John Cage |
John Cage
Muimbi weAmerica uye theorist, ane basa rekukakavadzana rakakonzera zvakanyanya kwete mimhanzi yemazuva ano chete, asiwo maitiro ose muunyanzvi hwepakati pezana remakore rechi20, rakabatana nekushandiswa kwe "random" zvinhu (aleatoric) uye "mbishi" zviitiko zvehupenyu. Cage yakafemerwa nedzidziso dzeZen Buddhism, maererano nehunhu husina chimiro chemukati, kana hutongi hwezvinoitika. Akakanganiswawo nemafungiro emazuva ano ekubatana kwezviitiko zvose, zvakagadzirwa nenyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu M. McLuhan uye mugadziri B. Fuller. Somugumisiro, Cage yakauya kumimhanzi yaisanganisira zvinhu zve "ruzha" uye "kunyarara", yakashandiswa zvakasikwa, "yakawanikwa" inonzwika, pamwe chete nemagetsi uye aleatorics. Zvibereko zvezviitiko izvi hazvigoni kugara zvichinzi kune chikamu chemabasa eunyanzvi, asi izvi zvinonyatsoenderana nemafungiro eCage, maererano nechiitiko chakadaro "chinotizivisa kune chaicho chaicho chehupenyu hwatinorarama. .”
Cage akaberekwa September 5, 1912 muLos Angeles. Akadzidza paPomona College, ipapo kuEurope, uye mushure mokudzokera kuLos Angeles akadzidza naA. Weiss, A. Schoenberg naG. Cowell. Asingagutsikane nemiganhu yakatemerwa neyakajairwa Western tonal system, akatanga kugadzira nziyo nekubatanidzwa kwemanzwi, mabviro ayo aive asiri zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, asi zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakatenderedza munhu muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, rattles, crackers, pamwe nemanzwi. inogadzirwa nemaitiro asina kujairika akadai, semuenzaniso, nekunyudza magong anozunguzika mumvura. Muna 1938, Cage akagadzira izvo zvinonzi. piyano yakagadzirirwa umo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoiswa pasi petambo, semhedzisiro iyo piyano inoshanduka kuita diki diki percussion ensemble. Mukuvamba kwama1950, akatanga kupinza aleatoriki munziyo dzake, achishandisa marudzi akasiana-siana okunyengedza namadhayisi, makadhi, uye Bhuku Rekuchinja (I Ching), bhuku rekare rechiChina rokushopera. Vamwe vanyori vakamboshandisa "random" muzvinyorwa zvavo kare, asi Cage ndiye akatanga kushandisa aleatoric zvakarongeka, zvichiita kuti ive musimboti mukuru wekunyora. Aivewo mumwe wevakatanga kushandisa manzwi chaiwo uye mikana yakakosha yekuchinja manzwi echinyakare anowanikwa pakushanda nematepi rekodha.
Nziyo nhatu dzeCage dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzakatanga kuitwa muna 1952. Pakati padzo pane chidimbu chine mukurumbira wakashata 4'33”, chinova maminitsi mana nemasekonzi makumi matatu nematatu ekunyarara. Zvisinei, kunyarara mubasa iri hakurevi kusavapo kwakakwana kwezwi, sezvo Cage, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, yakatsvaka kukwevera vateereri kumanzwiro echisikigo ezvakatipoteredza umo 4'33 inoitwa. Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (Imaginary Landscape No. 33) inonyorerwa 4 redhiyo, uye pano zvose - kusarudzwa kwemigwagwa, simba rezwi, nguva yechidimbu - inotsanangurwa nemukana. Basa risina zita, rakaitwa paBlack Mountain College nekutora chikamu kwemuimbi R. Rauschenberg, mutambi uye choreographer M. Cunningham nevamwe, yakava prototype ye "zviri kuitika" genre, umo zvinhu zvinoshamisa uye zvemimhanzi zvinosanganiswa pamwe chete panguva imwe chete, kazhinji. zviito zvisina musoro zvevaiti. Nechigadzirwa ichi, pamwe nebasa rake mumakirasi ekunyora paChikoro Chitsva cheSocial Research muNew York, Cage yakave nemhedzisiro inooneka pachizvarwa chese chevanyori vakagamuchira maonero ake: zvese zvinoitika zvinogona kutorwa setiyeta (" theatre” ndizvo zvose zvinoitika panguva imwe chete), uye iyi nhandare yakaenzana noupenyu.
Kutanga muma1940s, Cage akaumba uye akaita mimhanzi yekutamba. Zvinyorwa zvake zvekutamba hazvienderane nechoreography: mimhanzi uye kutamba zvinopararira panguva imwe chete, kuchengetedza chimiro chavo. Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa izvi (izvo dzimwe nguva zvinoshandisa kudzokorora nenzira "inoitika") zvakagadzirwa pamwe chete neboka rekutamba raM. Cunningham, umo Cage aiva mutungamiriri wemimhanzi.
Mabasa ekunyora aCage, anosanganisira Kunyarara (Kunyarara, 1961), Gore kubva Muvhuro (Gore kubva Muvhuro, 1968) uye Kune Shiri (Kune Shiri, 1981), anoenda zvakanyanya kupfuura nyaya dzemimhanzi, anovhara huwandu hwese hwepfungwa nezve " mutambo usina chinangwa” wemuimbi uye kubatana kwehupenyu, zvisikwa uye hunyanzvi. Cage akafa muNew York musi waNyamavhuvhu 12, 1992.
Encyclopedia
