Variations |

kubva lat. kusiyana - kuchinja, zvakasiyana-siyana

Chimiro chemumhanzi umo dingindira (dzimwe nguva madingindira maviri kana anopfuura) rinoratidzwa kakawanda nekuchinja kwemaitiro, maitiro, tonality, kuwirirana, reshiyo yemanzwi anopikisa, timbre (chiridzwa), nezvimwewo. MuV. chimwe nechimwe, kwete chikamu chimwe chete (semuenzaniso, ., magadzirirwo, kuwirirana, nezvimwewo), asiwo nhamba yezvikamu muunganidzwa. Kutevera imwe mushure meimwe, V. inoumba shanduko yakasiyana-siyana, asi muchimiro chakafara vanogona kupindirana ne c.-l. mamwe madingindira. zvinhu, ipapo izvo zvinonzi. dispersed variational cycle. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, kubatana kwekutenderera kunotariswa nekufanana kwemasvomhu kubva kune imwechete art. dhizaini, uye mutsara wakazara wemuses. kukura, kurayira kushandiswa mune imwe neimwe V. yedzimwe nzira dzekuchinja uye kupa zvine musoro. kubatana kwese. V. inogona kunge yakazvimiririra chigadzirwa. (Tema con variazioni - theme with V.), uye chikamu cheimwe huru instr. kana wok. mafomu (operas, oratorios, cantatas).

V. chimiro chine nar. mavambo. Mabviro ayo anodzokera kune iwo masampula enziyo dzevanhu uye instr. mumhanzi, apo rwiyo rwakachinja nekudzokorora kwecouplet. Kunyanya kunobatsira pakuumbwa kweV. chorus. rwiyo, umo, nekuzivikanwa kana kufanana kwemukuru. mutinhimira, pane zvinogara zvichichinja mune mamwe manzwi ekwaya. Mafomu akadaro ekusiyana ndiwo maitiro ekugadzirwa kwema polygols. tsika - Russian, cargo, uye vamwe vakawanda. etc. Munzvimbo ye nar. instr. mimhanzi yakasiyana-siyana yakazviratidza mumabhangi maviri. matambiro, ayo akazova hwaro hwekutamba. suites. Kunyangwe musiyano muNar. mimhanzi inowanzosimuka zvisina kunaka, izvi hazvikanganise kuumbwa kwekusiyana. cycles.

Muprof. Western European mimhanzi tsika musiyano. unyanzvi hwakatanga kuumbwa pakati pevanyori vainyora vachipikisa. chimiro chakasimba. Cantus firmus yakaperekedzwa nepolyphonic. manzwi akakwereta mazwi ake, asi akaaratidza nenzira yakasiyana-siyana - mukuderera, kuwedzera, kutendeuka, neine rhythmic yakashandurwa. kudhirowa, nezvimwewo Dingindira naV. mumazuva ano. Kunzwisisa kwechimiro ichi kwakasimuka, sezviri pachena, muzana remakore rechi16, apo passacaglia uye chaconnes yakaonekwa, inomiririra V. pane imwe bhasi isina kuchinjwa (ona Basso ostinato). J. Frescobaldi, G. Purcell, A. Vivaldi, JS Bach, GF Handel, F. Couperin nevamwe vanyori vezana remakore rechi17-18. yakashandiswa zvakanyanya fomu iri. Panguva imwecheteyo, madingindira emimhanzi akagadziridzwa pamadingindira enziyo akakweretwa kubva kumimhanzi yakakurumbira (V. padingindira rerwiyo "The Driver's Pipe" naW. Byrd) kana kuumbwa nemunyori V. (JS Bach, Aria kubva ku30th. zana remakore). Iyi genus V. yakapararira mu 2nd floor. 18th uye 19th mazana emakore mubasa raJ. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert uye gare gare vanyori. Vakagadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakazvimirira. muchimiro cheV., kazhinji pamadingindira akakweretwa, uye V. akaiswa mu sonata-symphony. kutenderera sechimwe chezvikamu (muzviitiko zvakadaro, dingindira raiwanzo kunyorwa nemunyori pachake). Kunyanya hunhu ndiko kushandiswa kweV. mukupedzisira kupedzisa cyclic. mafomu (Haydn's symphony No. 31, Mozart's quartet mu d-moll, K.-V. 421, Beethoven's symphonies No. 3 uye No. 9, Brahms 'No. 4). Mukonzati kudzidzira 18 uye 1st pasi. 19th mazana emakore V. aigara akashanda sechimiro chekuvandudza: WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, N. Paganini, F. Liszt nevamwe vakawanda. vamwe vakanatsiridza V. padingindira rakasarudzwa.

Kutanga kwekusiyana. cycles in Russian Prof. mimhanzi inowanikwa mupolygoal. gadziriro dzenziyo dzeZnamenny nedzimwe nziyo, umo kuwiriraniswa kwakasiyana nekudzokorora kwenziyo (pakupera kwe17th - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi18). Aya mafomu akasiya chiratidzo pakugadzirwa. partes style nekwaya. konzati 2nd floor. 18th century (MS Berezovsky). In con. 18 - kupemha. 19th mazana emakore akawanda eV. akasikwa pamisoro yeRussia. nziyo - dze pianoforte, ye violin (IE Khandoshkin), nezvimwe.

Mumabasa ekupedzisira aL. Beethoven uye munguva dzakatevera, nzira itsva dzakaonekwa mukugadzirwa kwekusiyana. cycles. MuWestern Europe. V. mimhanzi yakatanga kududzirwa zvakasununguka kupfuura kare, kuvimba kwavo nedingindira kwakaderera, mafomu emhando akaonekwa muV., akasiyana. kutenderera kunofananidzwa ne suite. Mumhanzi wechiRussian classical, pakutanga muwok., uye gare gare mune chiridzwa, MI Glinka nevateveri vake vakagadzira yakasarudzika mhando. kutenderera, umo mutinhimira wedingindira wakaramba usina kushanduka, nepo zvimwe zvikamu zvichisiyana. Mienzaniso yokusiyana kwakadaro yakawanikwa kuMadokero naJ. Haydn nevamwe.

Zvichienderana nechiyero chechimiro chechinyorwa uye V., pane maviri akakosha. variant type. kutenderera: yekutanga, umo musoro uye V. zvine chimiro chakafanana, uye chechipiri, apo chimiro chemusoro uye V. chakasiyana. Rudzi rwekutanga runofanira kusanganisira V. paBasso ostinato, yekare. V. (dzimwe nguva inonzi yakasimba) pamadingindira enziyo uye V. ane mutinhimira usingachinji. Mune yakasimba V., kuwedzera kune chimiro, mita uye harmonic zvinowanzochengetedzwa. theme plan, saka ino zivikanwa zviri nyore kunyangwe nemusiyano wakanyanya. In vari. Mumatenderedzwa emhando yechipiri (iyo inonzi yakasununguka V.), kubatana kweV. nedingindira kunooneka kunopera simba pavanenge vachibuda. Imwe neimwe yeV. kazhinji ine mita yayo uye kuwirirana. kuronga uye kuratidza zvinhu zve k.-l. new genre, inobata chimiro che thematic uye muses. development; kuwirirana nedingindira kunochengetedzwa nekuda kweinzwi. kubatana.

Kune zvakare kutsauka kubva kune izvi zvakakosha. zviratidzo zvekusiyana. mafomu. Nokudaro, muV. yemhando yekutanga, chimiro dzimwe nguva chinoshanduka mukuenzanisa nedingindira, kunyange zvazvo maererano nekugadzirwa havapfuuri miganhu yemhando iyi; mune vari. Mumatenderedzwa emhando yechipiri, chimiro, mita, uye kuwirirana dzimwe nguva zvinochengetwa mukutanga V. yekutenderera uye shanduko chete mune dzinotevera. Kubva pakusiyana kwekubatanidza. mhando nemhando dzakasiyana. kutenderera, chimiro chezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinoumbwa. nguva itsva (yekupedzisira piano sonata No 2 naShostakovich).

Kusiyanisa Kusiyana. kutenderera kwerudzi rwekutanga kunotsanangurwa nekubatana kwezvinyorwa zvedimikira: V. ratidza hunyanzvi. zvinokwanisika zvedingindira uye zvinhu zvaro zvinoratidzira, semhedzisiro, inokura, inogoneka, asi yakabatana nehunhu hwemamuses. mufananidzo. Kuvandudzwa kweV. mukutenderera mune zvimwe zviitiko kunopa zvishoma nezvishoma kukurumidza kwe rhythmic. mafambiro (Handel's Passacaglia mu g-moll, Andante kubva kuBeethoven's sonata op. 57), mune dzimwe - inogadziridza machira epolygonal (Bach's aria ine 30 kusiyana, kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuHaydn's quartet op. 76 No 3) kana kurongeka kwakarongeka kwe mataurirwo edingindira, akatanga kufamba zvakasununguka, ndokuzoungana pamwechete (1st movement of Beethoven's sonata op. 26). Iyo yekupedzisira inobatanidzwa netsika yakareba yekupedzisa kusiyana. kutenderera nekubata dingindira (da capo). Beethoven aiwanzoshandisa nzira iyi, achiunza kugadzirwa kweimwe yekupedzisira kusiyana (32 V. c-moll) pedyo nedingindira kana kudzorera dingindira mumhedziso. zvikamu zvekutenderera (V. pamusoro pemusoro wekufamba kubva ku "Matongo eAtene"). Yekupedzisira (yekupedzisira) V. inowanzowedzera muchimiro uye inokurumidza mu tempo kupfuura dingindira, uye inoita basa rekodha, iyo inonyanya kukosha mukuzvimiririra. mabasa akanyorwa muchimiro cheV. Nekusiyana, Mozart akaunza imwe V. pamberi pekupedzisira mu tempo uye hunhu hwaAdagio, izvo zvakabatsira pakunyanya kusarudzwa kwekukurumidza kwekupedzisira V. Kuiswa kwemodhi-inosiyanisa V. kana boka V. pakati pekutenderera inoumba chimiro chetatu. Kutevedzana kuri kubuda: diki – guru – diki (32 V. Beethoven, kuguma kweSimphony yeBrahms No. 4) kana huru – diki – huru (sonata A-dur Mozart, K.-V. 331) inopfumisa zviri mukati memisiyano. inotenderera uye inounza kuwirirana kune chimiro chayo. Mune zvimwe zvakasiyana. kutenderera, modal musiyano inounzwa 2-3 nguva (misiyano yaBeethoven pane dingindira kubva ku ballet "The Forest Girl"). Mukutenderera kwaMozart, chimiro cheV. chinowedzerwa nekusiyana kwemavara, akaunzwa apo dingindira rakanga risina (V. mupiyano sonata A-dur, K.-V. 331, muserenade yeorchestra B-dur, K.-V. 361). Rudzi rwe "chirongwa chechipiri" chechimiro chiri kutora chimiro, icho chakanyanya kukosha kune akasiyana mavara uye hupamhi hweyakajairwa mutsauko. Mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Mozart inobatanidza V. nekuenderera mberi kweharmonics. shanduko (attaca), pasina kutsauka kubva pachimiro chemusoro. Somugumisiro, chimiro chemvura yakasiyana-siyana inoumbwa mukati mekutenderera, kusanganisira B.-Adagio uye yekupedzisira inowanzowanikwa pamagumo ekutenderera ("Je suis Lindor", "Salve tu, Domine", K. -V. 354, 398, nezvimwewo) . Kuunzwa kweAdagio uye kuguma kwekukurumidza kunoratidza kubatana neiyo sonata cycles, pesvedzero yavo pamatenderedzwa eV.

The tonality of V. mu classical. mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19. kazhinji kacho imwe chete yaichengetwa sezviri mudingindira, uye modal musiyano yakatangwa pahwaro hwetonic yakajairika, asi yatova F. Schubert mune misiyano mikuru. kutenderera kwakatanga kushandisa tonality yeVI yakaderera nhanho yeV., pakarepo ichitevera mudiki, uye nekudaro yakapfuura miganhu yeimwe tonic (Andante kubva kuTrout quintet). Mune vanyori vakazotevera, tonal siyana mukusiyana. matenderedzwa anowedzerwa (Brahms, V. uye fugue op. 24 padingindira reHandel) kana, zvakasiyana, kushaya simba; muchiitiko chekupedzisira, hupfumi hweharmonics hunoita semuripo. uye mutsauko wetimbre ("Bolero" naRavel).

Wok. V. ine mutinhimira wakafanana muchiRussian. vanyori vanobatana zvakare. chinyorwa chinopa rondedzero imwe chete. Mukuvandudzwa kweV., mifananidzo dzimwe nguva inomuka. nguva dzinoenderana nezviri murugwaro (kwaya yePezhiya kubva kune opera "Ruslan naLyudmila", rwiyo rwaVarlaam kubva kuopera "Boris Godunov"). Misiyano yakavhurika inogoneka zvakare mu opera. kutenderera, kana fomu rakadaro richirairwa nemunyori wemitambo. mamiriro ezvinhu (chiitiko muimba "Saka, ndakagara" kubva kune opera "Ivan Susanin", korasi "O, dambudziko riri kuuya, vanhu" kubva ku opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh").

To vari. mafomu emhando ye1 ari pedyo neV.-double, iyo inotevera dingindira uye inogumira kune imwe yemharidzo dzayo dzakasiyana (kashoma mbiri). Variants. havaumbi denderedzwa, nokuti havana kukwana; kutora kwaigona kuenda kutora II, etc. In instr. mimhanzi yezana remakore rechi18 V.-double inowanzobatanidzwa mune imwe suite, inosiyana imwe kana yakawanda. matambiro (partita h-moll Bach for violin solo), wok. mumimhanzi, vanosimuka kana vaviri vacho vachidzokororwa (Triquet's couplets kubva ku opera "Eugene Onegin"). A V.-double inogona kutorwa sezvivakwa zviviri zviri pedyo, zvakabatanidzwa neyakajairwa thematic chimiro. zvinhu (orc. sumo kubva pamufananidzo weII we prologue mu opera "Boris Godunov", No1 kubva kuProkofiev's "Fleeting").

Kusiyanisa Kusiyana. kutenderera kwe2nd type ("yemahara V.") yakanyanya kuoma. Mavambo avo anodzokera kuzana remakore rechi17, apo monothematic suite yakaumbwa; mune zvimwe zviitiko, kutamba kwaiva V. (I. Ya. Froberger, "Auf die Mayerin"). Bach in partitas - V. pamadingindira ekwaya - akashandisa mharidzo yemahara, achisimbisa masitanzi erwiyo rwekwaya nemapindiro, dzimwe nguva akafara kwazvo, uye nekudaro achitsauka kubva pachimiro chekutanga chekwaya ("Sei gegrüsset, Jesu gütig", "Allein Gott in der Höhe sei Ehr”, BWV 768, 771 nezvimwewo). MuV. yemhando yechipiri, inodzokera kuzana remakore rechi2 ne19, modal-tonal, genre, tempo, uye metrical maitiro anowedzera zvakanyanya. misiyano: inenge V. yose inomiririra chimwe chinhu chitsva mune izvi. Kubatana kwakabatana kwedenderedzwa kunotsigirwa nekushandiswa kwemazwi edingindira remusoro. Kubva pane izvi, V. inovandudza madingindira ayo, ane humwe rusununguko uye kugona kukudziridza. Nokudaro kushandiswa muV. ye reprise maviri-, matatu-chikamu, uye yakafara chimiro, kunyange kana musoro musoro wakanga usina (V. op. 20 Glazunov yepiyano). Mukuunganidza fomu, inononoka V. inobata basa rinokosha muhutano hweAdagio, Andante, nocturne, iyo inowanzo mu72nd floor. denderedzwa, uye yekupedzisira, ichikwevera pamwechete zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviridzwa. zvinhu zvekutenderera kwese. Kazhinji wekupedzisira V. ane pompous yekupedzisira hunhu (Schumann's Symphonic Etudes, chikamu chekupedzisira che2rd suite yeorchestra uye V. paTchaikovsky's rococo theme); kana V. yakaiswa pamagumo esonata-symphony. kutenderera, zvinogoneka kuabatanidza akachinjika kana kuti akatwasuka nedingindira. zvinyorwa zvekufamba kwekare (Tchaikovsky's trio "In Memory of the Great Artist", Taneyev's quartet No. 3). Zvimwe zvakasiyana. kutenderera mumafainari ane fugue (symphonic V. op. 3 by Dvořák) kana kusanganisira fugue mune imwe pre-final V. (78 V. op. 33 naBeethoven, 120nd chikamu cheTchaikovsky trio).

Dzimwe nguva V. inonyorwa pamisoro miviri, kashoma patatu. Muchikamu cherima-mbiri, imwe V. yedingindira rega rega inochinja nguva nenguva (Andante naHaydn's V. muf-moll yepiyano, Adagio kubva kuBeethoven's Symphony No 9) kana akati wandei V. (inononoka chikamu cheBeethoven's trio op. 70 No 2 ) Iyo yekupedzisira fomu yakanakira yemahara mutsauko. zvinyorwa pamadingindira maviri, apo V. akabatanidzwa nekubatanidza zvikamu (Andante kubva kuBeethoven's Symphony No. 5). Mukupedzisira kweBeethoven's Symphony No. 9, yakanyorwa mune vari. fomu, ch. nzvimbo yacho ndeyedingindira rekutanga (“dingindira remufaro”), iro rinogamuchira mutsauko wakakura. kukura, kusanganisira tonal variation uye fugato; dingindira rechipiri rinoonekwa pakati pechikamu chekupedzisira mune dzakawanda sarudzo; mune general fugue reprise, madingindira anopokana. Kuumbwa kwekupedzisira kwese kwakasununguka.

KuRussia V.'s classics pamisoro miviri yakabatana netsika. Chimiro cheV. kune rwiyo rusingachinji: imwe neimwe yemadingindira anogona kuve akasiyana, asi kuumbwa kwese kunoshanduka kuve kwakasununguka nekuda kwekuchinja kwetonal, kubatanidza zvivakwa uye kupokana kwemadingindira ("Kamarinskaya" naGlinka, " MuCentral Asia" naBorodin, mhemberero yemuchato kubva ku opera "The Snow Maiden"). Kunyanya kusununguka ndiko kuumbwa mumienzaniso isingawanzoitiki yeV. pamatatu matatu: kusununguka kwekuchinja uye plexus yethematicism ndiyo mamiriro ayo anokosha (chiitiko chiri musango rakachengetwa kubva kuopera The Snow Maiden).

V. yemhando mbiri dziri mu sonata-symphony. prod. anoshandiswa kakawanda sechimiro chekufamba kunononoka (kunze kwemabasa ataurwa pamusoro apa, ona Kreutzer Sonata uye Allegretto kubva kuBeethoven's Symphony No. 7, Schubert's Maiden uye Death Quartet, Glazunov's Symphony No. 6, piano concertos naProkofiev's Scriabin uye Kwete Symphony No 3 uye kubva kuViolin Concerto No 8), dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa seyo 1st movement kana yekupedzisira (mienzaniso yakataurwa pamusoro apa). Mumisiyano yeMozart, iyo iri chikamu chesonata cycle, kana B.-Adagio isipo (sonata yeviolin uye pianoforte Es-dur, quartet d-moll, K.-V. 1, 481), kana kutenderera kwakadaro pachako. haina zvikamu zvinononoka (sonata yepiyano A-dur, sonata yeviolin nepiyano A-dur, K.-V. 421, 331, zvichingodaro). V. yemhando ye305 inowanzobatanidzwa sechinhu chakakosha mune fomu yakakura, asi ipapo havagoni kuwana kukwana, uye zvakasiyana. kutenderera kunoramba kwakavhurika kune imwe thematic. chikamu. Data munhevedzano imwe chete, V. vanokwanisa kusiyanisa nemamwe madingindira. zvikamu zvechimiro chikuru, zvichitarisa kukura kweimwe muses. mufananidzo. Variation range. mafomu anoenderana nehunyanzvi. mazano ekugadzira. Saka, pakati pechikamu che1 cheShostakovich's Symphony No. mufananidzo we epic character. Kubva pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzepolyphonic, V. cycle inotora chimiro pakati pekupedzisira kweProkofiev's Concerto No 1. Mufananidzo wemutambo wekutamba unomuka muV. kubva pakati pe scherzo trio op. 7 Taneeva. Pakati peDebussy's nocturne "Mhemberero" yakavakirwa pane timbre mutsauko wedingindira, iro rinoburitsa mafambiro eruvara rwecarnival mudungwe. Muzviitiko zvose zvakadaro, V. inoswededzwa mumutsetse, inopesana nezvikamu zvakapoteredza zvefomu.

Chimiro cheV. dzimwe nguva chinosarudzwa nokuda kwechikamu chikuru kana chechipiri mu sonata allegro (Glinka's Jota yeAragon, Balakirev's Overture paThemes of Three Russian Songs) kana nokuda kwezvikamu zvakanyanyisa zvezvikamu zvitatu zvakaoma (chikamu chechipiri cheRimsky. -Korsakov's Scheherazade). Zvadaro V. kuratidzwa. zvikamu zvinotorwa mukudzokorora uye mutsauko wakapararira unoumbwa. kutenderera, iyo complication yekugadzirwa muKrom inogoverwa zvakarongeka pamusoro pezvikamu zvayo zvose. Frank's "Prelude, Fugue and Variation" yenhengo muenzaniso wemutsauko mumwechete muReprise-B.

Distributed musiyano. kutenderera kunokura sechirongwa chechipiri chechimiro, kana c.-l. dingindira rinosiyana nedzokororo. Panyaya iyi, rondo ine mikana mikuru zvikuru: iyo huru inodzoka. dingindira rayo ragara riri chinhu chakasiyana (yekupedzisira yeBeethoven's sonata op. 24 yeviolin nepiyano: pane maviri V. padingindira guru mukudzokorora). Mune fomu yakaoma yezvikamu zvitatu, mikana yakafanana yekuumbwa kwekusiyana kwakapararira. kutenderera kunovhurwa nekusiyanisa dingindira rekutanga - nguva (Dvorak - pakati pechikamu che3 chequartet, op. 96). Kudzoka kwedingindira kunokwanisa kusimbisa kukosha kwaro mudingindira rakakudziridzwa. chimiro chechigadzirwa, nepo kusiyanisa, kushandura magadzirirwo uye hunhu hwezwi, asi kuchengetedza hunhu hwedingindira, zvinokutendera kuti uwedzere kutaura kwayo. zvinoreva. Saka, muvatatu veTchaikovsky, iyo inosuruvarisa. ch. dingindira, kudzoka muchikamu che1 uye chechipiri, nerubatsiro rwekusiyana-siyana kunounzwa kumagumo - kuratidzwa kwekupedzisira kwekuvava kwekurasikirwa. MuLargo kubva kuShostakovich's Symphony No. 2, dingindira rinosuruvarisa (Ob., Fl.) Gare gare, kana richiitwa pakuguma (Vc), rinowana unhu hunoshamisa, uye mukodha inonzwika runyararo. Kutenderera kutenderera kunotora pano tambo huru dzeLargo pfungwa.

Kusiyana kwakapararira. denderedzwa kazhinji ane dingindira rinopfuura rimwechete. Mukusiyana kwezvirongwa zvakadaro, kuwanda kwehunyanzvi kunoratidzwa. content. Kukosha kwemafomu akadaro murwiyo kwakanyanya zvikuru. prod. Tchaikovsky, to-rye yakazara neV., kuchengetedza ch. rwiyo-dingindira uye kushandura inoperekedza. Lyric. Andante Tchaikovsky akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kumabasa ake, akanyorwa nenzira yemusoro neV. Kusiyana mukati mavo hakutungamiri ku c.-l. shanduko mumhando uye chimiro chemimhanzi, zvisinei, kuburikidza nekusiyana kwerwiyo. mufananidzo unokwira kusvika pakukwirira kwe symphony. generalizations (zvishoma nezvishoma kufamba kwe symphonies No. 4 uye No. 5, pianoforte concerto No. 1, quartet No. 2, sonatas op. 37-bis, pakati pe symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", dingindira rerudo mu "The Tempest ", Joanna's aria kubva ku opera "Maid of Orleans", nezvimwewo). Kuumbwa kwekusiyana kwakapararira. kutenderera, kune rumwe rutivi, mhedzisiro yekusiyana. maitiro mumimhanzi. chimiro, kune rumwe rutivi, chinotsamira pakujeka kwedingindira. zvimiro zvezvigadzirwa, tsanangudzo yaro yakasimba. Asi iyo yakasiyana nzira yekuvandudza thematism yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana zvekuti haisi nguva dzose inotungamira mukuumbwa kwekusiyana. matenderedzwa mupfungwa chaiyo yeizwi uye anogona kushandiswa mune yakasununguka fomu.

Kubva kuSer. 19th century V. inova hwaro hwechimiro cheakawanda makuru esymphonic uye konzati mabasa, kutumira yakafara hunyanzvi pfungwa, dzimwe nguva ine chirongwa chemukati. Aya ndiwo Dhanzi reRufu raLiszt, Kusiyana kweBrahms paDingindira reHaydn, Franck's Symphonic Variations, R. Strauss's Don Quixote, Rakhmaninov's Rhapsody paDingindira rePaganini, Kusiyana kweDingindira reRus. nar. nziyo dzinoti “Iwe, munda wangu” naShebalin, “Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell” naBritten uye akati wandei edzimwe nziyo. Panyaya yavo uye nevamwe vakaita saivo, munhu anofanirwa kutaura nezve synthesis yekusiyana uye kusimudzira, nezve kusiyanisa-thematic masisitimu. kurongeka, nezvimwe, izvo zvinotevera kubva kune yakasarudzika uye yakaoma art. chinangwa chechigadzirwa chimwe nechimwe.

Kusiyana semusimboti kana nzira zvine musoro. budiriro ipfungwa yakakura kwazvo uye inosanganisira chero yakagadziridzwa kudzokorora inosiyana munzira ipi neipi yakakosha kubva pakuratidzwa kwekutanga kwechinyorwa. Dingindira munyaya iyi rinova mimhanzi yakazvimiririra. chivakwa chinopa zvinhu zvekusiyana. Mupfungwa iyi, unogona kunge uri mutsara wekutanga wenguva, chinongedzo chakareba mukutevedzana, operatic leitmotif, Nar. rwiyo, nezvimwewo. Hunhu hwekusiyana huri mukuchengetedza dingindira. zvakakosha uye panguva imwechete mukupfumisa, kuvandudzwa kwezvakasiyana zvekuvaka.

Kune mhando mbiri dzemutsauko: a) kudzokororwa kwakagadziridzwa kwedingindira. zvinhu uye b) kuunza zvinhu zvitsva mairi, zvichibva kune izvo zvikuru. Schematically, yekutanga mhando inoratidzwa se + a1, yechipiri seab + ac. Semuenzaniso, pazasi pane zvimedu kubva kumabasa eWA Mozart, L. Beethoven naPI Tchaikovsky.

Mumuenzaniso kubva kuMozart's sonata, kufanana kune melodic-rhythmic. kudhirowa zvivakwa zviviri zvinotibvumira kumiririra yechipiri chazvo sechisiyano chekutanga; mukupesana, muBeethoven's Largo, mitsara yakabatana chete kuburikidza nekutanga melodic. izwi, asi kuenderera kwayo mavari kwakasiyana; Tchaikovsky's Andantino anoshandisa nzira yakafanana neBeethoven's Largo, asi nekuwedzera kwehurefu hwemutsara wechipiri. Muzviitiko zvese, hunhu hwedingindira hunochengetedzwa, panguva imwechete hunopfumiswa kubva mukati kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwemaimbo ayo ekutanga. Saizi nenhamba yezvivakwa zvakagadziridzwa zvinochinja zvichienderana neunyanzvi. chinangwa chekugadzirwa kwese.

PI Tchaikovsky. 4th symphony, kufamba II.

Kusiyana ndeimwe yemisimboti yekare yebudiriro, inotonga muNar. mimhanzi nemhando dzekare Prof. mhosva. Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kuWestern Europe. vanyori verudo. zvikoro uye zvechiRussian. classics 19 - kutanga. 20 mazana emakore, inopinda mu "mafomu emahara" uye inopinda mumafomu akagarwa nhaka kubva kuViennese classics. Zviratidzo zvekusiyana mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, MI Glinka kana R. Schumann vanovaka kugadzirwa kwe sonata kubva kune yakakura sequential units (overture kubva kune opera "Ruslan naLyudmila", chikamu chekutanga che quartet op. 47 naSchumann). F. Chopin anoitisa ch. dingindira reE-dur scherzo riri mukusimudzira, richichinja modal uye tonal mharidzo, asi kuchengetedza chimiro, F. Schubert muchikamu chekutanga che sonata B-dur (1828) anoumba dingindira idzva mukusimudzira, anoriitisa. sequentially (A-dur - H-dur) , uye zvino inovaka mutsara we-bar-bar kubva pairi, iyo inofambawo kune makiyi akasiyana uchichengetedza melodic. drawing. Mienzaniso yakafanana mumimhanzi. lit-re haiperi. Kusiyana, nokudaro, yave nzira yakakosha mudingindira. kusimudzira uko mamwe maitiro ekuvaka-mafomu anotungamira, semuenzaniso. sonata. Mukugadzira, kukwevera kuNar. mafomu, inokwanisa kutora zvinzvimbo zvakakosha. Symphony mufananidzo "Sadko", "Night paBald Mountain" naMussorgsky, "Eight Russian Folk Songs" naLyadov, mabheti ekutanga naStravinsky anogona kushanda sechisimbiso cheizvi. Kukosha kwekusiyana kwemimhanzi yeC. Debussy, M. Ravel, SS Prokofiev yakakura zvikuru. DD Shostakovich inoshandisa shanduko nenzira yakakosha; kwaari zvinobatanidzwa nekupinzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, zvinoenderera mberi mudingindira rinozivikanwa (rudzi “b”). Kazhinji, pese pazvinenge zvichidikanwa kukudziridza, kuenderera mberi, kugadzirisa dingindira, uchishandisa manzwi ayo, vanyori vanotendeukira kumutsauko.

Mafomu akasiyana-siyana anopindirana mafomu akasiyana, achigadzira mubatanidzwa uye semantic unity zvichienderana nekusiyana kwedingindira. Variant development inoreva kumwe kuzvimirira kwe melodic. uye tonal kufamba muhupo hwechimiro chinowanzoenderana nedingindira (mune mafomu ekurongeka kwekusiyana, pane zvinopesana, chimiro chinopinda shanduko pakutanga). Dingindira, pamwe chete nemisiyano, inoumba chimiro chakakosha chakanangana nekuburitsa mufananidzo mukuru wemumhanzi. Sarabande anobva ku1st French suite naJS Bach, rudo rwaPauline "Vadikani Shamwari" kubva kuopera "The Queen of Spades", rwiyo rweVarangian muenzi kubva kuopera "Sadko" rinogona kushanda semuenzaniso wemhando dzakasiyana.

Kusiyana, kuburitsa zvinogoneka zvedingindira uye zvichitungamira mukusikwa kwezvinogoneka. arts. mufananidzo, wakanyatsosiyana nekusiyana kweakateedzana mune yazvino dodecaphone uye serial mimhanzi. Muchiitiko ichi, kuchinja kunoshanduka kuva kufanana kwepamutemo kune kuchinja kwechokwadi.

References: Berkov V., Glinka's variational development of harmony, mubhuku rake: Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948, ch. VI; Sosnovtsev B., Yakasiyana fomu, muunganidzwa: Saratov State University. Conservatory, Scientific and Methodological Notes, Saratov, 1957; Protopopov Vl., Kusiyana kwechiRussian classical opera, M., 1957; yake, Kusiyanisa nzira yekuvandudza thematism mumhanzi weChopin, muSat: F. Chopin, M., 1960; Skrebkova OL, Pane dzimwe nzira dzekusiyana kweharmonic mubasa reRimsky-Korsakov, mu: Mibvunzo yeMusicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Adigezalova L., The variational principle of the development of songs the songs in Russian Soviet symphonic music, in: Questions of Contemporary Music, L., 1963; Müller T., Pakutenderera kwechimiro munziyo dzechiRussia dzakarekodhwa naEE Lineva, mu: Proceedings of the Department of Music Theory of Moscow. state conservatory them. PI Tchaikovsky, vol. 1, Moscow, 1960; Budrin B., Variation cycles mubasa raShostakovich, mu: Mibvunzo yemhando yemimhanzi, vol. 1, M., 1967; Protopopov Vl., Kusiyana-siyana kwemaitiro emimhanzi, M., 1967; yake pachake, Pane musiyano mumhanzi waShebhalin, muunganidzwa: V. Ya. Shebalin, M., 1970

Vl. V. Protopopov