Gustav Mahler |

Gustav Mahler

Murume airatidza zvakakomba uye zvakachena zvekuda zvenguva yedu. T. Mann

Munyori mukuru weAustria G. Mahler akataura kuti kwaari “kunyora mutsindo kunoreva kuvaka nyika itsva nemitoo yose yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runowanika. Hupenyu hwangu hwese ndanga ndichigadzira mimhanzi nezve chinhu chimwe chete: ndingafara sei kana mumwe munhu achitambura kune imwe nzvimbo. Nehutsika hwakadaro, "kuvakwa kwenyika" mumimhanzi, kubudirira kwehumwe hunoenderana kunova dambudziko rakaoma, risingagadzirike. Mahler, muchidimbu, anopedzisa tsika yefilosofi classical-romantic symphonism (L. Beethoven - F. Schubert - J. Brahms - P. Tchaikovsky - A. Bruckner), iyo inotsvaka kupindura mibvunzo yekusingaperi yekuve, kuziva nzvimbo. zvemunhu munyika.

Mukutanga kwezana ramakore, kunzwisisa kwehunhu hwemunhu seukoshi hukuru uye "mudziyo" wepasi rose wakasangana nedambudziko rakadzika. Mahler akazvinzwa chaizvo; uye chero symphonies yake kuedza kwetitanic kuwana kuwirirana, yakasimba uye imwe neimwe nzira yakasiyana yekutsvaga chokwadi. Kutsvaga kwekugadzira kwaMahler kwakatungamira mukutyorwa kwemazano akasimbiswa nezve runako, kune kuoneka kusava nechimiro, kusabatana, eclecticism; munyori akamisa pfungwa dzake huru sokunge kuti dzakabva mu“zvidimbu” zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika yakaparara. Kutsvaga uku ndiko kwaive kiyi yekuchengetedza kuchena kwemweya wemunhu mune imwe yenguva dzakaoma kwazvo munhoroondo. “Ndiri muimbi anodzungaira usiku hwomugwenga hwemhanzi yemazuva ano asina nyeredzi inomutungamirira uye ari mungozi yokusava nechokwadi nezvinhu zvose kana kurasika,” akanyora kudaro Mahler.

Mahler akaberekerwa mumhuri yevarombo yechiJudha muCzech Republic. Mano ake emumhanzi akaoneka kare (pazera re10 akapa konzati yake yekutanga yeruzhinji semuimbi wepiyano). Pazera remakore gumi namashanu, Mahler akapinda muVienna Conservatory, akatora zvidzidzo zvekunyora kubva kuAustrian symphonist Bruckner, ndokubva apinda zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo uye uzivi paYunivhesiti yeVienna. Nenguva isipi mabasa ekutanga akaonekwa: mifananidzo yemitambo, orchestral uye mimhanzi yekamuri. Kubva pazera remakore makumi maviri, hupenyu hwaMahler hwave huchibatanidzwa zvakanyanya nebasa rake semutungamiri. Pakutanga - dzimba dzeOpera dzemataundi madiki, asi munguva pfupi - nzvimbo huru dzemimhanzi muEurope: Prague (20), Leipzig (1885-1886), Budapest (88-1888), Hamburg (91-1891). Kuitisa, uko Mahler akazvipira kwaari pasina chido chakaderera pane kuumba mimhanzi, zvakatora inenge nguva yake yose, uye munyori akashanda pamabasa makuru muzhizha, akasununguka kubva kumabasa emitambo. Kazhinji kazhinji pfungwa ye symphony yakazvarwa kubva murwiyo. Mahler ndiye munyori wenziyo dzinoverengeka "kutenderera, yekutanga iyo "Nziyo dzeMudzidzi Anodzungaira", yakanyorwa mumashoko ake, inoita kuti munhu ayeuke F. Schubert, mufaro wake wakajeka wekutaura nemasikirwo uye kusuwa kweanosurukirwa, achitambura wanderer. Kubva munziyo idzi kwakakura First Symphony (97), umo kuchena kwepakutanga kunovharidzirwa nenhamo inotyisa yehupenyu; nzira yekukunda rima kudzoreredza kubatana nemasikirwo.

Mune symphonies anotevera, munyori atove akamanikana mukati megadziriro ye classical-part cycle, uye anoiwedzera, uye anoshandisa izwi renhetembo se "mutakuri wepfungwa yemimhanzi" (F. Klopstock, F. Nietzsche). Yechipiri, Yetatu uye Yechina symphonies yakabatana nekutenderera kwenziyo "Magic Horn of a Boy". Yechipiri Symphony, pamusoro pekutanga iyo Mahler akati pano "anoviga gamba rekutanga Symphony", inoguma nekusimbisa pfungwa yechitendero yekumuka. MuChetatu, nzira yekubuda nayo inowanikwa mukudyidzana nehupenyu husingagumi hwechisikigo, inonzwisiswa seyakangoerekana yaitika, cosmic kusika kwemasimba akakosha. "Ndinogara ndichigumburwa neidi rokuti vanhu vazhinji, kana vachitaura nezve" zvakasikwa ", nguva dzose vanofunga nezvemaruva, shiri, kunhuhwirira kwemasango, nezvimwewo. Hapana anoziva Mwari Dionysus, Pan huru."

Muna 1897, Mahler akava mutungamiri mukuru weVienna Court Opera House, 10 makore ekushanda iyo yakava nguva munhoroondo yekushanda kweopera; mumunhu waMahler, muimbi-mudzidzisi ane hunyanzvi uye mutungamiriri-mutungamiriri wemutambo akabatanidzwa. "Kwandiri, mufaro mukuru hausi wekuti ndasvika pachinzvimbo chinopenya kunze, asi kuti ndawana nyika yekumusha, mhuri yangu“. Pakati pekubudirira kwekugadzira kwemukuru wechikwata Mahler maoperas naR. Wagner, KV Gluck, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, B. Smetana, P. Tchaikovsky (The Queen of Spades, Eugene Onegin, Iolanthe) . Kazhinji, Tchaikovsky (kufanana naDostoevsky) akanga ari pedyo nekutya-kusagadzikana, kuputika kwemhepo yemunyori weAustria. Mahler aivawo mukuru symphony conductor uyo akafamba munyika dzakawanda (akashanyira Russia katatu). Masymphonies akagadzirwa muVienna akaratidzira nhanho nyowani munzira yake yekusika. Yechina, iyo nyika inoonekwa nemeso evana, yakashamisa vateereri nechiyero chakanga chisiri chimiro chaMahler kare, chimiro chechimiro, neoclassical uye, zvaiita, mimhanzi isina makore idyllic. Asi iyi idyll ndeyekufungidzira: zvinyorwa zverwiyo rwuri pasi pesimphony zvinoburitsa zvinoreva basa rose - izvi zvinongova zviroto zvemwana zvehupenyu hwekudenga; uye pakati penziyo dzemweya waHaydn naMozart, chimwe chinhu chinoputsika zvisingaite.

Mune matatu anotevera symphonies (umo Mahler asingashandisi zvinyorwa zvenhetembo), mavara anowanzo kuvharwa - kunyanya muChitanhatu, iyo yakagamuchira zita rekuti "Njodzi". Manyuko okufananidzira enziyo idzi dzokusiirana dzakanga dziri denderedzwa re“Nziyo Dzevana Vakafa” (pamutsetse waF. Rückert). Panguva ino yekusika, munyori anoita seasingachakwanisi kuwana mhinduro dzekupokana muhupenyu chaihwo, mumasikirwo kana chitendero, anozviona mukuwirirana kwechinyakare art (yekupedzisira yeFifth neSeventh yakanyorwa mumanyorero. yeClassics yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye siyanisa zvakanyanya nezvikamu zvakapfuura).

Mahler akapedza makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake (1907-11) muAmerica (chete paakanga atorwara zvakanyanya, akadzokera kuEurope kunorapwa). Kusabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira mukurwisana netsika paVienna Opera kwakaoma nzvimbo yaMahler, kwakatungamirira kukutambudzwa chaiko. Anobvuma kukokwa kunzvimbo yemutungamiri weMetropolitan Opera (New York), uye nokukurumidza anova mutungamiriri weNew York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Mumabasa emakore aya, pfungwa yerufu inosanganiswa nenyota yekuda kubata runako rwese rwepasi. MuEighth Symphony - "symphony yezviuru zvevatori vechikamu" (yakakura orchestra, 3 kwaya, soloists) - Mahler akaedza nenzira yake kushandura pfungwa yeBeethoven's Ninth Symphony: kubudirira kwemufaro mukubatana kwepasirese. “Fungidzira kuti muchadenga chinotanga kurira nokurira. Haasisiri manzwi evanhu anoimba, asi kuti ari kutenderera zuva nemapuraneti,” akanyora kudaro munyori wacho. Iyo symphony inoshandisa yekupedzisira chiitiko che "Faust" naJW Goethe. Kufanana nemagumo eSimphony yeBeethoven, chiitiko ichi ndicho apotheosis yezvisimbiso, kubudirira kwemhedziso yakakwana muunyanzvi hwekare. Kuna Mahler, kutevera Goethe, iyo yepamusoro-soro, inogoneka chete muhupenyu husina hunhu, ndeye "nekusingaperi mukadzi, izvo, maererano nemunyori, zvinotikwezva nesimba risinganzwisisike, kuti zvisikwa zvese (zvichida kunyange matombo) zvine chokwadi chisingaverengeki chinonzwa senge. pakati pehupenyu hwake. Hukama hwemweya naGoethe hwaigara huchinzwikwa naMahler.

Mukati mebasa rose raMahler, kutenderera kwenziyo uye symphony zvakafambidzana uye, pakupedzisira, zvakabatanidzwa musymphony-cantata Rwiyo rwePasi (1908). Inosanganisira dingindira risingaperi rehupenyu nerufu, Mahler akashandura nguva ino kuita nhetembo dzeChinese dzezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kupenya kunoshamisa kwemutambo, chamber-pachena (inechekuita nechakanakisa pendi yeChinese) mazwi uye - kunyungudika chinyararire, kuenda kukusingaperi, kuteerera zvine ruremekedzo kunyarara, kutarisira - aya ndiwo maitiro emaitiro emushakabvu Mahler. Iyo "epilogue" yezvese kusika, kuoneka yaive yepfumbamwe uye isina kupera yechigumi symphonies.

Achipedzisa zera rerudo, Mahler akaratidza kuva mutangiri wezviitiko zvakawanda mumimhanzi yezana redu ramakore. Kuwedzera kwemanzwiro, chido chekuratidzwa kwavo kwakanyanya kuchatorwa nevanotaura - A. Schoenberg naA. Berg. Mimhanzi yaA. Honegger, nziyo dzaB. Britten dzine mucherechedzo wemimhanzi yaMahler. Mahler aive nesimba rakasimba paD. Shostakovich. Kuvimbika kwekupedzisira, tsitsi dzakadzama kumunhu wega wega, hupamhi hwekufunga kunoita kuti Mahler ave pedyo zvakanyanya nenguva yedu, nguva inoputika.

K. Zenkin