyu hwemaestro, uyo aifanira kuzove wechipiri mumutsara wevatatu vevaimbi veGerman vakaita mbiri ye… Mumhanzi wechirungu: mutsivi weGF Handel, Johann Christian, angangoita makore makumi matatu pamberi pemutambo. kuonekwa pamhenderekedzo yeAlbion I. Haydn ... Hazvingave zvekuwedzeredza kufunga 3-1762 muhupenyu hwemimhanzi hweguta guru reChirungu panguva yaJohann Christian, uyo akakunda zvakakodzera zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "London" Bach.

Kusimba kwekunyora kwake uye kuita kwehunyanzvi, kunyangwe nezviyero zvezana ramakore reXVIII. yakanga yakakura. Ane simba uye ane chinangwa - iyi ndiyo nzira yaanotitarisa nayo kubva pamufananidzo unoshamisa weshamwari yake T. Gainsborough (1776), akatumwa naPadre Martini, akakwanisa kuvhara zvinenge zvese zvingaita zvehupenyu hwemimhanzi yenguva.

Kutanga, theatre. Ose ari maviri eRoyal Courtyard, uko ma "Italian" opuss eiyo maestro akaitirwa, uye Royal Covent Garden, umo muna 1765 iyo yekutanga yechinyakare yeChirungu ballad opera The Mill Maiden yakaitika, izvo zvakamuunzira mukurumbira. Nziyo dze“Muranda” dzaiimbwa nevateereri vakawanda. Hapana akabudirira zvishoma aive maItalian arias, akaburitswa uye akatenderedzwa zvakasiyana, pamwe nenziyo pachadzo, dzakaunganidzwa muzvikamu zvitatu.

Yechipiri inonyanya kukosha nzvimbo yechiitiko chaJohann Christian yairidza mimhanzi nekudzidzisa mudenderedzwa revanoda mimhanzi, kunyanya mutsigiri wake Mambokadzi Charlotte (nenzira, chizvarwa chekuGermany). Ndaifanirawo kuimba nenziyo dzinoyera, dzaiitwa maererano netsika dzechiRungu munhandare panguva yeLent. Heano oratorios naN. Iommelli, G. Pergolesi, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvake, izvo munyori akatanga kunyora muItaly (Requiem, Short Mass, nezvimwewo). Zvinofanira kubvumwa kuti marudzi emweya akanga asina kufarira zvishoma uye asina kubudirira zvikuru (kunyange zviitiko zvekukundikana zvinozivikanwa) kune "London" Bach, uyo akazvipira zvachose kumimhanzi yenyika. Kusvikira pamwero mukuru, izvi zvakazviratidza mune imwe nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha ye maestro - "Bach-Abel concertos", iyo yaakasimbisa pakutengeserana neshamwari yake achiri kuyaruka, munyori uye gambo player, aimbova mudzidzi waJohann Sebastian CF. Abheri. Yakavambwa muna 1764, iyo Bach-Abel Concertos yakaisa toni yeLondon mimhanzi yenyika kwenguva yakareba. Kutanga, mitambo inobatsira, kuratidzwa kwezviridzwa zvitsva (somuenzaniso, nekuda kwaJohann Christian, piyano yakatanga kutanga sechiridzwa chega muLondon kekutanga) - izvi zvese zvakava chinhu chakakosha chebhizinesi reBach-Abel, iro rakapa. makonzati anosvika gumi nemashanu pamwaka. Nheyo ye repertoire yaiva mabasa evarongi pachavo: cantatas, symphonies, overtures, concertos, dzakawanda kamuri nziyo. Pano munhu aigona kunzwa symphonies yaHaydn, zivana nevaimbi veiyo yakakurumbira Mannheim Chapel.

Uyewo, mabhuku e“Chirungu” akaparadzirwa zvikuru muEurope. Atova kuma60s. dzakaitirwa muParis. Vadikani vemimhanzi vekuEurope vakatsvaga kuwana Johann Christian kwete semuimbi chete, asiwo semubati webhendi. Kubudirira chaiko kwakamumirira muMannheim, iyo nhamba yenziyo dzakanyorwa (kusanganisira 6 quintets op. 11 yenyere, oboe, violin, viola uye basso continuo, yakatsaurirwa kune yakakurumbira mimhanzi connoisseur Elector Karl Theodor). Johann Christian akatotamira kuMannheim kwekanguva, uko mitambo yake inonzi Themistocles (1772) naLucius Sulla (1774) yakaitwa zvinobudirira.

Achivimba nemukurumbira wake mumitambo yeFrance semuimbi wezviridzwa, anonyora zvakananga kuParis (akatumwa neRoyal Academy of Music) iyo opera Amadis yeGaul, yakatanga kuitwa pamberi paMarie Antoinette muna 1779. Kunyange zvazvo yakaitwa nenzira yeFrench - nekusiyana kwetsika. pamagumo chiito chega chega - opera yakanga isiri kubudirira, iyo yakaratidza kutanga kwekuderera kwepamusoro mukugadzira uye unyanzvi hwekuita maestro. Zita rake rinoramba richionekwa muzvinyorwa zvekare zveimba yehumambo, asi Amadis akakundikana aifanira kuzove Johann Christian yekupedzisira operatic opus. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kufarira mu "Bach-Abel Concertos" kunoperawo. Nhau dzedare dzakaramba Johann Christian pamabasa echipiri, kuderera kwehutano, zvikwereti zvakatungamirira kurufu rwekukurumidza rwemunyori, uyo akangopona kwenguva pfupi kubwinya kwake kwakapera. Ruzhinji rwechiRungu, ruchiva rwezvitsva, rwakachikanganwa pakarepo.

Kwehupenyu hupfupi, "London" Bach yakagadzira nhamba huru yezvinyorwa, zvichiratidza mweya wenguva yake nekuzara kunoshamisa. Mudzimu we epoch r wave kuda kuita nezve. Matauriro ake kuna baba mukuru "alte Perucke" (lit. - "wig yekare") anozivikanwa. Mumashoko aya, hapana kunyanya kusaremekedza tsika yemhuri yekare sechiratidzo chekutendeuka kwakananga kune itsva, umo Johann Christian akaenda zvakanyanya kupfuura hama dzake. Chirevo mune imwe yetsamba dzaWA Mozart hunhu: "Ndiri kuunganidza fugues dzaBach. "SaSebastian, ndizvo zvakaita Emanuel naFriedemann" (1782), uyo nokudaro haana kuparadzanisa baba vake kubva kuvanakomana vake vakuru pavakadzidza chimiro chekare. Uye Mozart akanga ane kunzwa kwakasiyana chose chose nokuda kwechidhori chake cheLondon (kuzivana kwakaitika muna 1764 mukati mokushanya kwaMozart muLondon), iyo nokuda kwake yakanga iri musimboti wevose vakatanhamara zvikurusa muunyanzvi hwenziyo.

Chikamu chakakosha chenhaka ye "London" Bach inoumbwa nema operas kunyanya mumhando ye seria, iyo yakaitika pakupera kwe60-70s. XVIII remakore mumabasa aJ. Sarti, P. Guglielmi, N. Piccinni nevamwe vamiririri vezvinonzi. neo-Neapolitan chikoro chechipiri vechidiki. Basa rakakosha mukuita uku nderaJohann Christian, akatanga basa rake rekuvhiya muNaples uye akatungamira nzira yambotaurwa.

Yakatsva muma70s. Muhondo yakakurumbira pakati pe "glukkists uye picchinists", "London" Bach angangove ari kudivi rekupedzisira. Zvaisava pasina kuti iye, asingazezi, akapa shanduro yake yeGluck's Orpheus, achipa, pamwe chete naGuglielmi, iyi yekutanga reformist opera ine nhamba dzakaiswa (!) "Novelty" yakabudirira muLondon kwemwaka yakati wandei (1769-73), ndokuzotumirwa kunze naBach kuNaples (1774).

Iwo operas aJohann Christian pachake, akagadzirirwa zvinoenderana neanozivikanwa chirongwa che "konsati mune zvipfeko", ave aripo kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. libretto yerudzi rweMetastasian, kunze isina kunyanya kusiyana kubva kune akawanda emamwe maopus erudzi urwu. Ichi ndicho chisikwa chidiki chemunyori-munyori wemitambo. Simba ravo rinowanikwa kune imwe nzvimbo: murupo rwemimhanzi, kukwana kwechimiro, "kupfuma kwekubatana, mucheka weunyanzvi wezvikamu, kushandiswa kutsva kunofadza kwezviridzwa zvemhepo" (C. Burney).

Basa rekushandisa raBach rinoratidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana. Kuzivikanwa kwakakura kwezvinyorwa zvake, izvo zvakagoverwa muzvinyorwa (sezvavakataura panguva iyoyo kune "vanoda mafaro", kubva kuvagariwo zvavo kusvika kunhengo dzezvikoro zvehumambo), hunhu hunopokana (Johann Christian aive angangoita matatu akasiyana ezita rake: mukuwedzera. kusvika kuGerman.Bach,Italian.Bakki,Chirungu

Mumabasa ake e orchestra - overtures uye symphonies - Johann Christian akamira pane pre-classicist zvinzvimbo zvese mukuvakwa kwese (maererano neyakajairwa "Neapolitan" chirongwa, nekukurumidza - zvishoma nezvishoma - nekukurumidza), uye mune orchestral mhinduro, kazhinji zvinoenderana. panzvimbo uye chimiro chemimhanzi. Mune izvi akasiyana kubva kuMannheimers uye kubva kuHaydn yekutanga, nekuvavarira kwavo kukwenenzverwa kwezvose zviri zviviri kutenderera uye zvinyorwa. Zvisinei, pakanga pane zvakawanda zvakafanana: sekutonga, nzvimbo dzakanyanyisa dze "London" Bach dzakanyora, maererano, nenzira ye sonata allegro uye "mukuda kwechimiro chegallant era - rondo" (Abert). Mupiro unokosha zvikuru waJohann Christian mukukura kwekonsati inowanikwa mubasa rake mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Iyo konzati symphony yezviridzwa zvakati wandei uye orchestra, muchinjiko pakati pebaroque concerto grosso uye solo concerto yevakuru vakuru vekirasi. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa op. 18 kune vana soloists, kukwezva melodic hupfumi, hunhu, rusununguko rwekuvaka. Zvese zvinodzokororwa naJohann Christian, kunze kwemaopu ekutanga emhepo yehuni (nyere, oboe uye bassoon, yakagadzirwa panguva yekudzidzira kwake pasi paPhilipp Emanuel paPotsdam Chapel), yakanyorerwa clavier, chiridzwa chaive nechirevo chepasi rose kwaari. . Kunyange muhuduku hwake, Johann Christian akazviratidza kuva ane tarenda kwazvo clavier player, iyo, sezviri pachena, yaifanirwa zvakanakisisa, mukuona kwehama, uye negodo ravo risiri duku, chikamu chenhaka: 3 harpsichords. Muimbi wemakonzati, mudzidzisi ane fashoni, akapedza nguva yakawanda youpenyu hwake achiridza chiridzwa chaanofarira. Mazhinji madiki uye sonatas akanyorerwa clavier (kusanganisira mana-mawoko "zvidzidzo" zvevadzidzi neaamateurs, zvinokwezva nekutsva kwavo kwepakutanga uye kukwana, kuwanda kwezvakawanikwa zvepakutanga, nyasha uye kunaka). Zvinoshamisa ndezvokutenderera Six sonatas ye harpsichord kana "piano-forte" (1765), yakarongwa naMozart ye clavier, maviolin maviri uye bass. Basa re clavier rakakura kwazvo mumhanzi wekamuri yaJohann Christian.

Pearl yehunyanzvi hwekugadzira Johann Christian ndeye ake ensemble opus (quartets, quintets, sextets) ine emphatic virtuoso chikamu chemumwe wevatori vechikamu. Iyo yepamusoro yemhando iyi yemhando yepamusoro ndeye Concerto ye clavier uye orchestra (hazvina kuitika kuti Johann Christian muna 1763 akahwina zita re "master of music" yamambokadzi ne clavier concerto). Kwaari ndiko kwakanakira kugadzirwa kwemhando nyowani yeclavier concerto ine kuratidzwa kaviri mukufamba kwe1.

Rufu rwaJohann Christian, rusina kucherechedzwa neLondoners, rwakaonekwa naMozart sekurasikirwa kukuru kwenyika yemimhanzi. Uye mazana emakore chete gare gare, nzwisiso yaMozart ye“kukodzera” kwababa vake vomudzimu kwakava kunozivikanwa navose. "Ruva renyasha nenyasha, akashinga pavanakomana vaSebastian akatora nzvimbo yake yakakodzera munhoroondo yemimhanzi."

T. Frumkis