Hector Berlioz |

Hector Berlioz

Rega tambo yesirivheri yefungidziro itenderere munhevedzano yemitemo. R. Schumann

G. Berlioz mumwe wevanyori vakuru uye vagadziri vakuru vezana ramakore re1830. Akadzika munhoroondo semusiki wechirongwa chesymphonism, icho chaive neruremekedzo rwakakura uye rwakabereka pakukura kwese kwakatevera kwehunyanzvi hwerudo. KuFrance, kuzvarwa kwetsika yenyika symphonic inosanganiswa nezita reBerlioz. Berlioz muimbi ane chimiro chakafara: muimbi, conductor, mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi, akadzivirira epamberi, yedemocracy zvinangwa muhunyanzvi, yakagadzirwa nemhepo yemweya yeChikunguru Revolution yeXNUMX. Huduku hwemunyori weramangwana hwakaenderera mberi mumhepo yakanaka. Baba vake, avo vaiva chiremba nebasa, vakaroverera mumwanakomana wavo kuda mabhuku, unyanzvi, uye uzivi. Pasi pesimba rekutenda kwababa vake kwokuti hakuna Mwari, maonero ake anofambira mberi, edemocracy, maonero aBerlioz enyika akatanga. Asi nokuda kwekukura kwemimhanzi yemukomana, mamiriro eguta repurovhinzi akanga ane mwero zvikuru. Akadzidza kuridza nyere uye gitare, uye chete mimhanzi yainzwika kwaiva kuimba kwechechi - misi yeSvondo yakadzama, yaaida zvakanyanya. Kuda kwaBerlioz kumimhanzi kwakazviratidza mukuyedza kwake kunyora. Aya aive madiki ekutamba nerudo. Mutsindo weimwe yerudo wakazoverengerwa senge leitteme muFantastic Symphony.

Muna 1821, Berlioz akaenda kuParis nekusimbirira kwababa vake kupinda muChikoro cheMedical. Asi mushonga haukwezveri jaya. Achinakidzwa nemimhanzi, anorota nezvedzidzo yehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. Pakupedzisira, Berlioz anoita sarudzo yakazvimirira yekusiya sainzi nekuda kwehunyanzvi, uye izvi zvinomutsa hasha dzevabereki vake, avo vasina kuona mimhanzi sebasa rakakodzera. Vanonyima mwanakomana wavo chero rubatsiro rwenyama, uye kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, munyori weramangwana anogona kungovimba naye. Zvisinei, achitenda mune ramangwana rake, anoshandura simba rake rose, simba uye kushingaira kuti aite basa racho ari oga. Anorarama semagamba aBalzac kubva paruoko kusvika pamuromo, mune attics, asi haapotsa chiitiko chimwe chete mu opera uye anoshandisa nguva yake yese yemahara muraibhurari, achidzidza zvibodzwa.

Kubva muna 1823, Berlioz akatanga kutora zvidzidzo zvake oga kubva kuna J. Lesueur, munyori akatanhamara zvikurusa wenguva yeChimurenga Chikuru cheFrance. Ndiye akapinza mumudzidzi wake kuravira kwemhando dzeunyanzvi dzakagadzirirwa ruzhinji rwevateereri. Muna 1825, Berlioz, aratidza tarenda rakatanhamara resangano, anoronga kuita kweruzhinji rwebasa rake guru rekutanga, Misa Huru. Gore rinotevera, anonyora chiitiko chegamba "Chimurenga chechiGiriki", basa iri rakavhura nzira yese mubasa rake. , yakabatana nemadingindira echimurenga. Achinzwa kudikanwa kwekuwana ruzivo rwakadzama rwehunyanzvi, muna 1826 Berlioz akapinda muParis Conservatory mukirasi yekunyora yaLesueur uye A. Reicha's counterpoint class. Kukosha kukuru kwekuumbwa kweaesthetics yechidiki muimbi ndiko kutaurirana nevamiriri vakatanhamara vezvinyorwa uye hunyanzvi, kusanganisira O. Balzac, V. Hugo, G. Heine, T. Gauthier, A. Dumas, George Sand, F. Chopin. , F. Liszt, N. Paganini. NaLiszt, akabatanidzwa nehushamwari hwepauzima, kufanana kwekutsvaga kwekugadzira uye zvaunofarira. Zvadaro, Liszt aizova mutsigiri ane simba wemimhanzi yaBerlioz.

Muna 1830, Berlioz akagadzira iyo "Fantastic Symphony" ine subtitle: "Chikamu kubva kuHupenyu hweAnyanzvi." Inovhura nguva nyowani yechirongwa cherudo symphonism, ichiva nyanzvi yetsika yemimhanzi yenyika. Chirongwa ichi chakanyorwa naBerlioz uye chakavakirwa pachokwadi chemunyori wenhoroondo yehupenyu hwake - nyaya yerudo yekuda kwake mutambi wechirungu anonzi Henrietta Smithson. Nekudaro, autobiographical motifs mumhanzi generalization inowana kukosha kweyakajairwa yerudo dingindira rekusurukirwa kwemuimbi munyika yemazuva ano uye, zvakanyanya, dingindira re "kurasika zvinyengeri".

1830 raive gore rinonetsa kuBerlioz. Akatora chikamu kechina mumakwikwi emubairo weRome, pakupedzisira akahwina, achiendesa cantata "Husiku Hwekupedzisira hweSardanapalus" kune vatongi. Muimbi anopedzisa basa rake kune ruzha rwekumukira kwakatanga muParis uye, kubva pamakwikwi, anoenda kumabharidhi kuti abatane nevapanduki. Mumazuva anotevera, aronga nekunyora Marseillaise yekwaya mbiri, anoidzokorora nevanhu vari mumigwagwa nemigwagwa yeParis.

Berlioz anoshandisa makore maviri semudzidzi weRoma anobata kuVilla Medici. Kudzoka kubva kuItaly, anovandudza basa rinoshanda semutungamiri, munyori wenziyo, mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi, asi anosangana nekuramba zvachose kwebasa rake idzva kubva kumatare ehurumende eFrance. Uye izvi zvakafanoronga upenyu hwake hwose hweramangwana, huzere nenhamo nematambudziko. Berlioz inonyanya kuwana mari imhanzi yakakosha basa. Zvinyorwa, ongororo, mimhanzi nyaya pfupi, feuilletons zvakazoburitswa muunganidzwa akati wandei: "Mimhanzi nevaimbi", "Musical Grotesques", "Manheru muOrchestra". Nzvimbo yepakati munhoroondo yezvinyorwa zveBerlioz yakagarwa naMemoirs - nhoroondo yemunyori, yakanyorwa nehunyanzvi hwekunyora uye ichipa yakafara panorama yehupenyu hwehunyanzvi uye hwemimhanzi hweParis mumakore iwayo. Mupiro wakakura kumimhanzi yemimhanzi raive basa redzidziso reBerlioz "Treatise on Instrumentation" (ine appendix - "Orchestra Conductor").

Muna 1834, purogiramu yechipiri symphony "Harold muItaly" yakaonekwa (yakabva padetembo raJ. Byron). Chikamu chakagadziridzwa che solo viola chinopa iyi symphony maficha ekonsati. 1837 yakaratidzwa nekuzvarwa kwechimwe chezvisikwa zvikuru zveBerlioz, Requiem, yakagadzirwa mundangariro yevakabatwa neChimurenga chaChikunguru. Munhoroondo yerudzi urwu, Berlioz's Requiem ibasa rakasarudzika rinosanganisa monumental fresco uye yakanatswa yepfungwa maitiro; kufora, nziyo mumweya wemumhanzi weChimurenga cheFrance padivi nepadivi zvino nenziyo dzerudo dzinobva pamwoyo, iye zvino dzine maitiro akaoma, ekuzvinyima emuMiddle Ages Gregorian chant. The Requiem yakanyorerwa boka guru revaimbi mazana maviri uye imwe orchestra yakawedzerwa ine mamwe mapoka mana endarira. Muna 200, Berlioz akapedza basa pachirongwa chechitatu symphony Romeo naJuliet (zvichienderana nenjodzi yaW. Shakespeare). Iyi nyanzvi yemimhanzi yesymphonic, iyo yepakutanga kusikwa kweBerlioz, ndeye synthesis ye symphony, opera, oratorio uye inobvumira kwete konzati chete, asiwo danho rekuita.

Muna 1840, "Funeral and Triumphal Symphony" yakaonekwa, yakagadzirirwa kuita kunze. Yakatsaurirwa kumhemberero yakadzama yekutamisa madota emagamba ekumukira kwa1830 uye inomutsa zvakajeka tsika dzemitambo yemitambo yeGreat French Revolution.

Romeo naJuliet vanobatanidzwa neinoshamisa ngano The Damnation of Faust (1846), zvakare yakavakirwa pamubatanidzwa wemisimboti yechirongwa symphonism uye mhanzi yenhandare yemitambo. "Faust" naBerlioz ndiko kuverenga kwekutanga kwemumhanzi kwemutambo weuzivi weJW Goethe, uyo wakateya hwaro hwekududzira kwakawanda kwakatevera kwairi: mu opera (Ch. Gounod), mune symphony (Liszt, G. Mahler), mune nhetembo yesymphonic (R. Wagner), mumhanzi wezwi uye wezviridzwa (R. Schumann). Peru Berlioz anewo oratorio trilogy "The Childhood of Christ" (1854), akati wandei chirongwa overtures ("King Lear" - 1831, "Roman Carnival" - 1844, nezvimwewo), 3 operas ("Benvenuto Cellini" - 1838, the dilogy "Trojans" - 1856-63, "Beatrice naBenedict" - 1862) uye nhamba yezwi uye nziyo dzezviridzwa mumhando dzakasiyana.

Berlioz akararama hupenyu hunorwadza, asina kumbowana kuzivikanwa munyika yake. Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake aive akasviba uye ari oga. Kuyeuka chete kwakajeka kwemunyori kwakabatana nenzendo dzekuRussia, dzaakashanyira kaviri (1847, 1867-68). Ikoko chete kwaakawana kubudirira kwakanaka neveruzhinji, kuzivikanwa chaiko pakati pevanyori nevatsoropodzi. Tsamba yekupedzisira yeBerlioz anofa yakanyorerwa shamwari yake, mutsoropodzi weRussia anozivikanwa V. Stasov.

L. Kokoreva