Имре Калман (Imre Kálmán) |

Imre Kálmán

Ndinoziva kuti hafu yepeji yezvibodzwa zvaLiszt ichapfuura maoperetta angu ese, akanyorwa kare uye anotevera… Vaimbi vakanyanya vachagara vaine vanoyemura uye vanoyemura vanofarira. Asi pamwe chete navo, panofanira kuva nevaimbi vemitambo yemitambo vasingaregeredzi chiedza, vanofara, vane njere, vakapfeka zvine hungwaru mumhanzi mumhanzi, uyo Johann Strauss aiva wekare. I. Kalman

Akazvarwa mutaundi rekuzorora riri kumahombekombe kweLake Balaton. Maonero emumhanzi ekutanga uye asingadzimiki aImre mudiki zvaive zvidzidzo zvepiyano zvehanzvadzi yake Wilma, kuridza violin naProfessor Lilde, aive pazororo muSiofok, uye operetta "Die Fledermaus" naI. Strauss. Imwe gymnasium uye chikoro chemimhanzi muBudapest, X. Kesler's compoting class paF. Liszt Academy, uye panguva imwechete achidzidza mutemo pachikoro chezvemitemo cheyunivhesiti - aya ndiwo matanho makuru ezvidzidzo zvemuvambi weramangwana. Akatanga kunyora mimhanzi mumakore ake emudzidzi. Aya aive symphonic mabasa, nziyo, piano zvidimbu, couplets for cabaret. Kalman akazviedzawo mumunda wekutsoropodza mimhanzi, achishanda kwemakore mana (4-1904) mupepanhau Peshti Naplo. Muimbi akatanga basa remitambo yemitambo yaive operetta Peresleni's Nhaka (08). Yakatambura nenhamo inosuruvarisa: vaona kumukira kwezvematongerwe enyika muzvikamu zvinoverengeka, zviremera zvehurumende zvakaedza kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutambo wacho wakakurumidza kubviswa pachikuva. Kuzivikanwa kwakauya kuna Kalman mushure mekutanga kweiyo operetta Autumn Maneuvers. Yakatangwa kutanga muBudapest (1906), ndokuzoenda kuVienna, yakazotenderera nematanho mazhinji muEurope, South Africa neAmerica.

Mimhanzi yemimhanzi inotevera yakaunza mukurumbira wepasi rose kumunyori: "Soja pazororo" (1910), "Gypsy Premier" (1912), "Queen of Czardas" (1915, anozivikanwa zviri nani se "Silva"). Kalman akava mumwe wevanyori vakakurumbira veiyi genre. Vatsoropodzi vakacherechedza kuti mimhanzi yake inomira panheyo yakasimba yenziyo dzevanhu uye inonyatsoratidza manzwiro akadzama evanhu, nziyo dzake dziri nyore, asi panguva imwechete yepakutanga uye nhetembo, uye yekupedzisira ye operettas ndeyechokwadi symphonic mifananidzo maererano nekusimudzira, kutanga- kirasi tekinoroji uye brilliant instrumentation.

Kusika kwaKalman kwakasvika pakakwirira muma20s. Panguva iyoyo aigara muVienna, uko kwaiitwa kutanga kwe "La Bayadere" (1921), "Countess Maritza" (1924), "Princess of the Circus" (1926), "Violets of Montmartre" (1930). Rupo rwenziyo rwemimhanzi yemabasa aya rwakagadzira fungidziro inotsausa pakati pevateereri yekusangwarira uye kureruka kwepeni yemunyori waKalman. Uye kunyange zvazvo zvaingova zvokufungidzira, Kalman, uyo akanga ane pfungwa yokusetsa inoshamisa, mutsamba yaakanyorera hanzvadzi yake akamurayira kuti asaodza mwoyo avo vanofarira basa rake ndokutaura pamusoro pebasa rake seizvi: “Munun’una wangu navasununguri vake vanosangana zuva nezuva. . Vanonwa marita akawanda ekofi nhema, vanoputa midzanga yefodya nefodya, kutaura majee… kukakavara, kuseka, kupopota, kupopota… Izvi zvinoenderera kwemwedzi yakawanda. Uye kamwe kamwe, rimwe zuva rakanaka, operetta yagadzirira. "

Mumakore makumi matatu. munyori anoshanda zvakanyanya mumhando yemimhanzi yemufirimu, anonyora nhoroondo yeoperetta The Dhiyabhorosi Rider (30), kutanga kwayo kwaive kwekupedzisira kwaKalman muVienna. Kutyisidzira kwefascism kunorembera pamusoro peEurope. Muna 1932, pashure pokutorwa kweAustria neNazi Germany, Kalman nemhuri yake vakamanikidzwa kutama. Akapedza makore maviri ari muSwitzerland, muna 1938 akatamira kuU.SA, uye pashure pehondo, muna 2, akadzokera kuEurope zvakare ndokugara muParis.

Kalman, pamwe chete naI. Strauss naF. Lehar, mumiririri weinonzi Viennese operetta. Akanyora mabasa makumi maviri mumhando iyi. Kukurumbira kukuru kweoperettas yake kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekukodzera kwemimhanzi - inopenya melodic, inoshamisa, yakarongwa zvine hungwaru. Munyori pachake akabvuma kuti mimhanzi yaP. Tchaikovsky uye kunyanya unyanzvi hwemitambo yeRussia tenzi yakanga ine simba guru pabasa rake.

Chishuvo chaKalman, mumashoko ake, "kuridza mimhanzi mumabasa ake kubva pasi pemoyo wake" chakamubvumira kuti awedzere zvakanyanya rutivi rwenziyo rwemhando uye kubuda mudenderedzwa reinchanted ye operetta clichés yevanyori vakawanda. Uye kunyangwe hwaro hwekunyora hweoperettas hwake husina kuenzana nemimhanzi nguva dzose, simba rehunyanzvi rebasa remunyori rinopfuura kukanganisa uku. Mabasa akanakisa eKalman achiri kushongedza repertoire yemitambo yakawanda yemitambo munyika.

I. Vetlitsyna

Imre Kalman akaberekwa muna Gumiguru 24, 1882 mutaundi diki reHungary reSiofok pamhenderekedzo yeLake Balaton. Talent yake yemimhanzi yakanga yakasiyana-siyana. Muhuduku hwake, akarota nezvebasa se virtuoso pianist, asi, sechifananidzo chemakore ake ehuduku, Robert Schumann, akamanikidzwa kusiya kurota uku ne "kurova" ruoko rwake. Kwemakore akati wandei ainyatsofunga nezvebasa remutsoropodzi wemimhanzi, ari mushandi weimwe yemapepanhau makuru eHungary, Pesti Naplo. Zviitiko zvake zvokutanga zvekunyora zvakapiwa kuzivikanwa nevoruzhinji: muna 1904, mukonzati yevakapedza kudzidza kuBudapest Academy of Music, basa rake redhipuroma, symphonic scherzo Saturnalia, rakaitwa, uye akapiwa Budapest City Prize nokuda kwekamuri uye mabasa ezwi. Muna 1908, iyo yekutanga operetta yake yekutanga, Autumn Maneuvers, yakaitika muBudapest, iyo yakakurumidza kutenderera pamatanho emaguta makuru eEurope uye yakaitirwa mhiri kwegungwa (muNew York). Kubva 1909, Kalman's creative biography yave yakabatana neVienna kwenguva yakareba. Muna 1938 munyori wacho akamanikidzwa kutama. Aigara muZurich, muParis, kubvira 1940 - muNew York. Kalman akadzokera kuEurope chete muna 1951. Akafa musi waOctober 30, 1953 muParis.

Nguva nhatu dzinogona kusiyaniswa mukusikwa kwekushanduka kweKalman. Yokutanga, yakafukidza makore 1908-1915, inoratidzirwa nekuumbwa kwemaitiro akazvimirira. Pamabasa emakore aya ("Murwi pazororo", "The Little King", nezvimwewo), "Prime Gypsy" (1912) inomira. Zvese zviri zviviri kuronga kweiyi "Hungarian" operetta (makakatanwa pakati pe "madzibaba nevana", mutambo werudo wakasanganiswa nedhirama rekusika remuimbi), uye sarudzo yake yemumhanzi inoratidza kuti munyori wechidiki, anotevera tsoka dzaLehar, haatevedzere. zvaakawana, asi anovandudza zvine hungwaru, achivaka shanduro yepakutanga yerudzi. Muna 1913, pashure pokunyora The Gypsy Premier, akaruramisa chimiro chake sezvinotevera: “Muoperetta yangu itsva, ndakaedza kutsauka parudzi rwandaifarira rwekutamba, ndichisarudza kuridza nziyo zvichibva pasi pomwoyo wangu. Pamusoro pezvo, ini ndinoda kupa basa rakakura kune kwaya, iyo mumakore achangopfuura yave ichibatanidzwa chete sechinhu chekubatsira uye kuzadza nhanho. Semuenzaniso, ndinoshandisa operetta classics yedu, umo kwaya yakanga isingakoshi chete kuimba ha-ha-ha uye ah mumafainari, asi zvakare yakatora chikamu chikuru muchiito. Mu "Gypsy Premiere" kusimudzira kwakanaka kweiyo Hungarian-Gypsy musimboti kwakakwezvawo kutarisa. Nyanzvi yemimhanzi yakatanhamara yeAustria Richard Specht (kazhinji kacho asiri mutsigiri mukuru weoperetta) anosanangura Kalman muna ikoku somuimbi “anovimbisa zvikurusa” uyo “anomira paivhu roumbozha renziyo dzechinyakare.”

Chikamu chechipiri chebasa raKalman chinotanga muna 1915 ne "Queen of Csardas" ("Silva"), uye anoipedzisa ne "Empress Josephine" (1936), yakaitwa isisiri muVienna, asi kunze kweAustria, muZurich. Mumakore aya ekukura kwekusika, munyori akagadzira ake akanakisa operettas: La Bayadère (1921), The Countess Maritza (1924), The Circus Princess (1926), The Duchess of Chicago (1928), The Violet of Montmartre (1930) .

Pamusoro pemabasa ake ekupedzisira "Marinka" (1945) uye "Lady of Arizona" (yakapedzwa nemwanakomana wemunyori uye yakarongwa mushure mekufa kwake) - Kalman anoshanda muutapwa, muUnited States. Munzira yake yekusika, ivo vanomiririra rudzi rwemashure uye havaunzi shanduko dzakakosha mukududzirwa kweiyo genre yakagadziridzwa padanho repakati rekushanduka-shanduka.

Kalman's musical stage concept ndeyemunhu. Inoratidzirwa, kutanga kwezvose, nehuwandu hwemutambo uye kukakavara mukugadzirwa kwemutsara mukuru wekuita, iyo operetta yakanga isingazivi kare. Kukwezvwa kwenzvimbo dzakananga kunosanganiswa nekusimba kusati kwamboitika kwekutaura: apo mazwi aLehar emanzwiro erudo ane mavara erudo, rudo rwechokwadi rwaKalman runodedera. Iyo intra-genre misiyano inonyanya kutaurwa mumunyori weLa Bayadère, melodramatic pathos inotangwa nekupenya kwekunyanya kududzirwa zvine hungwaru kupindirana kwecomedic. Melos, akapfuma uye akasiyana seLegar's, akazadzwa nemoyo uye akazadzwa ne erotica, inoshandisa rhythms uye maitirwo ejazz zvakanyanya.

Kalman's operatic prototypes yemhando inonyatso ratidza kuburikidza - zvese mukududzirwa kwezvirongwa uye mumhanzi maitiro; Hazvina tsanga kuti "Silva" anonzi "operetta paraphrase ye "La Traviata", uye "The Violet yeMontmartre" inofananidzwa naPuccini's "La Boheme" (nechikonzero chakanyanya chekuti bhuku raMurger rakashanda senheyo yekuronga. yemabasa maviri). Mamiriro ekushanda ekufunga kwaKalman anoratidzwawo zvakajeka mumunda wekuumbwa uye dramaturgy. Ensembles, uye kunyanya mafainari makuru ezviito, anove kwaari iwo akakosha mapoinzi echimiro uye yakakosha nguva dzechiito; basa rekwaya uye orchestra rakakura mavari, vanoshingairira kukudziridza leitmotifism, uye vakazadzwa nekusimudzira symphonic. Mafainari anoronga kuumbwa kwese kwemumhanzi dramaturgy uye kuchipa kutarisisa zvine musoro. Lehar's operettas haina kutendeseka kwakadai, asi inoratidza mamwe akasiyana esarudzo sarudzo. MuKalman, zvisinei, chimiro, chakatsanangurwa muGypsy Premiere uye pakupedzisira chakaumbwa mukati The Queen of Czardas, chinogadzirwa zvakare nekutsauka kudiki mumabasa ese anotevera. Tsika yekubatanidza chimiro, hongu, inogadzira njodzi yekuumbwa kweimwe pateni, zvisinei, mumabasa akanakisa emunyori, njodzi iyi inokundwa nekuita zvinogutsa kwechirongwa chakaedzwa uye chakaedzwa, kupenya kweiyo. mutauro wemimhanzi, uye kurerutswa kwemifananidzo.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Rondedzero yemaoperettas makuru:

(mazuva ari mumaparenthes)

“Autumn Maneuvers”, libretto by C. Bakoni (1908) Soldier on Vacation, libretto by C. Bakoni (1910) Gypsy Premier, libretto by J. Wilhelm and F. Grünbaum (1912) The Queen of Czardas (Silva), libretto by L. Stein naB. Jenbach (1915) Dutch Girl, yakasununguka naL. Stein naB. Jenbach (1920) La Bayadère, yakasununguka naJ. Brammer naA. Grunwald (1921) “Countess Maritza”, libretto naJ. Brammer uye A. Grunwald (1924) “Princess of the Circus” (“Mr. X”), libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1926) The Duchess from Chicago, libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1928) The Violet of Montmartre, libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1930) “The Dhiyabhorosi Rider”, libretto by R. Schanzer and E. Welish (1932) “Empress Josephine”, libretto by P. Kneppler naG. Hercella ( 1936) Marinka, libretto naK. Farkas naJ. Marion (1945) The Arizona Lady, libretto naA. Grunwald naG. Behr (1954, rakapedzwa naKarl Kalman)