Giacomo Meyerbeer |

Giacomo Meyerbeer

Mamiriro aJ. Meyerbeer, mukurusa muimbi we opera wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. – akabuda achifara. Akanga asingafaniri kuwana chokurarama nacho, sezvakaita WA Mozart, F. Schubert, M. Mussorgsky nevamwe vanyori, nokuti akaberekerwa mumhuri yemubhengi mukuru weBerlin. Haana kudzivirira kodzero yake yekugadzira muhuduku hwake - vabereki vake, vanhu vakanyatsovhenekerwa vaida uye vainzwisisa unyanzvi, vakaita zvose kuitira kuti vana vavo vawane dzidzo yakanyanyisa. Vadzidzisi vepamusoro muBerlin vakaisa mavari kuravira kwemabhuku ekare, nhoroondo, uye mitauro. Meyerbeer ainyatsoziva chiFrench nechiItaly, aiziva chiGiriki, chiLatin, chiHebheru. Hama dzeGiacomo dzaivewo nezvipo: Wilhelm akazove nyanzvi yenyeredzi, munun'una, akafa mangwanani, aive mudetembi ane tarenda, munyori wedambudziko reStruensee, iro Meyerbeer akazonyora mimhanzi.

Giacomo, mukuru pahama, akatanga kudzidza nziyo pazera ramakore 5. Afambira mberi zvikuru, pazera ramakore 9 anoimba mukonzati yavose nokuridza kweConcerto yaMozart muD minor. Akakurumbira M. Clementi anova mudzidzisi wake, uye munyori wenziyo ane mukurumbira uye theorist Abbot Vogler wekuDarmstadt, mushure mekuteerera Meyerbeer mudiki, anomuraira kuti adzidze counterpoint uye fugue nemudzidzi wake A. Weber. Gare gare, Vogler pachake anokoka Meyerbeer kuDarmstadt (1811), uko vadzidzi vanobva kumativi ose eGermany vakauya kumudzidzisi akakurumbira. Ikoko Meyerbeer akava shamwari naKM Weber, munyori weramangwana weThe Magic Shooter naEuryanta.

Pakati pezviyedzo zvekutanga zvakazvimiririra zveMeyerbeer pane cantata "Mwari uye Chisikwa" uye 2 operas: "Mhiko yaJefta" pane imwe nyaya yemubhaibheri (1812) uye inosekesa, pachirongwa chengano kubva "Chiuru neManheru Imwe" , "Muenzi uye Muenzi" (1813). Maopera akaitirwa muMunich neStuttgart uye haana kubudirira. Vatsoropodzi vakanyomba munyori nokuda kwokuoma uye kushaikwa kwechipo chomumhanzi. Weber akanyaradza shamwari yake yakawa, uye ane ruzivo A. Salieri akamuraira kuti aende kuItaly kuti anoona kunaka uye kunaka kwenziyo kubva kune vatenzi vayo vakuru.

Meyerbeer anopedza makore akati wandei muItaly (1816-24). Mimhanzi yaG. Rossini inotonga pamatanho emitambo yeItaly, kutanga kwemitambo yake inonzi Tancred uye The Barber yeSeville inokunda. Meyerbeer anoyedza kudzidza maitiro matsva ekunyora. MuPadua, Turin, Venice, Milan, maopera ake matsva akaitwa - Romilda and Constanza (1817), Semiramide Recognized (1819), Emma weResburg (1819), Margherita weAnjou (1820), Exile kubva kuGrenada (1822) uye, pakupedzisira, opera inonyanya kushamisa yemakore iwayo, The Crusader in Egypt (1824). Iyo inobudirira kwete muEurope chete, asiwo muU.SA, muBrazil, zvimwe zvinyorwa kubva mairi zvinove zvakakurumbira.

"Ndanga ndisingadi kutevedzera Rossini," Meyerbeer anodaro uye achiita seanozvipembedza, "uye kunyora neItalian, sezvavanotaura, asi ndaifanira kunyora saizvozvo ... nekuda kwekukwezva kwangu mukati." Zvechokwadi, vazhinji vevanyori veGermany shamwari - uye kunyanya Weber - havana kugamuchira iyi yeItaly metamorphosis. Kubudirira kwakadzikama kweMeyerbeer's Italian opera muGermany hakuna kuodza mwoyo munyori. Akanga ane chinangwa chitsva: Paris - nzvimbo huru yezvematongerwo enyika netsika panguva iyoyo. Muna 1824, Meyerbeer akakokwa kuParis nemumwe kunze kwemaestro Rossini, uyo asina kumbofungidzira kuti akanga ari kutora danho rinouraya mukurumbira wake. Anotobatsira mukugadzirwa kweThe Crusader (1825), achitsigira munyori wechidiki. Muna 1827, Meyerbeer akatamira kuParis, kwaakawana imba yake yechipiri uye uko mukurumbira wenyika wakauya kwaari.

muParis mukupera kwema1820s. hupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwehunyanzvi. The bourgeois revolution ye1830 yakanga yava kusvika. Iwo liberal bourgeoisie aigadzirira zvishoma nezvishoma kubviswa kweBourbons. Zita reNapoleon rakakomberedzwa nengano dzerudo. Pfungwa dzeutopian socialism dziri kupararira. Vechidiki V. Hugo mune yakakurumbira sumo yemutambo "Cromwell" inozivisa pfungwa dzemaitiro matsva ehunyanzvi - romanticism. Mumitambo yemimhanzi, pamwe chete nemitambo yeE. Megul naL. Cherubini, mabasa aG. Spontini anonyanya kufarirwa. Mifananidzo yevaRoma vekare yaakasika mupfungwa dzeFrench ine chimwe chinhu chakafanana nemagamba enguva yeNapoleonic. Kune makomiki opera naG. Rossini, F. Boildieu, F. Aubert. G. Berlioz anonyora yake itsva Fantastic Symphony. Vanyori vanofambira mberi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanouya kuParis - L. Berne, G. Heine. Meyerbeer anotarisisa hupenyu hweParisian, anoita zvehunyanzvi uye zvebhizinesi kuonana, anoenda kumitambo yemitambo, pakati payo paine mabasa maviri akakosha emumhanzi werudo - Aubert's The Mute from Portici (Fenella) (1828) naRossini's William Tell (1829). Chaikosha wakanga uri musangano wemunyori nemunyori wenguva yemberi E. Scribe, shasha yenyanzvi yemitambo yemitambo uye zvinoravirwa nevoruzhinji, shasha yemanomano edariro. Mhedzisiro yekubatana kwavo yaive opera yerudo Robert the Devil (1831), iyo yaive budiriro inokatyamadza. Misiyano yakajeka, chiitiko chehupenyu, nhamba dzinoshamisa dzezwi, ruzha rweorchestra - izvi zvese zvinova hunhu hwemamwe Meyerbeer opera.

Rukundo rwekutanga rweThe Huguenots (1836) pakupedzisira runopwanya vakwikwidzi vake vese. Mukurumbira mukuru weMeyerbeer unopindawo munyika yake - Germany. Muna 1842, Mambo wePrussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV akamukoka kuBerlin semutungamiriri mukuru wemimhanzi. PaBerlin Opera, Meyerbeer anogamuchira R. Wagner nokuda kwekugadzirwa kweThe Flying Dutchman (munyori anoitisa), anokoka Berlioz, Liszt, G. Marschner kuBerlin, anofarira mumhanzi waM. Glinka uye anoita vatatu kubva kuna Ivan Susanin. . Glinka anonyorawo kuti: “Chiidzo chaitungamirirwa naMeyerbeer, asi tinofanira kubvuma kuti ndiye shasha yebhendi muzvinhu zvose.” KuBerlin, munyori anonyora opera Camp muSilesia (chikamu chikuru chinoitwa neakakurumbira J. Lind), muParis, Muporofita (1849), The North Star (1854), Dinora (1859) inorongwa. Opera yaMeyerbeer yekupedzisira, The African Woman, akaona dariro gore mushure mekufa kwake, muna 1865.

Muchikamu chake chepamusoro chekushanda, Meyerbeer anooneka satenzi mukuru. Tarenda rekutanga remumhanzi, kunyanya mumunda wekuimba uye mutinhimira, harina kurambwa kunyange nevashori vake R. Schumann naR. Wagner. Kugona kuita zvakanaka kweimbwa kunoibvumira kuita zvinoyevedza uye zvinoshamisa mhedzisiro (chiitiko mucathedral, chiitiko chechiroto, kufora kwekugadza korona muOpera Muporofita, kana kugadzwa kwemapakatwa muThe Huguenots). Kwete hunyanzvi hushoma uye mukuva nemakwaya akawanda. Pesvedzero yebasa raMeyerbeer yakaonekwa nevakawanda venguva yake, kusanganisira Wagner mune operas Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, uye pamwe muTannhäuser. Vanhu vepanguva iyoyo vakafadzwawo nemaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika emitambo yaMeyerbeer. Muzvirongwa zvekunyepedzera zvenhoroondo, vakaona kupokana kwemazano anhasi. Munyori akakwanisa kunzwa zvinyoro-nyoro nguva yacho. Heine, uyo aifarira basa raMeyerbeer, akanyora kuti: “Iye munhu wenguva yake, uye nguva, uyo anogaroziva kusarudza vanhu vayo, akamukwidza nemheremhere ndokuzivisa utongi hwake.”

E. Illeva

Zvinyorwa:

opareta – Mhiko yaJefta (The Jephtas Oath, Jephtas Gelübde, 1812, Munich), Mugamuchiri uye muenzi, kana jee (Wirth und Gast oder Aus Scherz Ernst, 1813, Stuttgart; pasi pezita rokuti Two caliphs, Die beyden Kalifen, 1814ktorner1820tor, ", Vienna; pasi pezita rokuti Alimelek, 1814, Prague neVienna), Gateenburg Gate (Das Brandenburger Tor, 1815, kwete zvachose), Bachelor kubva kuSalamanca (Le bachelier de Salamanque, 1815 (?), isati yapera), Mudzidzi kubva kuStrasbourg (L'etudiant de Strasbourg, 1816 (?), isati yapera), Robert naElisa (1817, Palermo), Romilda naConstanta (melodrama, 1819, Padua), Kuzivikanwa Semiramis (Semiramide riconsciuta, 1819, tr. "Reggio", Turin), Emma weResburg (1820, tr “San Benedetto”, Venice; pasi pezita rokuti Emma Lester, kana Izwi rehana, Emma von Leicester oder Die Stimme des Gewissens, 1820, Dresden), Margaret weAnjou (1821, tr “ La Scala”, Milan), Almanzor (1822, haana kupedza), Kudzingwa kubva kuGrenada (L'esule di Granada, 1824, tr “La Scala”, Milan), Crusader muEgypt (Il crociato muEgitto, 1825, tr Fenich e”, Venice), Ines di Castro, kana Pedro wePortugal (Ines di Castro osia Pietro di Portogallo, melodrama, 1831, isati yapera), Robert the Devil (Robert le Diable, 1835, “Mambo. Academy of Music and Dance, Paris), Huguenots (Les Huguenots, 1836, post. 1843, ibid; muRussia pasi pezita rokuti Guelphs and Ghibellines), Mutambo Wedare muFerrara (Das Hoffest von Ferrara, mutambo wemutambo wecarnival wakadhura Bhora, 1844, Royal Palace, Berlin), Musasa muSilesia (Ein Feldlager muSclesien, 1846, “King. Spectacle”, Berlin), Noema, kana Kupfidza (Nolma ou Le repentir, 1849, haana kupera.), Muporofita ( Le prophète, 1854, King's Academy of Music and Dance, Paris; muRussia pasi pezita rokuti The Siege of Ghent, then John of Leiden), Northern Star (L'étoile du nord, 1854, Opera Comic, Paris); akashandisa mumhanzi weoperation Camp muSilesia), Judith (1859, haana kupera.), Ploermel ruregerero (Le pardon de Ploërmel, pakutanga yainzi Treasure Seeker, Le chercheur du tresor; inonziwo Dinora, kana Pilgrimage kuPloermel, Dinorah oder Die Wallfahrt nach Ploermel; 1864, tr Opera Comic, Paris), African (zita rekutanga Vasco da Gama, 1865, post. XNUMX, Grand Opera, Steam izh); Divertissement - Kuyambuka rwizi, kana Mukadzi Ane Godo (Le passage de la riviere ou La femme jalouse; anonziwo Muredzi neMusikana weMilkmaid, kana Ruzha Rwakawanda Nekuda Kwekutsvoda, 1810, tr "Mambo weChiratidzo", Berlin) ; oratory – Mwari uye zvisikwa (Gott und die Natur, 1811); yeorchestra - Festive kufora kugadzwa kwaWilliam I (1861) nevamwe; kwaya – Mapisarema 91 (1853), Stabat Mater, Miserere, Te Deum, mapisarema, nziyo dzevaimbi voga nekwaya (hazvina kubudiswa); yezwi nepiyano - St. 40 nziyo, dzerudo, mabharadhi (pamavhesi naIV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Relshtab, E. Deschamps, M. Bera, nezvimwewo); mimhanzi yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo, kusanganisira Struenze (mutambo naM. Behr, 1846, Berlin), Vechidiki veGoethe (La jeunesse de Goethe, mutambo naA. Blaze de Bury, 1859, usina kubudiswa).