Leonard Bernstein |

Leonard Bernstein

Zvakanaka, hapana chakavanzika here? Anovhenekerwa pachikuva, saka anopiwa mimhanzi! Orchestra inoida. R. Celletti

Zviitwa zvaL. Bernstein zvinokatyamadza, chekutanga, nekusiyana kwavo: muimbi ane tarenda, anozivikanwa pasi rese semunyori wenziyo "West Side Story", mutungamiriri mukuru wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. (anonzi pakati pevatevedzeri vakakodzera zvikuru vaG. Karayan), munyori wenziyo akajeka uye mudzidzisi, anokwanisa kuwana mutauro wakajairika nevateereri vakawanda, piano uye mudzidzisi.

Kuva muimbi Bernstein akatemerwa ramangwana, uye akaomesa musoro akatevera nzira yakasarudzwa, pasinei nezvipingamupinyi, dzimwe nguva zvakakosha zvikuru. Mukomana wacho paakanga ava nemakore 11, akatanga kutora zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi uye pashure pemwedzi akasarudza kuti aizova muimbi. Asi baba, avo vaiona mimhanzi sechinhu chisina maturo, havana kubhadhara zvidzidzo, uye mukomana akatanga kuwana mari yezvidzidzo zvake pachake.

Pazera remakore 17, Bernstein akapinda muHarvard University, kwaakadzidza unyanzvi hwekunyora mimhanzi, kuridza piyano, kuteerera hurukuro pamusoro penhoroondo yemimhanzi, philology uye uzivi. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuyunivhesiti muna 1939, akaenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvake - zvino paCurtis Institute of Music muPhiladelphia (1939-41). Chiitiko muhupenyu hwaBernstein chaive musangano nemukuru mukuru, chizvarwa cheRussia, S. Koussevitzky. Kudzidzira basa pasi pehutungamiriri hwake kuBerkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) kwakaratidza kutanga kwehukama hwehushamwari pakati pavo. Bernstein akava mubatsiri waKoussevitzky uye munguva pfupi akazova mutevedzeri wemutevedzeri weNew York Philharmonic Orchestra (1943-44). Izvi zvisati zvaitika, asina mari yekusingaperi, aigara nemari kubva kune zvidzidzo zvisingawanzoitiki, mitambo yemakonzati, basa rematepi.

Tsaona inofadza yakakurumidza kutanga kwebasa remutyairi akanaka Bernstein. Mukurumbira wenyika yose B. Walter, uyo aifanira kuridza neNew York Orchestra, akarwara kamwe kamwe. Muimbi wechigarire wechikwata chevaimbi, A. Rodzinsky, akanga akazorora kunze kweguta (wakanga uri musi weSvondo), uye pakanga pasina chimwe chakasara kunze kwokupa koniti yacho kumubatsiri mutsva. Mushure mekupedza husiku hwese achidzidza zvibodzwa zvakanyanya kuoma, Bernstein zuva rakatevera, asina kana kudzokorora kumwe, akaoneka pamberi pevoruzhinji. Kwakanga kuri kukunda kune mutungamiriri wechidiki uye manzwiro munyika yemimhanzi.

Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, horo huru dzekonzati muAmerica neEurope dzakavhurwa pamberi paBernstein. Muna 1945, akatsiva L. Stokowski somutungamiriri mukuru weNew York City Symphony Orchestra, aitungamirira maokestra muLondon, Vienna, uye Milan. Bernstein akakwezva vateereri nehunhu hwake hwekutanga, kurudziro yerudo, uye kudzika kwekupinda mumhanzi. Unyanzvi hwemuimbi zvechokwadi hahuzivi miganhu: akaita rimwe remakomiki ake ... "pasina maoko", achidzora orchestra chete nechitarisiko chechiso uye kutarisa. Kwemakore anopfuura 10 (1958-69) Bernstein akashanda semutungamiri mukuru weNew York Philharmonic kusvikira asarudza kupa nguva yakawanda nesimba mukunyora mimhanzi.

Mabasa aBernstein akatanga kuitwa anenge panguva imwe cheteyo nomutambo wake wokutanga somuitisi (kutenderera kwenzwi rokuti “Ndinovenga Nziyo”, symphony “Jeremiah” parugwaro rweBhaibheri rwenzwi uye orchestra, ballet “Unloved”). Mumakore ake echidiki, Bernstein anofarira mimhanzi yemitambo. Ndiye munyori we opera Kusagadzikana muTahiti (1952), mabheti maviri; asi kubudirira kwake kukuru kwakauya nenziyo ina dzakanyorerwa matheater paBroadway. Kutanga kwekutanga kwavo ("Muguta") kwakaitika muna 1944, uye nhamba dzayo dzakawanda dzakakurumidza kufarirwa se "varwi". Rudzi rwemimhanzi yaBernstein inodzokera kumidzi chaiyo yetsika dzemumhanzi weAmerica: nziyo dzemombe uye nhema, matambiro eMexico, mutinhimira wakapinza wejazz. Mu "Guta Rinoshamisa" (1952), rakapikisa mitambo inopfuura hafu yechiuru mumwaka mumwe, munhu anogona kunzwa kuvimba nekuzununguka - jazz style ye30s. Asi mumhanzi wacho hausi kuratidzwa kwevaraidzo chete. MuCandide (1956), munyori akatendeukira kuchirongwa cheVoltaire, uye West Side Story (1957) haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwenyaya inosuruvarisa yaRomeo naJuliet, yakaendeswa kuAmerica nekusawirirana kwemarudzi. Nemutambo wayo, iyi mimhanzi inosvika kune iyo opera.

Bernstein anonyora mimhanzi inoyera yekwaya uye orchestra (oratorio Kaddish, Chichester Mapisarema), symphonies (Chechipiri, Zera Rokuzvidya Mwoyo - 1949; Yetatu, yakatsaurirwa kumakore makumi manomwe neshanu eiyo Boston Orchestra - 75), Serenade yetambo orchestra uye kuridza nhaurirano paPlato. "Symposium" (1957, nhevedzano yetafura toasts kurumbidza rudo), firimu zvibodzwa.

Kubva 1951, pakafa Koussevitzky, Bernstein akatora kirasi yake kuTanglewood akatanga kudzidzisa paYunivhesiti yeWeltham (Massachusetts), achidzidzisa paHarvard. Nekubatsirwa kweterevhizheni, vateereri vaBernstein - mudzidzisi uye mudzidzisi - vakapfuura miganhu yeyunivhesiti. Zvese zviri zviviri muhurukuro uye mumabhuku ake Mufaro weMimhanzi (1959) uye The Infinite Variety of Music (1966), Bernstein anoedza kutapurira vanhu nerudo rwake rwemimhanzi, kufarira kwake kubvunza mazviri.

Muna 1971, pakuvhurwa kukuru kweCentre for the Arts. J. Kennedy muWashington Bernstein anogadzira Misa, izvo zvakakonzera ongororo dzakavhengana kubva kuvatsoropodzi. Vazhinji vakavhiringika nekusanganiswa kwenziyo dzechitendero dzechinyakare nezvinoshamisira zveBroadway show (vadhanzi vanotora chikamu mukuitwa kweMisa), nziyo muchimiro chejazz nemimhanzi yerock. Imwe nzira kana imwe, hupamhi hwezvido zvemimhanzi zvaBernstein, kumnivorousness yake uye kusavapo kwakakwana kwedzidziso kwakaratidzwa pano. Bernstein akashanyira USSR kanopfuura kamwe. Munguva yekushanya kwa1988 (muhusiku hwekuzvarwa kwake makumi manomwe) akaitisa International Orchestra yeSchleswig-Holstein Music Festival (FRG), yaive nevaimbi vadiki. "Pazhinji, zvakakosha kuti nditaure nezve dingindira revechidiki uye kutaura naro," akadaro munyori. “Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha muhupenyu hwedu, nekuti vechidiki ndiro ramangwana redu. Ndinoda kuvapa ruzivo rwangu nemanzwiro angu, kuvadzidzisa.”

K. Zenkin

Pasina nenzira ipi zvayo kupokana matarenda aBernstein semunyori, piano, mudzidzisi, munhu anogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti ane chikwereti chemukurumbira wake kunyanya kune unyanzvi hwekuitisa. Vese maAmerica nevadi vemimhanzi muEurope vakadaidza Bernstein, kondakita, kutanga kwezvose. Zvakaitika pakati pemakumi mana, apo Bernstein akanga asati ava nemakore makumi matatu, uye ruzivo rwake rweunyanzvi rwakanga rusina basa. Leonard Bernstein akawana ruzivo rwakakwana uye rwakakwana rwehunyanzvi. PaHarvard University, akadzidza kuumbwa uye piyano.

PaCurtis Institute yakakurumbira, vadzidzisi vake vaive R. Thompson wekuridza uye F. Reiner wekuitisa. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, akavandudza pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaS. Koussevitzky - paBerkshire Summer School muTanglewood. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuti awane chokurarama nacho, Lenny, sezvo shamwari dzake uye vanoyemura vachiri kumudana, aibhadharwa semupiyano muchikwata chechoreographic. Asi akakurumidza kudzingwa, nokuti panzvimbo yetsika ye ballet inoperekedza akamanikidza vatambi kuti vadzidzise kumimhanzi yeProkofiev, Shostakovich, Copland uye kuvandudza kwake.

Muna 1943, Bernstein akava mubatsiri waB. Walter muNew York Philharmonic Orchestra. Nokukurumidza zvakaitika kuti atsive mutungamiriri wake airwara, uye kubva ipapo akatanga kuita nekubudirira kunowedzera. Pakupera kwe1E45, Bernstein akange atotungamira New York City Symphony Orchestra.

Kutanga kwaBernstein kuEurope kwakaitika mushure mekupera kwehondo - kuPrague Spring muna 1946, uko makonti ake akakwezvawo pfungwa dzevanhu. Mumakore iwayo, vateereri vakazivawo nziyo dzokutanga dzaBernstein. Symphony yake "Jeremiah" yakazivikanwa nevatsoropodzi sebasa rakanakisa re1945 muUnited States. Makore akatevera akacherechedzwa Bernstein nemazana emakonzati, kushanya mumakondinendi akasiyana, kutanga kwenziyo dzake nyowani uye kukura kunoenderera mukuzivikanwa. Aive wekutanga pakati pevarairidzi vekuAmerica kumira paLa Scala muna 1953, obva aridza neveimba yepamusoro muEurope, uye muna 1958 anotungamira New York Philharmonic Orchestra uye nekukasika anoita rwendo rwekukunda kuEurope naye, panguva yaakazoita rwendo rwekukunda kuEurope. anoita muUSSR; pakupedzisira, zvishoma gare gare, anova aitungamirira conductor of Metropolitan Opera. Kushanya kuVienna State Opera, uko Bernstein akaita manyawi chaiwo muna 1966 nekududzira kwake Verdi's Falstaff, pakupedzisira kwakaita kuti muimbi azivikanwe pasi rose.

Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekubudirira kwake? Chero ani akambonzwa Bernstein kamwechete achapindura mubvunzo uyu nyore. Bernstein inyanzvi yezvinongoerekana zvaitika, yemhepo inoputika inokwezva vateereri, inoita kuti vateerere mimhanzi nekufema, kunyangwe dudziro yake ingaite seyakajairika kana kukakavara kwauri. Iyo orchestra iri pasi pekutungamira kwake inoridza mimhanzi zvakasununguka, zvakasununguka uye panguva imwechete yakanyanyisa - zvese zvinoitika zvinoratidzika kunge zviri kuvandudzwa. Mafambiro emuitisi anonyatsoratidza, ane hasha, asi panguva imwechete akanyatsojeka - zvinoita sekuti chimiro chake, maoko ake uye chimiro chechiso, sekunge, zvinopenya mimhanzi inozvarwa pamberi pemeso ako. Mumwe wevaimbi vakashanyira kuita kwaFalstaff kwakaitwa naBernstein akabvuma kuti atova maminetsi gumi mushure mekutanga, akamira kutarisa pachikuva uye haana kubvisa maziso ake kumuitisi - zvese zviri mu opera zvakaratidzwa mairi zvizere uye. nemazvo. Hongu, kutaura kusingadzorwi uku, kuputika kwechido uku hakudzoreki - kunozadzisa chinangwa chayo chete nekuti kunosanganisira kudzika kwenjere kunobvumira muitisi kupinda muvavariro yemunyori, kuti airatidze nekuvimbika kukuru uye chokwadi, nesimba guru. zveruzivo.

Bernstein anochengeta hunhu uhwu kunyangwe paanenge achiita panguva imwe chete semuimbi uye piano, achiita makonsati aBeethoven, Mozart, Bach, Gershwin's Rhapsody muBlue. Repertoire yaBernstein yakakura. Chete semukuru weNew York Philharmonic, akaita mimhanzi yese yekare neyemazuva ano, kubva kuBach kuenda kuMahler naR. Strauss, Stravinsky uye Schoenberg.

Pakati pezvaakarekodhwa pane dzinenge nziyo dzese dzesymphonies dzaBeethoven, Schumann, Mahler, Brahms, uye akawanda emamwe mabasa makuru. Zvakaoma kutumidza kuumbwa kwakadaro kwemumhanzi weAmerica uyo Bernstein aisazotamba ne orchestra yake: kwemakore akati wandei iye, sekutonga, aisanganisira rimwe basa reAmerica mune yega yezvirongwa zvake. Bernstein ndiye muturikiri akanaka kwazvo wemimhanzi yeSoviet, kunyanya symphonies yaShostakovich, iyo kondakita anoona se "yekupedzisira symphonist."

Peru Bernstein-munyori ane mabasa emhando dzakasiyana. Pakati pavo pane symphonies matatu, operas, mimhanzi comedies, mumhanzi "West Side Story", iyo yakafamba kumativi ose enyika. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Bernstein anga achiyedza kushandisa nguva yakawanda kuumba. Kuti izvi zviitike, muna 1969 akasiya basa rake semukuru weNew York Philharmonic. Asi anotarisira kuenderera mberi nekuita nguva nenguva nemubatanidzwa, uyo, achipemberera zvaakaita zvinoshamisa, akapa Bernstein zita re "Lifetime Conductor Laureate yeNew York Philharmonic."

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969