Ludwig van Beethoven |

Ludwig van Beethoven

Kuzvipira kwangu kushandira vanhu vanotambura nehunyanzvi hwangu hakuna kumbobvira, kubva paudiki hwangu… kwaida chero mubairo kunze kwekugutsikana kwemukati… L. Beethoven

Mimhanzi yeEurope yakanga ichiri izere nerunyerekupe pamusoro pemwana ane chishamiso anoshamisa - WA Mozart, pakazvarwa Ludwig van Beethoven muBonn, mumhuri yemumwe tenorist wecourt chapel. Vakamubhabhatidza musi waZvita 17, 1770, vachimutumidza zita rasekuru vake, mutungamiriri webhendi anoremekedzwa, chizvarwa cheFlanders. Beethoven akagamuchira ruzivo rwake rwekutanga rwemimhanzi kubva kuna baba vake nevamwe vake. Baba vaida kuti ave "Mozart wechipiri", uye vakamanikidza mwanakomana wavo kudzidzira kunyange usiku. Beethoven haana kuita mwana mudiki, asi akawana tarenda rake semunyori achiri mangwanani. K. Nefe, uyo akamudzidzisa kuumba uye kuridza ogani, aiva nesimba guru paari - murume ane unyanzvi hwepamusoro uye zvematongerwo enyika. Nokuda kwehurombo hwemhuri, Beethoven akamanikidzwa kupinda mubasa kare kare: pazera remakore 13, akanyoreswa muchechi semubatsiri weogani; akazoshanda semuperekedzi paBonn National Theatre. Muna 1787 akashanyira Vienna ndokusangana nechidhori chake, Mozart, uyo, pashure pokuteerera kuvandudzwa kwejaya racho, akati: “Muteerere; rimwe zuva achaita kuti nyika itaure nezvake.” Beethoven akakundikana kuva mudzidzi weMozart: chirwere chakakomba uye kufa kwaamai vake kwakamumanikidza kukurumidza kudzokera kuBonn. Ikoko, Beethoven akawana tsigiro yetsika mumhuri yakavhenekerwa yeBreining uye akava pedyo nenharaunda yeyunivhesiti, iyo yakagovera maonero anofambira mberi. Pfungwa dzeChimurenga cheFrance dzakagamuchirwa nechido neshamwari dzaBeethoven dzaBonn uye dzakava nesimba rakasimba pakuumbwa kwezvitendero zvake zvegutsaruzhinji.

MuBonn, Beethoven akanyora akati wandei emabasa makuru nemadiki: 2 cantatas evanoimba solo, kwaya uye orchestra, 3 piano quartets, akati wandei piano sonatas (yava kunzi sonatinas). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti sonatas anozivikanwa vose novice pianists munyu и F chikuru kuna Beethoven, maererano nevatsvakurudzi, havazi, asi vanongonzi, asi mumwe, zvechokwadi Beethoven raMwari Sonatina muna F chikuru, akawanikwa uye akabudiswa muna 1909, anoramba, sokunge zvakadaro, mumimvuri uye haisi kuridzwa chero munhu. Yakawanda yekugadzira kweBonn inoumbwawo nekusiyana uye nziyo dzakagadzirirwa mimhanzi yeamateur. Pakati pavo pane rwiyo rwakajairika "Marmot", iyo inobata "Elegy paRufu rwePoodle", iyo inopandukira poster "Free Man", iyo inorota "Kugomera kweasingadiwi uye rudo rwunofara", ine prototype yeramangwana dingindira re. mufaro kubva kuNinth Symphony, "Chibayiro Rwiyo", iyo Beethoven akaida zvakanyanya zvekuti akadzokera kwairi ka5 (yekupedzisira edition - 1824). Pasinei nekutsva uye kupenya kwezvinyorwa zvevechiduku, Beethoven akanzwisisa kuti aifanira kunyatsodzidza.

MunaNovember 1792, akazobva kuBonn ndokuenda kuVienna, nzvimbo huru yemimhanzi muEurope. Pano akadzidza counterpoint uye kuumbwa naJ. Haydn, I. Schenck, I. Albrechtsberger naA. Salieri. Kunyange zvazvo mudzidzi wacho aisiyaniswa nokuoma musoro, akadzidza nokushingaira uye akazotaura nokuonga nezvevadzidzisi vake vose. Panguva imwecheteyo, Beethoven akatanga kuita semupiyano uye munguva pfupi akazova nemukurumbira seasingaenzaniswi anovandudza uye akajeka kwazvo virtuoso. Murwendo rwake rwekutanga uye rwekupedzisira rurefu (1796), akakunda vateereri vePrague, Berlin, Dresden, Bratislava. Wechidiki virtuoso aitsigirwa nevakawanda vakakurumbira vanoda mimhanzi - K. Likhnovsky, F. Lobkowitz, F. Kinsky, mumiriri weRussia A. Razumovsky nevamwe, Beethoven's sonatas, trios, quartets, uye gare gare kunyange symphonies yakarira kekutanga mumitambo yavo. salons. Mazita avo anogona kuwanikwa mukutsaurirwa kweakawanda emabasa emunyori. Zvisinei, mabatiro aBeethoven nevatengi vake akanga asina kumbonzwika panguva iyoyo. Achizvikudza uye akazvimiririra, haana kukanganwira chero ani zvake pakuedza kunyadzisa chiremera chake. Mashoko engano akakandwa nemunyori kune philanthropist akamugumbura anozivikanwa: "Kwave uye kuchave nezviuru zvemachinda, Beethoven ndiye mumwe chete." Pavadzidzi vakawanda vepamusoro-soro vaBeethoven, Ertman, hanzvadzi T. naJ. Bruns, uye M. Erdedy vakava shamwari dzake dzenguva dzose nevatsigiri vemimhanzi yake. Asingafariri kudzidzisa, Beethoven zvisinei aive mudzidzisi waK. Czerny naF. Ries mupiyano (vose vakazokunda mukurumbira weEurope) uye Archduke Rudolf wekuAustria mukuumbwa.

Mumakore gumi ekutanga eViennese, Beethoven akanyora zvakanyanya piyano nemimhanzi yekamuri. Muna 1792-1802. 3 piano concertos uye 2 gumi nemaviri sonatas akagadzirwa. Pakati peizvi, Sonata Nhamba 8 chete (“Pathetic”) ine zita remunyori. Sonata Nhamba 14, subtitled sonata-fantasy, yakanzi "Lunar" nemudetembi werudo L. Relshtab. Mazita akagadzikana akasimbiswawo shure kwe sonatas No. Mukuwedzera kune piano, 12 (kunze kwe17) violin sonatas ndeyenguva yekutanga yeViennese (kusanganisira Nha. 21 - "Spring", Nha. 23 - "Kreutzer"; mazita ose ariwo asiri munyori); 9 cello sonatas, 10 tambo quartets, akati wandei ensembles ezviridzwa zvakasiyana (kusanganisira iyo inofadza gallant Septet).

Nekutanga kwezana remakore reXIX. Beethoven akatangawo semuimbi wenziyo: muna 1800 akapedza Symphony yake yekutanga, uye muna 1802 yechipiri yake. Panguva imwe cheteyo, oratorio yake bedzi inoti “Kristu paGomo reMiorivhi” yakanyorwa. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvechirwere chisingarapike chakaonekwa muna 1797 - kufambira mberi kwematsi uye kuzadzikiswa kwekushaya tariro kwekuedza kwose kurapa chirwere chakatungamirira Beethoven kumatambudziko emweya muna 1802, iyo yakaratidzwa mugwaro rakakurumbira - Heiligenstadt Testamende. Kugadzira ndiyo nzira yekubuda nayo mudambudziko: “… Zvakanga zvisina kukwana kuti ndizviuraye,” munyori akanyora kudaro. - "Izvo chete, hunyanzvi, zvakandichengeta."

1802-12 - nguva yekupenya kwakanaka kwehunyanzvi hweBeethoven. Pfungwa dzekukunda kutambura nesimba remweya uye kukunda kwechiedza pamusoro perima, akatambudzika zvakanyanya naye, mushure mekurwa kunotyisa, akave anowirirana nepfungwa huru dzeChimurenga cheFrance uye masangano erusununguko ekutanga kwe23. zana remakore. Idzi pfungwa dzakaiswa muChetatu ("Heroic") uye Fifth Symphonies, mune yehudzvinyiriri opera "Fidelio", mumhanzi wenhamo "Egmont" naJW Goethe, muSonata Nhamba 21 ("Appassionata"). Muimbi wacho akafuridzirwawo nepfungwa dzouzivi uye dzetsika dzeChiedza, dzaakagamuchira muhuduku hwake. Nyika yezvakasikwa inoratidzika izere nekubatana kwakasimba muSixth (“Pastoral”) Symphony, muViolin Concerto, muPiano (No. 10) uye Violin (No. 7) Sonatas. Folk kana padyo nenziyo dzechinyakare inonzwika muSeventh Symphony uye muquartets Nos. 9-8 (iyo inonzi "Russian" - yakatsaurirwa kuna A. Razumovsky; Quartet No. 2 ine XNUMX nziyo dzechiRussia nziyo: dzakashandiswa. gare gare zvakare naN. Rimsky-Korsakov "Kubwinya" uye "Ah, tarenda rangu, tarenda"). Yechina Symphony izere netarisiro ine simba, Yerusere yakazadzwa nekuseka uye neshungu dzinoshamisa dzenguva dzaHaydn naMozart. Iyo virtuoso mhando inobatwa epicly uye nehukuru muyechina uye yechishanu Piano Concertos, pamwe neiyo Triple Concerto yeViolin, Cello uye Piano uye Orchestra. Mumabasa ese aya, chimiro cheViennese classicism chakawana chimiro chayo chakazara uye chekupedzisira nekutenda kwayo kunosimbisa hupenyu mukufunga, kunaka uye kururamisira, kunoratidzwa padanho rekufunga sekufamba "kuburikidza nekutambudzika kusvika mufaro" (kubva mutsamba yaBeethoven kuna M. . Erdedy), uye pamwero wekunyora - sechiyero pakati pekubatana nekusiyana uye kuchengetwa kwezviyero zvakasimba pachiyero chikuru chezvakagadzirwa.

1812-15 - kutendeuka kwehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwemweya hweEurope. Nguva yehondo dzeNapoleonic uye kusimuka kwebato rerusununguko yakateverwa neCongress yeVienna (1814-15), mushure mezvo maitiro ekuita-monarchist akawedzera mumutemo wepamba nekunze kwenyika dzeEurope. Chimiro chehugamba classicism, kuratidza mweya weshanduko yekuvandudzwa kwekupera kwezana ramakore re1813. uye mafungiro ekuda nyika ekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 17, aitofanira kunge achinja kuve anoshamisira semi-official art, kana kupa nzira kune romanticism, iyo yakava inotungamira muitiro mumabhuku uye yakakwanisa kuzvizivisa mumhanzi (F. Schubert). Beethoven aifanirawo kugadzirisa aya matambudziko akaomarara emweya. Akapa mutero kumufaro wakakunda, achigadzira inonakidza symphonic fantasy "Hondo yeVittoria" uye cantata "Happy Moment", iyo yekutanga iyo yakarongwa kuti ienderane neCongress yeVienna uye yakaunza Beethoven kubudirira kusati kwamboitika. Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zvinyorwa zve4-5. yakaratidza kutsvaga kunoramba uye dzimwe nguva kunorwadza kwenzira itsva. Panguva ino, cello (Nos. 27, 28) uye piano (Nos. 1815, XNUMX) sonatas zvakanyorwa, gumi nemaviri hurongwa hwenziyo dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kuti izwi riine ensemble, yekutanga kutenderera kwezwi munhoroondo yerudzi " Kumudiwa Ari Kure” (XNUMX). Manyorerwo emabasa aya, sekunge ari kuedza, ane zvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa, asi kwete nguva dzose yakasimba sepanguva ye "revolutionary classicism."

Makumi gumi ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwaBeethoven akafukidzwa nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nemweya anodzvanyirira muMetternich's Austria, uye nekuomerwa nekusagadzikana kwevanhu. Kusanzwa kwomunyori wacho kwakava kwakakwana; kubvira 1818, akamanikidzwa kushandisa "mabhuku ekunyorera" umo vatauriri vainyora mibvunzo yakanangidzirwa kwaari. Kurasikirwa netariro yekufara kwemunhu (zita rekuti "mudiwa asingafi", kwaakanyorerwa tsamba yekuonekana naBeethoven yaChikunguru 6-7, 1812, hazvisati zvazivikanwa; vamwe vaongorori vanomutora J. Brunswick-Deym, vamwe - A. Brentano) , Beethoven akatanga kutarisira kurera muzukuru wake Karl, mwanakomana womunun’una wake akafa muna 1815. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuhondo yenguva refu (1815-20) yapamutemo naamai vomukomana pamusoro pekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana oga. Muzukuru anokwanisa asi asina maturo akapa Beethoven kusuwa kukuru. Musiyano uripo pakati pezvinosuruvarisa uye dzimwe nguva zvinosuruvarisa mamiriro ehupenyu uye kunaka kwakaringana kwemabasa akasikwa kuratidzwa kwekuita kwemweya kwakaita Beethoven mumwe wemagamba eEuropean tsika yemazuva ano.

Kusika 1817-26 kwakaratidza kusimuka kutsva kwehunyanzvi hwaBeethoven uye panguva imwechete yakava epilogue yenguva yemimhanzi classicism. Kusvika pamazuva ekupedzisira, achiramba akatendeka kumagariro echinyakare, munyori akawana mafomu matsva uye nzira dzechimiro chavo, achiganhurana nerudo, asi kwete kupinda mavari. Beethoven's late style ndeye yakasarudzika aesthetic phenomenon. Pfungwa yepakati yaBeethoven yehukama hwehukama hwekusiyanisa, kurwira pakati pechiedza nerima, inowana ruzha rwehuzivi hwakasimba mubasa rake rekupedzisira. Kukunda pamusoro pekutambudzika hakuchapiwi kuburikidza nekuita kwehugamba, asi kuburikidza nekufamba kwemweya nekufunga. Mukuru mukuru weiyo sonata fomu, umo makakatanwa anoshamisa akatanga, Beethoven muzvinyorwa zvake zvepashure kazhinji anoreva chimiro chefugue, icho chakanyanya kukodzera kusanganisa kuumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwepfungwa yehuzivi. Yekupedzisira 5 piano sonatas (Nos. 28-32) uye yekupedzisira 5 quartets (Nos. 12-16) inosiyaniswa nemutauro wakanyanya kuoma uye wakanatswa wemimhanzi unoda unyanzvi hukuru kubva kune vanoita, uye maonero anopinda kubva kune vateereri. 33 misiyano pawaltz naDiabelli naBagatelli, op. 126 zvakare inyanzvi dzechokwadi, zvisinei nekusiyana kwechiyero. Basa raBeethoven rekunonoka rakange richipokana kwenguva yakareba. Pane vakararama panguva imwe chete naye, vashomanana chete ndivo vakakwanisa kunzwisisa uye kuonga zvinyorwa zvake zvokupedzisira. Mumwe weava vanhu akanga ari N. Golitsyn, ane odha yake quartets Nhamba 12, 13 ne15 yakanyorwa uye yakatsaurirwa kwairi. The overture The Consecration of the House (1822) yakatsaurirwawo kwaari.

Muna 1823, Beethoven akapedza Misa yeSolemn, iyo iye pachake akafunga nezvebasa rake guru. Huremu uhwu, hwakagadzirirwa zvakanyanya konzati pane kuita zvechitendero, hwakava chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha muGerman oratorio tsika (G. Schütz, JS Bach, GF Handel, WA ​​Mozart, J. Haydn). Huremu hwekutanga (1807) hwakanga husiri hwakaderera kune mhomho yeHaydn naMozart, asi harina kuzova izwi idzva munhoroondo yerudzi, se "Solemn", umo hunyanzvi hwese hwaBeethoven semuimbi uye munyori wemitambo. akaziva. Achitendeukira kumagwaro echiLatin echokwadi, Beethoven akasanangura mariri pfungwa yekuzvipira muzita remufaro wevanhu uye akapinza muchikumbiro chekupedzisira cherunyararo nzira dzekuramba hondo sehuipi hukuru. Nerubatsiro rwaGolitsyn, Misa Yokuremekedza yakatanga kuitwa musi waApril 7, 1824 muSt. Kwapera mwedzi, koniti yekupedzisira yaBeethoven yakaitika muVienna, umo, mukuwedzera kune zvikamu zveMisa, yake yekupedzisira, Ninth Symphony yakaitwa nekwaya yekupedzisira kumashoko aF. Schiller's "Ode to Joy". Pfungwa yekukunda kutambura uye kukunda kwechiedza inogara ichitakurwa kuburikidza nesymphony yese uye inoratidzwa nekunyatsojeka kumagumo nekuda kwekuiswa kwechinyorwa chenhetembo icho Beethoven akarota achiisa kumimhanzi muBonn. Iyo Ninth Symphony nekufona kwayo kwekupedzisira - "Hug, mamirioni!" - yakava sungano yeBeethoven kumunhu uye yakave nesimba rakasimba pane symphony yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX.

G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich akabvuma uye akaenderera mberi netsika dzaBeethoven neimwe nzira. Semudzidzisi wavo, Beethoven akaremekedzwawo nevanyori vechikoro cheNovovensk - "baba vedodecaphony" A. Schoenberg, munhu ane shungu dzevanhu A. Berg, muvambi uye munyori wenziyo A. Webern. Muna December 1911, Webern akanyorera Berg, kuti: “Kune zvinhu zvishomanene zvinoshamisa somutambo weKrisimisi. … Ko zuva rekuzvarwa raBeethoven harifanire kupembererwawo seizvi?”. Vaimbi vazhinji nevadi vemimhanzi vangabvumirana nechikumbiro ichi, nekuti kuzviuru (zvichida mamirioni) avanhu, Beethoven haasati achingova mumwe wevakanyanya hunyanzvi hwenguva dzese nevanhu, asiwo chimiro chehunhu husingaparare, anokurudzira akadzvinyirirwa, munyaradzi wevanotambudzika, shamwari yakatendeka mukusuwa nomufaro.

L. Kirillina

• Hupenyu uye nzira yekugadzira →
• Symphonic kusika →
• Concert →
• Kugadzira piyano →
• Piano sonatas →
• Violin sonatas →
• Kusiyana →
• Chamber-instrumental kusika →
• Kugadzira mazwi →
• Beethoven-pianist →
• Beethoven Music Academies →
• Kuwedzera →
• Rondedzero yemabasa →
• Simba raBeethoven pamimhanzi yeramangwana →

Beethoven chimwe chezviitiko zvikuru zvetsika dzenyika. Basa rake rinotora nzvimbo pamwe chete nehunyanzvi hweakadaro madiki ekufunga kwehunyanzvi saTolstoy, Rembrandt, Shakespeare. Panyaya yehuzivi hwakadzama, hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji, ushingi hwekuvandudza, Beethoven haana akaenzana muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi hweEurope yemazana emakore apfuura.

Basa raBeethoven rakabata kumuka kukuru kwevanhu, hugamba uye mutambo wenguva yechimurenga. Achitaura nevanhu vese vepamberi, mimhanzi yake yaive dambudziko rakashinga kune aesthetics yefeudal aristocracy.

Maonero epasirese aBeethoven akaumbwa pasi pesimba reiyo shanduko yakapararira mumatunhu epamusoro munharaunda mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX. Sekuratidzwa kwayo kwepakutanga paivhu reGerman, Kuvhenekera kwebourgeois-democratic kwakaumbwa muGermany. Kuratidzira kupokana nekudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu uye hudzvanyiriri kwakaronga kutungamira kwehuzivi hweGerman, mabhuku, nhetembo, theatre nemimhanzi.

Lessing yakasimudza mureza wekurwira zvinangwa zvehumanism, kufunga uye rusununguko. Mabasa aSchiller uye mudiki Goethe aive akazadzwa nekunzwa kwevanhu. Vanyori vemitambo yesangano reSturm und Drang vakapandukira tsika diki dzefeudal-bourgeois society. Hukuru hwekupindura hunopokana muLessing's Nathan the Wise, Goethe's Goetz von Berlichingen, Schiller's The Robbers uye Insidiousness and Love. Pfungwa dzekurwira rusununguko rwevanhu dzinopinda naSchiller's Don Carlos naWilliam Tell. Kukakavadzana kwekupokana kwevanhu kwakaratidzwawo mumufananidzo weGoethe's Werther, "mufiri wekutenda anopandukira", mumashoko aPushkin. Mweya wekupikisa wakaratidza basa rose rakatanhamara reunyanzvi renguva iyoyo, rakagadzirwa paivhu reGerman. Basa raBeethoven raive rakanyanya uye rakakwana kutaura muhunyanzvi hwekufamba kwakakurumbira muGermany pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX.

Kusagadzikana kukuru kwevanhu muFrance kwakave nemhedzisiro yakananga uye ine simba paBeethoven. Uyu muimbi akangwara, akararama panguva yechimurenga, akazvarwa munguva yainyatsoenderana nedura retarenda rake, chimiro chake chetitanic. Nesimba rekugadzira risingawanzo uye nekunzwa kwemanzwiro, Beethoven akaimba hukuru uye kusimba kwenguva yake, dhirama rayo rine dutu, mufaro nekusuwa kwechaunga chikuru chevanhu. Kusvikira nhasi, unyanzvi hwaBeethoven hunoramba husingaenzaniswi sekutaura kweunyanzvi kwemanzwiro ehugamba hwevanhu.

Dingindira reshanduko haripedze nhaka yaBeethoven. Pasina kupokana, mabasa akatanhamara aBeethoven ndeehunyanzvi hwechigamba-chinoshamisa chirongwa. Zvinhu zvikuru zveaesthetics yake zvinonyanya kuoneka mumabasa anoratidza dingindira rekurwira uye kukunda, kukudza mavambo ehutongi hweruzhinji ehupenyu, chido cherusununguko. The Heroic, Fifth and Ninth symphonies, the overtures Coriolanus, Egmont, Leonora, Pathetique Sonata uye Appassionata - ndiro iri denderedzwa remabasa iro rakapotsa rakunda Beethoven mukurumbira pasi rose. Uye kutaura zvazviri, mimhanzi yaBeethoven inosiyana nemaitiro ekufunga uye maitiro ekutaura kwevakatangira kunyanya mukubudirira kwayo, simba rinotyisa, uye hukuru hukuru. Hapana chinhu chinoshamisa mukuti hutsva hwake mune hugamba-hunoshungurudza sphere, pamberi pevamwe, hwakakwezva kutarisisa kwakawanda; Zvikurukuru pahwaro hwemabasa anoshamisa aBeethoven, vose vakararama panguva yake uye zvizvarwa zvakakurumidza kuvatevera vakaita mutongo pamusoro pebasa rake rose zvaro.

Zvisinei, nyika yemimhanzi yaBeethoven yakasiyana zvinoshamisa. Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha muunyanzvi hwake, kunze kweiyo maonero ake anozove edivi rimwe chete, akamanikana, uye nekudaro akamonyaniswa. Uye pamusoro pezvose, uku ndiko kudzika uye kuoma kwenheyo yehungwaru inowanikwa mairi.

Iyo psychology yemunhu mutsva, yakasunungurwa kubva kune feudal zvisungo, inoratidzwa naBeethoven kwete chete muhurongwa hwekunetsana-dambudziko, asiwo kuburikidza nechikamu chepfungwa yepamusoro inokurudzira. Gamba rake, rine hushingi husingakundiki uye chido, rinopiwa panguva imwe chete nehungwaru hwakapfuma, hwakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Haasi murwi chete, asiwo mufungi; pamwe chete nechiito, ane katsika kekunyatsofungisisa. Hapana munyori mumwe chete wenyika Beethoven asati awana kudzika kwehuzivi uye kukura kwepfungwa. MuBeethoven, kukudzwa kwehupenyu chaihwo muzvikamu zvahwo zvakasiyana-siyana kwakabatanidzwa nepfungwa yehukuru hwe cosmic hwechisiko chose. Nguva dzekufungisisa dzakafemerwa mumhanzi yake dzinogara pamwe nemifananidzo yehugamba-inosiririsa, ichiivhenekera nenzira yakasarudzika. Kuburikidza nehungwaru hwehungwaru hwakadzama uye hwakadzama, hupenyu mukusiyana-siyana kwahwo hunodzokororwa mumhanzi waBeethoven - dutu remhepo uye kurota kwakadzikama, nzira dzinoshamisa dzemitambo uye kureurura kwenziyo, mifananidzo yezvisikwa uye zviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva ...

Pakupedzisira, pakatarisana nebasa revakautangira, mimhanzi yaBeethoven inomira pachena kune iyo yega yemufananidzo, iyo inobatanidzwa neiyo yepfungwa musimboti mune art.

Kwete semumiriri wenzvimbo, asi semunhu ane nyika yake yakapfuma yemukati, murume wesangano idzva, mushure mekuchinja-chinja akazviziva. Maiva mumweya uyu apo Beethoven akadudzira gamba rake. Anogara akakosha uye akasiyana, peji rega rega rehupenyu hwake chinhu chakazvimirira chemweya. Kunyangwe motifs ane hukama kune mumwe nemumwe mumhando anowana mumhanzi waBeethoven hupfumi hwakadai hwemumvuri mukuburitsa manzwiro zvekuti chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinonzwisiswa sechakasiyana. Nekuwirirana kusingaverengeki kwemazano anopinda pabasa rake rose, aine mucherechedzo wakadzama weunhu hune simba hwekugadzira huri pamabasa ese aBeethoven, rimwe nerimwe remapusi ake chishamiso chehunyanzvi.

Zvichida ndicho chishuwo ichi chisingadzimiki chekuburitsa iyo yakasarudzika yemufananidzo wega wega inoita kuti dambudziko remaitiro aBeethoven riome.

Beethoven inowanzotaurwa nezvake semunyori uyo, kune rumwe rutivi, anopedzisa classicist (Muzvidzidzo zvemudzimba dzemitambo uye mabhuku emumhanzi ekunze, izwi rekuti “classicist” rakasimbiswa maererano nehunyanzvi hwechinyakare. Saka, pakupedzisira, nyonganiso inomuka apo izwi rimwechete rekuti “classical” rinoshandiswa kuratidza chikuru, “. chisingaperi" chiitiko chechero hunyanzvi, uye kutsanangura chikamu chimwe chete, asi isu tinoenderera mberi nekushandisa izwi rekuti "classical" neinertia zvine chekuita nemhando yemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye mienzaniso yemhando yepamusoro mumhanzi wemamwe masitayera (semuenzaniso, romanticism. , baroque, impressionism, nezvimwewo). nguva mumimhanzi, kune rumwe rutivi, inovhura nzira ye "zera rerudo". Mumashoko akajeka ezvakaitika kare, kuumbwa kwakadaro hakurevi kupokana. Nekudaro, zvinoita zvishoma kuti unzwisise kukosha kwemaitiro aBeethoven pachawo. Nokuti, kubata kune mamwe mativi pane mamwe matanho ekushanduka-shanduka nebasa revakare vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye rudo rwechizvarwa chinotevera, mimhanzi yaBeethoven haienderane mune zvimwe zvakakosha, zvine hungwaru maficha ane zvinodikanwa zveiyi maitiro. Uyezve, zvinowanzoomera kuzviratidzira nerubatsiro rwemanyorero epfungwa akagadzirwa pahwaro hwekudzidza basa revamwe maartist. Beethoven ndeyechokwadi munhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, yakawanda-yakatarisana uye yakawanda zvokuti hapana anozivikanwa stylistic mapoka anofukidza zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuonekwa kwayo.

Tiine chokwadi chikuru kana chidiki, tinogona kungotaura nezveimwe nhevedzano yematanho mukutsvaga kwemunyori. Muhupenyu hwake hwose, Beethoven akaramba achiwedzera miganhu inojekesa yeunyanzvi hwake, achiramba achisiya kwete chete vakamutangira uye vakararama panguva imwe chete naye, asiwo zvaakaita munguva yakapfuura. Mazuva ano, itsika kushamiswa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeStravinsky kana Picasso, uchiona ichi sechiratidzo chekusimba kwakakosha kwekushanduka kwemafungiro eunyanzvi, maitiro ezana remakore rechi59. Asi Beethoven mupfungwa iyi haisi pasi pezvivheneko zvataurwa pamusoro apa. Zvakakwana kuenzanisa chero chero mabasa aBeethoven akasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano kuti ave nechokwadi chekusiyana kunoshamisa kwemaitiro ake. Zviri nyore here kutenda kuti iyo yakanakisa septet muchimiro cheViennese divertissement, iyo monumental inoshamisa "Heroic Symphony" uye yakadzika huzivi quartets op. XNUMX ndeechinyoreso chimwe chete? Uyezve, ose akasikwa mukati menguva imwe cheteyo yemakore matanhatu.

Hapana imwe yeBeethoven's sonatas inogona kusiyaniswa seyakanyanya hunhu hwemhando yemunyori mumunda wemimhanzi yepiyano. Hapana kana basa rimwechete rinomiririra kutsvaga kwake musymphonic sphere. Dzimwe nguva, mugore rimwe chete, Beethoven anodhinda mabasa akasiyana zvekuti pakutanga kuona zvakaoma kuziva kufanana pakati pavo. Ngatirangarirei nziyo dzinozivikanwa dzeFifth and Sixth symphonies. Yese ruzivo rwe thematism, nzira dzese dzekuumba mazviri dzinopokana zvakanyanya sezvo pfungwa dzehunyanzvi dzeaya masymphonies dzisingaenderane - inoshungurudza yechishanu uye idyllic yevafundisi yechitanhatu. Kana tikaenzanisa mabasa akagadzirwa akasiyana, ari kure kubva kune mumwe kune mumwe nhanho yenzira yekusika - semuenzaniso, Yekutanga Symphony uye Solemn Misa, iyo quartets op. 18 uye ekupedzisira quartets, Yechitanhatu uye Makumi maviri nepfumbamwe Piano Sonatas, nezvimwewo, nezvimwewo, ipapo tichaona zvisikwa zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe zvekuti pakutanga fungidziro zvinoonekwa zvisingaite sechigadzirwa che kwete chete njere dzakasiyana, asi. zvakare kubva kwakasiyana hunyanzvi eras. Uyezve, imwe neimwe yeakataurwa opus inonyanya hunhu hwaBeethoven, chimwe nechimwe chishamiso chekuzara kwemaitiro.

Munhu anogona kutaura pamusoro pechinhu chimwe chete cheunyanzvi chinoratidza mabasa aBeethoven chete mumashoko akawandisa: mukati menzira yose yekusika, maitiro emunyori akagadzirwa semugumisiro wekutsvaga kwechokwadi chimiro chehupenyu. Kufukidzwa kwakasimba kwechokwadi, hupfumi uye masimba mukufambiswa kwemifungo nemanzwiro, pakupedzisira kunzwisisa kutsva kwerunako kana kuchienzaniswa nevakatangira, kwakatungamira kune akawanda-mativi ekutanga uye ehunyanzvi maitiro ekutaura asingasvave anogona kungoitwa chete nepfungwa ye. yakasarudzika "Beethoven maitiro".

Netsanangudzo yaSerov, Beethoven ainzwisisa runako seratidziro yezvinyorwa zvepamusoro. Iyo hedonistic, nenyasha divertissement divi rekuridza mumhanzi rakakundwa zvine mutsindo mubasa rekukura raBeethoven.

Sezvo Lessing aimiririra kutaura chaiko uye kwakashata achipesana neyakagadzirwa, yekushongedza maitiro enhetembo dzesalon, yakazara nemifananidzo inoyevedza uye hunhu hwengano, saka Beethoven akaramba zvese zvekushongedza uye zvakajairwa.

Mumhanzi wake, kwete chete kushongedzwa kwakanaka, kusingaparadzaniswe nemaitiro ekutaura kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kwakanyangarika. Chiyero uye symmetry yemutauro wemimhanzi, kutsetseka kwemutinhimira, kujeka kwekamuri yekurira - izvi zvimiro zvechimiro, hunhu hwevose vakatangira Beethoven veViennese pasina kusarudzika, zvakabviswawo zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mukutaura kwake kwemimhanzi. Pfungwa yaBeethoven yerunako yaida kushama kwakatsikiswa kwemanzwiro. Akanga achitsvaga mamwe mazwi - ane simba uye asingazorori, akapinza uye akasindimara. Ruzha rwemimhanzi yake rwakava rwakazara, rwakaonda, rwakasiyana zvinoshamisa; madingindira ake awana kusvika zvino kupfupika kusati kwamboonekwa, kureruka kwakanyanya. Kuvanhu vakarerwa pamusoro pemimhanzi yekare yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, matauriro aBeethoven aiita seasina kujairika, "asina kunyoroveswa", dzimwe nguva akashata, zvekuti munyori aigara achishorwa nekuda kwechishuwo chake chekuve chepakutanga, vakaona mumaitiro ake matsva ekutaura. tsvaga manzwi asinganzwisisike nemaune anocheka nzeve.

Uye, zvisinei, nekutanga kwese, ushingi uye hutsva, mimhanzi yaBeethoven yakabatana zvisingaite netsika yekare uye neye classicist system yekufunga.

Zvikoro zvepamberi zvezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvinofukidza akati wandei mazera ehunyanzvi, zvakagadzirira basa raBeethoven. Vamwe vavo vakagamuchira generalization uye fomu yekupedzisira mairi; pesvedzero dzevamwe dzinoratidzwa mukudzokororwa kutsva kwepakutanga.

Basa raBeethoven rinonyanya kushamwaridzana neunyanzvi hweGermany neAustria.

Chekutanga pane zvese, kune kuenderera kunonzwisisika neViennese classicism yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Hazvisi zvakangoitika kuti Beethoven akapinda munhoroondo yeTsika semumiriri wekupedzisira wechikoro ichi. Akatanga panzira yakaiswa nevatangiri vake vekare Haydn naMozart. Beethoven akanzwisisawo zvakadzama marongerwo emifananidzo yehugamba-inosiririsa yemutambo wemimhanzi waGluck, muchidimbu kuburikidza nemabasa aMozart, ayo nenzira yavo pachavo akapikisa kutanga kwekufananidzira uku, pamwe zvakananga kubva mumatambudziko aGluck. Beethoven anoonekwa zvakaenzana semugari wenhaka yemweya weHandel. Mifananidzo yekukunda, yakareruka-yegamba yeHandel's oratorios yakatanga hupenyu hutsva pachinhu chakakosha muBeethoven's sonatas uye symphonies. Chekupedzisira, tambo dzakajeka dzinotevedzana dzinobatanidza Beethoven nemutsara weuzivi uye wekufungisisa muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, iyo yakagadziridzwa kwenguva refu muzvikoro zvekwaya neorgan zveGermany, ikava mavambo ayo enyika uye kusvika pakutaura kwayo kwepamusoro muhunyanzvi hweBach. Pesvedzero yemashoko euzivi aBach pachimiro chese chemimhanzi yaBeethoven yakadzika uye hairambiki uye inogona kurondwa kubva kuFirst Piano Sonata kusvika kuNinth Symphony uye maquartets ekupedzisira akasika nguva pfupi asati afa.

Chimbo chePurotesitendi nerwiyo rwemazuva ese rwechiGerman, democratic singspiel neViennese street serenades - idzi nedzimwe mhando dzakawanda dzeunyanzvi hwenyika dzakaiswawo zvakasiyana mubasa raBeethoven. Inocherekedza ese ari maviri ekare mafomu ekunyora nziyo dzevarimi uye mataurirwo echinyakare emadhorobha. Muchidimbu, zvese zvakarongeka yenyika mutsika yeGermany neAustria zvakaratidzwa mubasa raBeethoven's sonata-symphony.

Unyanzvi hwedzimwe nyika, kunyanya France, hwakabatsirawo mukuumbwa kwehunyanzvi hwake hwakawanda. Mimhanzi yaBeethoven inopindirana neRousseauist motifs yakaitwa muFrench comic opera muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kutanga naRousseau's The Village Sorcerer uye kupedzisa nemabasa echinyakare aGretry mumhando iyi. Iyo poster, yakaomesesa hunhu hwemazhinji shanduko yemhando dzeFrance yakasiya mucherechedzo usingadzimiki pairi, ichimaka kuzorora nekamuri art yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Cherubini's operas yakaunza nzira dzakapinza, kungoerekana uye simba rezvishuvo, padyo nechimiro chemanzwiro echimiro chaBeethoven.

Sezvinongoita basa raBach rakatora uye kugadziridzwa padanho repamusoro rehunyanzvi zvikoro zvese zvakakosha zvenguva yakapfuura, saka iwo mahorizoni eanopenya symphonist wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX akambundira mimhanzi yese inoshanda yezana ramakore rapfuura. Asi kunzwisisa kutsva kwaBeethoven kwerunako rwemumhanzi kwakagadzirisazve zvinyorwa izvi muchimiro chepakutanga zvekuti mumamiriro emabasa ake hazviwanzo kuoneka zviri nyore.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, chimiro chechimiro chepfungwa chinodzokororwa mubasa raBeethoven nenzira itsva, kure nemaitiro ekutaura kwaGluck, Haydn, Mozart. Iyi yakasarudzika, yakasarudzika yeBeethovenian akasiyana e classicism, iyo isina prototypes mune chero muimbi. Vanyori vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX havana kana kumbofunga nezve mukana chaiwo wezvivakwa zvakakura zvakadaro zvakave zvakajairwa naBeethoven, serusununguko rwekusimudzira mukati meiyo sonata kuumbwa, nezvemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemimhanzi madingindira, uye kuoma uye kupfuma kweiyo chaiyo. manyorerwo emimhanzi yaBeethoven aifanira kunge akaonekwa navo seasina magumo nhanho yekudzokera kunzira yakarambwa yechizvarwa cheBach. Zvakangodaro, Beethoven ari weiyo classicist chimiro chemafungiro anobuda zvakajeka achipesana nemashure eiyo mitsva yemisimboti yekunaka iyo yakatanga kutonga zvisingaite mumhanzi weiyo post-Beethoven era.

Kubva kune yekutanga kusvika kune yekupedzisira mabasa, mimhanzi yaBeethoven inogara inoratidzwa nekujeka uye kurongeka kwekufunga, monumentality uye kuwirirana kwechimiro, kuenzana kwakanakisa pakati pezvikamu zvese, izvo zvinova hunhu hwechinyakare muhunyanzvi mune zvese, mumimhanzi kunyanya. . Mupfungwa iyi, Beethoven anogona kunzi mutsivi akananga kwete chete kuna Gluck, Haydn naMozart, asiwo kune muvambi chaiye we classicist style mumhanzi, muFrench Lully, akashanda makore zana Beethoven asati aberekwa. Beethoven akazviratidza zvizere mukati mechimiro cheiyo sonata-symphonic genres iyo yakagadzirwa nevanyori veChiedza uye yakasvika padanho rekirasi mubasa raHaydn naMozart. Ndiye muimbi wekupedzisira wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kwaari iyo classicist sonata yaive yakasarudzika, organic chimiro chekufunga, wekupedzisira kune iyo yemukati yekufunga kwemimhanzi inotonga kwekunze, kwemavara ekutanga. Inoonekwa sekudururwa kwakananga kwemanzwiro, mimhanzi yaBeethoven inonyatso gara pane virtuoso yakamiswa, yakasimba yakasungirirwa nheyo inonzwisisika.

Pane, pakupedzisira, imwe pfungwa yakakosha inobatanidza Beethoven neiyo classicist system yekufunga. Aya ndiwo maonero epasirese anowirirana anoratidzwa muunyanzvi hwake.

Ehe, chimiro chemanzwiro mumimhanzi yaBeethoven chakasiyana neiyo yevanyori veChiedza. Nguva dzerunyararo rwepfungwa, runyararo, runyararo rwuri kure nekuritonga. Kupokana kukuru kwesimba rehunhu hweunyanzvi hwaBeethoven, kusimba kwemanzwiro, simba rakasimba rinosundira nguva dze“pasita” kumashure. Uye zvakadaro, sevanyori vekare vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, pfungwa yekuwirirana nenyika ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yeBeethoven's aesthetics. Asi inozvarwa nguva dzose semugumisiro wekurwa kwetitanic, kushandiswa kukuru kwemasimba emweya kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvikuru. Sekusimbisa hugamba hwehupenyu, sekukunda kwekukunda, Beethoven anonzwa kuwirirana nevanhu uye nepasirese. Unyanzvi hwake hwakazadzwa nekutenda ikoko, simba, kudhakwa nemufaro wehupenyu, izvo zvakaguma mumimhanzi nekuuya kwe "zera rerudo".

Achipedzisa nguva yemimhanzi yechinyakare, Beethoven panguva imwecheteyo akavhura nzira yezana rinouya. Mimhanzi yake inokwira pamusoro pezvese zvakagadzirwa nevenguva yake uye chizvarwa chinotevera, dzimwe nguva ichidzokorora mitsva yenguva yakazotevera. Maonero aBeethoven mune ramangwana anoshamisa. Kusvika ikozvino, mazano nemifananidzo yemimhanzi yeunyanzvi hwaBeethoven haina kupera.

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