Georges Bizet |

Georges Bizet

… Ndinoda theatre: pasina iyo handisi chinhu. J. Bizet

Muimbi wechiFrench J. Bizet akazvipira hupenyu hwake hupfupi kunhandare yemitambo. Nheyo yebasa rake - "Carmen" - ichiri imwe yemitambo inodiwa zvikuru kune vakawanda, vanhu vakawanda.

Bizet akakurira mumhuri yakadzidza tsika; baba vaiva mudzidzisi wekuimba, amai vairidza piyano. Kubva pazera re4, Georges akatanga kudzidza mimhanzi achitungamirirwa naamai vake. Pazera remakore gumi akapinda muParis Conservatoire. Vaimbi vane mukurumbira zvikuru veFrance vakava vadzidzisi vake: mutambi wepiyano A. Marmontel, nyanzvi yezvechitendero P. Zimmerman, vanyori veopera F. Halévy naCh. Gounod. Kunyange zvakadaro, tarenda raBizet rinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana rakaratidzwa: akanga ari muimbi ane hunyanzvi hwepiyano (F. Liszt pachake aiyemura kuridza kwake), akagashira mibairo muzvidzidzo zvedzidziso, aifarira kuridza ogani (gare gare, atowana mukurumbira, akadzidza naS. Frank).

Mumakore eConservatory (1848-58), mabasa anooneka azere nekutsva uye kureruka kwepwere, pakati pawo pane Symphony muC huru, iyo comic opera The Doctor's House. Kupera kweConservatory kwakaratidzwa nekugamuchirwa kweRome Prize ye cantata "Clovis naClotilde", iyo yakapa kodzero yekugara kwemakore mana muItaly uye dzidzo yehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, kumakwikwi akaziviswa naJ. Offenbach, Bizet akanyora operetta Chiremba Chishamiso, chakapiwawo mubayiro.

MuItaly, Bizet, akafadzwa neakaorera ekumaodzanyemba zvisikwa, zviyeuchidzo zvezvivakwa uye pendi, akashanda zvakanyanya uye zvine muchero (1858-60). Anodzidza unyanzvi, anoverenga mabhuku akawanda, anonzwisisa kunaka mune zvose zvinoratidzwa. Yakanakira Bizet inyika yakanaka, inowirirana yeMozart naRaphael. Chokwadi nyasha dzechiFrench, chipo chine mutinhimira, uye kuravira kwakapfava zvakave zvinhu zvakakosha zvemaitiro emunyori. Bizet iri kuramba ichikwezvwa nemimhanzi yeoperatic, inokwanisa "kubatanidza" nechiitiko kana gamba rinoratidzwa pachikuva. Panzvimbo ye cantata, iyo munyori aifanira kuratidza muParis, anonyora comic opera Don Procopio, mutsika yaG. Rossini. Ode-symphony "Vasco da Gama" iri kugadzirwa zvakare.

Nekudzokera kuParis, kutanga kwekutsvaga kwakakomba kwekusika uye panguva imwechete yakaoma, basa renguva dzose nekuda kwechimedu chechingwa chakabatana. Bizet inofanirwa kunyora zvinyorwa zvevamwe vanhu opera zvibodzwa, kunyora mimhanzi inonakidza yecafe-concerts uye panguva imwechete kugadzira mabasa matsva, kushanda maawa gumi nematanhatu pazuva. “Ndinoshanda semurume mutema, ndaneta, ndinotyora-tyora… Ndinotya kuti zvakazoitika, asi mari inodiwa. Mari, nguva dzose mari - kugehena! Kutevera Gounod, Bizet anotendeukira kurudzi rwe lyric opera. Yake "Pearl Seekers" (16), uko kuratidzwa kwechisikigo kwemanzwiro kunosanganiswa neoriental exoticism, yakarumbidzwa naG. Berlioz. Runako rwePerth (1863, runobva pane rakarongwa naW. Scott) rinoratidza hupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo. Kubudirira kwemaopera aya kwakanga kusina kunyanya kusimbisa nzvimbo yemunyori. Kuzvitsoropodza, kuziva kwakadzikama pamusoro pekukanganisa kweThe Perth Beauty kwakava kiyi yezvaizoitwa naBizet mune remangwana: “Uyu mutambo unoshamisa, asi vatambi vacho havana kunyatsotsanangurwa… Ngatimuvigei tisingadembi, tisina kufara – uye kumberi! Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvemakore iwayo zvakaramba zvisina kuzadzikiswa; iyo yakapedzwa, asi kazhinji isina kubudirira opera Ivan the Terrible haina kurongwa. Pamusoro pemaopera, Bizet anonyora mimhanzi yeorchestra uye yekamuri: anopedzisa symphony yeRome, yakatanga kudzoka kuItari, anonyora zvidimbu zvepiyano mumaoko mana "Mitambo Yevana" (mimwe yacho muchirongwa che orchestral yaive "Little Suite"), zverudo. .

Muna 1870, munguva yeHondo yeFranco-Prussia, apo France yakanga iri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, Bizet akabatana neNational Guard. Makore mashoma gare gare, manzwiro ake ekuda nyika akaonekwa mukuitika kunoshamisa "Motherland" (1874). 70s - kubudirira kwehunyanzvi hwemunyori. Muna 1872, iyo yekutanga ye opera "Jamile" (yakavakirwa padetembo raA. Musset) yakaitika, kushandura zvisinganzwisisiki; manzwi emumhanzi wechiArabic. Chakanga chiri chishamiso kuvashanyi kuOpera-Comique theatre kuti vaone basa rinotaura nezve rudo rusina udyire, rizere nemashoko akachena. Vanyanyisi vechokwadi vemimhanzi uye vatsoropodzi vakakomba vakaona muJamil kutanga kwenhanho nyowani, kuvhurwa kwenzira nyowani.

Mumabasa emakore aya, kuchena uye kunaka kwemaitiro (anogara ari muBizet) haadziviriri kutaura kwechokwadi, kusingachinji kwemutambo wehupenyu, kukakavara kwayo uye kupokana kunotyisa. Zvino zvidhori zvemunyori ndiW. Shakespeare, Michelangelo, L. Beethoven. Muchinyorwa chake "Kukurukurirana paMimhanzi", Bizet anogashira "rudo, chisimba, dzimwe nguva hunhu husingadzoreki, saVerdi, iyo inopa hunyanzvi basa rinorarama, rine simba, rakagadzirwa kubva kugoridhe, madhaka, bile uye ropa. Ini ndinochinja ganda rangu semuimbi uye semunhu, ”anodaro Bizet nezvake.

Imwe yemakona ebasa raBizet imhanzi yemutambo waA. Daudet The Arlesian (1872). Kurongwa kwemutambo hakuna kubudirira, uye munyori akaunganidza orchestral suite kubva kunhamba dzepamusoro (yechipiri sutu mushure mekufa kwaBizet yakaumbwa neshamwari yake, munyori E. Guiraud). Semumabasa apfuura, Bizet inopa mimhanzi yakasarudzika, yakasarudzika kuravira kwechiitiko. Heino Provence, uye munyori anoshandisa mimhanzi yeProvencal, inozadza basa rose nemweya wekare wechiFrench mazwi. Iyo orchestra inonzwika zvine mavara, yakareruka uye yakajeka, Bizet inowana zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana-siyana mhedzisiro: uku ndiko kurira kwemabhero, kupenya kwemavara pamufananidzo wezororo renyika ("Farandole"), kurira kwekamuri yakanatswa yenyere nembira. (muminuet kubva kuSecond Suite) uye "kuimba" kunosuruvarisa kwesaxophone (Bizet ndiye akatanga kuunza chiridzwa ichi mune symphony orchestra).

Mabasa ekupedzisira aBizet aive opera isina kupera Don Rodrigo (yakavakirwa pamutambo waCorneille The Cid) naCarmen, iyo yakaisa munyori wayo pakati pevatambi vakuru vepasirese. Mutambo wekutanga waCarmen (1875) waivewo kutadza kukuru kwaBizet muhupenyu: opera yakakundikana nekunyomba uye yakakonzera kuongororwa kwenhau. Pashure pemwedzi mitatu, June 3, 3, munyori akafa kunze kweParis, Bougival.

Pasinei nokuti Carmen akaitwa paComic Opera, inoenderana nemhando iyi chete nemamwe maitiro. Muchidimbu, uyu ndiwo mutambo wemimhanzi wakafumura kupesana chaiko kwehupenyu. Bizet akashandisa hurongwa hwenyaya pfupi yaP. Merimee, asi akakwidziridza mifananidzo yake kukukosha kwezviratidzo zvenhetembo. Uye panguva imwecheteyo, vose "vanorarama" vanhu vane mavara akajeka, akasiyana. Muimbi anounza zvimiro zvechivanhu muchiito nekuratidzwa kwavo kwekutanga kwesimba, kufashukira nesimba. Gypsy runako Carmen, murwi wemombe Escamillo, vapambi vanoonekwa sechikamu chechinhu ichi chemahara. Kugadzira "mufananidzo" wemutambi mukuru, Bizet anoshandisa nziyo uye rhythms yehabanera, seguidilla, polo, nezvimwe; panguva imwecheteyo, akakwanisa kupinda zvakadzika mumweya wemimhanzi yeSpanish. Jose nemuroora wake Michaela ndevenyika yakasiyana zvachose - inotonhorera, iri kure nemadutu. Dhipatimendi ravo rakagadzirwa mune pastel mavara, akapfava erudo mazwi. Asi Jose anotapukirwa chaizvo nechishuwo chaCarmen, simba rake nekusachinja. Mutambo werudo "wakajairika" unokwira kunjodzi yekupokana kwevatambi vevanhu, iyo simba rinopfuura kutya rufu nekurikunda. Bizet inoimba zverunako, ukuru hwerudo, kunzwa kunodhaka kwerusununguko; asina tsika dzakafanofungwa, anozivisa pachena chiedza, mufaro woupenyu nenhamo yahwo. Izvi zvakare zvinoratidza hukama hwemweya hwakadzama nemunyori waDon Juan, Mozart mukuru.

Tatova gore mushure mekutanga kusabudirira, Carmen anotaridzwa nekukunda pamatanho makuru muEurope. Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kweGrand Opera muParis, E. Guiraud akatsiva nhaurirano dzekukurukurirana nekudzokorora, akaunza huwandu hwemitambo (kubva kune mamwe mabasa neBizet) muchiitiko chekupedzisira. Muchikamu chino, opera inozivikanwa nevateereri vemazuva ano. Muna 1878, P. Tchaikovsky akanyora kuti “Carmen mupfungwa izere inyanzvi, ndiko kuti, chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma izvo zvakatemerwa kuratidza zvishuvo zvemimhanzi zvenguva yese kusvika pamwero wakasimba… Ndine chokwadi chekuti mumakore gumi. "Carmen" ichava opera inonyanya kufarirwa pasi rose…

K. Zenkin

Tsika dzakanaka dzechiFrench dzinofambira mberi dzakaonekwa mubasa raBizet. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yepamusoro yekushuvira kwechokwadi mumhanzi weFrance wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Mumabhuku eBizet, izvo zvakatsanangurwa naRomain Rolland sechimiro chenyika cheimwe yemativi enyanzvi dzeFrance zvakatorwa zvakajeka: “… hunyanzvi hwehugamba, kudhakwa nekufunga, kuseka, kuda chiedza. Zvakadai, maererano nemunyori, "iFrance yeRabelais, Molière naDiderot, uye mumimhanzi ... France yeBerlioz neBizet."

Upenyu hupfupi hwaBizet hwakanga huzere nebasa rakasimba, rakasimba rekugadzira. Hazvina kutora nguva kuti azviwane. Asi zvinoshamisa unhu Hunhu hwemuimbi hwakazviratidza mune zvese zvaakaita, kunyangwe pakutanga kutsvaga kwake kwehunyanzvi uye kwehunyanzvi kuchiri kushaya chinangwa. Nokufamba kwemakore, Bizet akatanga kufarira upenyu hwevanhu. Kudeedzera kwakasimba kuzvirongwa zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva kwakamubatsira kugadzira mifananidzo yakanyatsobvutwa kubva kuchokwadi chakatenderedza, kupfumisa hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano nemadingindira matsva uye chokwadi chakanyanya, nzira dzine simba mukuratidzira manzwiro ane hutano, ane ropa rakazara mukusiyana kwavo kwese.

Kukwidziridzwa kweveruzhinji pakutanga kwema60s uye 70s kwakatungamira kushanduko yepfungwa mubasa raBizet, kwakamutungamira kune yakakwirira yehunyanzvi. "Zviri mukati, zvirimo kutanga!" akadaro mune imwe yetsamba dzake mumakore iwayo. Anokwezvwa muunyanzvi nechiyero chepfungwa, hupamhi hwepfungwa, huchokwadi hwehupenyu. Muchinyorwa chake chega, chakaburitswa muna 1867, Bizet akanyora kuti: “Ndinovenga zvekutamba uye manyepo erudition… Hookwork pane kugadzira. Kune vanyori vashoma uye vashoma, asi mapato nemasekete ari kuwanza ad infinitum. Art inoshaiswa hurombo hwakakwana, asi tekinoroji inopfumiswa nekutaura… Ngativei takananga, tichitaura chokwadi: ngatirege kukumbira kubva kune nyanzvi yekudhirowa manzwire aanoshaya, uye toshandisa yaainayo. Kana munhu ane shungu, anofara, kunyange ane hukasha, saVerdi, achipa hunyanzvi basa rakasimba uye rakasimba, rakagadzirwa negoridhe, madhaka, bile neropa, hatizeze kutaura kwaari tichipokana: “Asi, changamire, izvi hazvina kunaka. .” “Zvakanaka? .. NdiMichelangelo, Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Rabelais zvakanyanya? .. “.

Uku kupamhama kwemaonero, asi panguva imwe chete kuomerera kumisimboti, kwakabvumira Bizet kuda nekuremekedza zvakanyanya muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. Pamwe chete naVerdi, Mozart, Rossini, Schumann anofanira kutumidzwa pakati pevanyori vanokosheswa naBizet. Aiziva kure nezvose zveWagner's operas (mabasa e-post-Lohengrin akanga asati azivikanwa muFrance), asi akayemura unyanzvi hwake. “Kunakidza kwemimhanzi yake kunoshamisa, haanzwisisike. Uku ndiko kuzvipira, kufara, unyoro, rudo! .. Iyi haisi mimhanzi yeramangwana, nokuti mazwi akadaro haarevi chinhu - asi iyi ... mimhanzi yenguva dzose, sezvo yakanaka "(kubva mutsamba ye1871). Nekunzwa kweruremekedzo rwakadzama, Bizet akabata Berlioz, asi aida Gounod zvakanyanya uye akataura nemoyo wakanaka pamusoro pekubudirira kwevenguva yake - Saint-Saens, Massenet nevamwe.

Asi pamusoro pazvose, akaisa Beethoven, waakanamata, achidana titan, Prometheus; "... mumimhanzi yake," akadaro, "kuda kunogara kwakasimba." Kwakanga kuri kuda kurarama, kuita chiito kwakaimbwa naBizet mumabasa ake, achida kuti manzwiro aratidzirwe “nenzira dzakasimba.” Muvengi wekusajeka, kunyepedzera muunyanzvi, akanyora kuti: “chakanaka kubatana kwezviri mukati nechimiro.” "Hapana chimiro chisina chimiro," Bizet akadaro. Kubva kuvadzidzi vake, akarayira kuti zvinhu zvose “zviitwe nesimba.” "Edza kuita kuti chimiro chako chiwedzere kunzwika, modulations yakatsanangurwa uye yakasarudzika." "Iva nemimhanzi," akawedzera, "nyora mimhanzi yakanaka kutanga pane zvese." Runako rwakadaro uye kusiyanisa, fungidziro, simba, simba uye kujeka kwekutaura zvinogara muzvisikwa zveBizet.

Kubudirira kwake kukuru kwekugadzira kwakabatana nemitambo yemitambo, iyo yaakanyora mabasa mashanu (nekuwedzera, akawanda emabasa haana kupera kana, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe, haana kurongwa). Iko kukwezva kumitambo yemitambo uye kuratidzwa kwedariro, iyo inowanzo hunhu hwemumhanzi wechiFrench, inofananidzira Bizet. Pane imwe nguva akaudza Saint-Saens kuti: "Ini handina kuberekerwa symphony, ndinoda theatre: pasina iyo handisi chinhu." Bizet aitaura chokwadi: yanga isiri nziyo dzekuimba dzakamuunzira mukurumbira wepasirese, kunyangwe kugona kwavo kwehunyanzvi kusingarambike, asi mabasa ake ekupedzisira mimhanzi yedhirama "Arlesian" uye opera "Carmen". Mumabasa aya, nyanzvi yeBizet yakaratidzwa zvizere, unyanzvi hwake hwekuchenjera, hwakajeka uye hwechokwadi mukuratidza mutambo mukuru wevanhu kubva kuvanhu, mifananidzo ine mavara ehupenyu, chiedza chayo uye mumvuri mativi. Asi chinhu chikuru ndechekuti haana kufa nemimhanzi yake chido chisingachinjiki chekufara, maitiro anoshanda kuhupenyu.

Saint-Saens akatsanangura Bizet nemashoko anoti: "Ndiye zvese - pwere, simba, mufaro, mweya wakanaka." Aya ndiwo maratidziro aanoita mumimhanzi, achirova netarisiro yezuva mukuratidza kupesana kwehupenyu. Unhu uhwu hunopa zvisikwa zvake kukosha kwakakosha: muimbi akashinga akapisa basa rakawandisa asati asvika makore makumi matatu nemanomwe, Bizet anomira pakati pevanyori vehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nemufaro wake usingaperi, uye zvisikwa zvake zvitsva - kunyanya iyo opera Carmen - ndeyezvakanakisa, izvo zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi zvepasi rose zvine mukurumbira nazvo.

M. Druskin

Zvinyorwa:

Inoshanda kune theatre "Chiremba Chishamiso", operetta, libretto Battue naGalevi (1857) Don Procopio, comic opera, libretto naCambiaggio (1858-1859, isina kuitwa panguva yeupenyu hwemunyori) The Pearl Seekers, opera, libretto naCarré naCormon (1863) Ivan Iyo Inotyisa, opera, libretto naLeroy naTrianon (1866, isina kuitwa panguva yehupenyu hwemunyori) Belle wePerth, opera, libretto naSaint-Georges naAdeni (1867) "Jamile", opera, libretto naGalle (1872) "Arlesian ”, mimhanzi yedhirama naDaudet (1872; Yekutanga suite yeorchestra - 1872; Yechipiri yakanyorwa naGuiraud mushure mekufa kwaBizet) "Carmen", opera, libretto Meliaca naGalevi (1875)

Symphonic uye vocal-symphonic inoshanda Symphony muC-dur (1855, isina kuitwa panguva yeupenyu hwemunyori) "Vasco da Gama", symphony-cantata kune zvinyorwa zveDelartra (1859-1860) "Rome", symphony (1871; yekutanga shanduro - "Memories yeRoma" , 1866-1868) "Little Orchestral Suite" (1871) "Motherland", dramatic overture (1874)

Piano inoshanda Grand concert waltz, nocturne (1854) "Rwiyo rweRhine", zvidimbu zvitanhatu (6) "Fantastic Hunt", capriccio (1865) 1865 musical sketches (3) "Chromatic Variations" (1866) "Pianist-muimbi", 1868 zviri nyore piano zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi yezwi (150-1866) Papiyano maoko mana "Mitambo yeVana", sutu yezvimedu gumi nemaviri (12; 1871 yezvimedu izvi zvakaverengerwa mu "Little Orchestral Suite") Nhamba dzinoverengeka dzezvinyorwa zvevamwe vanyori.

Songs "Album Leaves", 6 nziyo (1866) 6 Spanish (Pyrenean) nziyo (1867) 20 canto, compendium (1868)