Leonid Vitalievich Sobinov |

Leonid Sobinov

Nyanzvi huru yemimhanzi yeSoviet Boris Vladimirovich Asafiev akadana Sobinov "chitubu chemashoko ekuRussia." Mugari wenhaka wake akakodzera Sergei Yakovlevich Lemeshev akanyora kuti: “Kukosha kwaSobinov kunhandare yemitambo yeRussia kwakakura zvisingaite. Akaita shanduko chaiyo muunyanzvi hweopera. Kuvimbika kumisimboti yemitambo yemitambo yakasanganiswa maari nemaitiro akadzama ega ega kune rimwe nerimwe basa, nekusaneta, basa rekutsvagisa zvechokwadi. Kugadzirira basa, akadzidza zvakawanda zvinhu - nguva, nhoroondo yayo, zvematongerwo enyika, mararamiro ayo. Aigara achiedza kugadzira chimiro chechisikigo uye chechokwadi, kuendesa iyo yakaoma psychology yegamba. “Zvishoma nezvishoma nyika yemweya inobuda pachena,” akanyora kudaro nezvebasa rake pamusoro pebasa racho, “unodudza mutsara wacho nenzira yakasiyana nokuzvidira.” Kana mabhesi, nekuuya kwaChaliapin pachikuva, akaziva kuti havagone kuimba nenzira yavakaimba kare, ipapo vanyori venziyo vakanzwisisa zvakafanana nekuuya kwaSobinov.

Leonid Vitalyevich Sobinov akaberekerwa muYaroslavl musi waJune 7, 1872. Sekuru nababa vaLeonid vakashanda pamwe chete nemushambadzi Poletaev, vakatakura upfu kumativi ose epurovhinzi, uye varume vakabhadharwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu ayo Sobinov aigara uye akakurira haana kufarira kukura kwezwi rake. Baba vacho vakanga vakaoma pahunhu uye vari kure nerudzi rwupi norwupi rwounyanzvi, asi amai vacho vaiimba nziyo dzechivanhu zvakanaka uye vakadzidzisa mwanakomana wavo kuimba.

Lenya akapedza uduku hwake uye huduku muYaroslavl, kwaakapedza chikoro chesekondari. Sobinov pachake akazoti mune imwe yetsamba dzake:

“Gore rapfuura, pandakapedza kudzidza muimba yokurovedzera muviri, muna 1889/90, ndakawana tenor, yandakatanga nayo kuimba pamwe chete nekwaya yejiminasi yezvidzidzo zvoumwari.

Akapedza chikoro chesekondari. Ndiri kuyunivhesiti. Apa zvakare ndakakweverwa kumatunhu avaiimba… Ndakasangana nekambani yakadaro, ndaiva pabasa manheru ndichitsvaga matikiti emuimba yemitambo.

… Shamwari dzangu dzekuUkraine dzakaenda kukwaya ndokundidhonza. Backstage yaigara iri nzvimbo tsvene kwandiri, uye naizvozvo ndakazvipira chose chose kubasa idzva. Iyo yunivhesiti yakadzima kumashure. Chokwadika, kugara kwangu mukwaya kwakanga kusina revo huru yenziyo, asi rudo rwangu nokuda kwedariro rwakaratidzirwa zvakajeka. Ndiri munzira, ndaiimbawo mukwaya yevadzidzi vemweya, iyo yakavambwa gore rino payunivhesiti, uye mune yekunyika. Ndakabva ndatora chikamu mumakwaya ese ari maviri makore ese ndiri kuyunivhesiti ... pfungwa yekuti ndidzidze kuimba yakauya mupfungwa dzangu zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya, asi pakanga pasina mari, uye kanopfuura kamwe ndakapfuura naNikitskaya, nzira yekuyunivhesiti , yapfuura Philharmonic School ine pfungwa yakavanzika, asi kana kwete kupinda uye kukumbira kudzidziswa. Fate akandisekerera. Mune imwe yemakonti evadzidzi PA Shostakovsky akasangana nevadzidzi vakati wandei, kusanganisira neni, akatikumbira kuti titore chikamu mukwaya yechikoro, uko Mascagni's Rural Honor yakazoitirwa bvunzo ... uye zvechokwadi, mugore ra1892/93 ndakagamuchirwa somudzidzi akasununguka mukirasi yaDodonov. Ndakatanga kushanda nokushingaira zvikuru ndikapinda makosi ose aidiwa. Muchirimo pakanga pane bvunzo yokutanga, uye ndakachinjirwa nokukurumidza kugore rechitatu, ndichiisa 3 4/1 nokuda kweimwe classical aria. Muna 2/1893, Philharmonic Society, pakati pevamwe vevatungamiri vayo, yakatanga mutambo weItaly ... Sosaiti yaifunga kuti igadzirire vadzidzi vechikoro chimwe chinhu chakaita sematanho echikoro, uye vadzidzi vakaita zvikamu zvisina basa ipapo. Ndakanga ndiriwo pakati pevatambi ... ndakaimba zvidimbu zvidiki zvese, asi pakati pemwaka ndakanga ndatopihwa Harlequin muPagliacci. Saka rimwe gore rakapfuura. Ndakanga ndatova mugore rechi94 payunivhesiti.

Mwaka wakapera, uye ndaifanira kutanga kugadzirira bvunzo dzehurumende nesimba rakapetwa katatu. Kuimba kwakakanganikwa… Muna 1894 ndakapedza kudzidza payunivhesiti. Rimwezve basa rechiuto rakanga richiuya ... Basa rechiuto rakapera muna 1895. Ndatova lieutenant wechipiri munzvimbo inochengeterwa, ndakagamuchirwa mubhawa reMoscow, ndakazvipira zvizere kune imwe nyaya itsva, inofadza, iyo, yaiita sokuti, mweya wakanga wakarara, uchigara uchitamburira. ruzhinji, kuitira kururamisira uye kudzivirira vanenge vatadzirwa.

Kuimba kwakabva kwaenda kumashure. Zvave kunyanya kuvaraidzo ... kuPhilharmonic, ndaingopinda zvidzidzo zvekuimba nemakirasi eopera...

Gore ra1896 rakapera nekuongororwa kwevoruzhinji umo ndakaimba mutambo kubva kuThe Mermaid uye chiitiko chaMartha pachikuva cheMaly Theatre. Pamwe chete neizvi, pakanga pane makonzati erudo asingaperi, nzendo dzokuenda kumaguta, kubatanidzwa kaviri mumakonzati evadzidzi, kwandakasangana nevatambi vaibva kunhandare dzemitambo, avo vakandibvunza zvakakomba kana ndanga ndichifunga kuenda pachikuva. Kukurukurirana kwose uku kwakanyadzisa mweya wangu zvikuru, asi munyengeri mukuru aiva Santagano-Gorchakova. Gore rakatevera, randakapedza nenzira yakafanana nerekare, ndakanga ndatova mukuimba pakupedzisira, kosi yechishanu. Pabvunzo, ndakaimba mutambo wekupedzisira kubva kuThe Favorite uye chiitiko kubva kuRomeo. Mutungamiriri BT Altani, uyo akakurudzira kuti Gorchakova andiunze kuBolshoi Theater kuti ndiongorore. Gorchakova akakwanisa kuwana shoko rangu rokuremekedza kuti ndaizoenda. Kunyanguvezvo, pazuva rokutanga rokutongwa, handina kuzviisa mungozi, uye apo Gorchakova akandinyadzisa ndipo pandakaonekazve pazuva rechipiri. Muedzo wakabudirira. Akapa wechipiri - zvakare kubudirira. Vakabva vangopa debut, uye muna Kubvumbi 5 ndakaita debut yangu paSynodal mumutambo weThe Dhimoni ... "

Kubudirira kwemuimbi wechidiki kwakapfuura zvose zvinotarisirwa. Mushure mekupera kwe opera, vateereri vakaombera nesimba kwenguva yakareba, uye aria "Kutendeuka kuva Falcon" yaitofanira kudzokororwa. Mutsoropodzi wemumhanzi weMoscow ane mukurumbira SN Kruglikov akapindura kumutambo uyu nekudzokorora kwakanaka: "Izwi remuimbi, rine mukurumbira muhoro dzemakonzati ... ikoko. Izvi ndizvo zvazvinoreva kuva nesimbi mutimbre: iyi pfuma yezwi inowanzobudirira kutsiva simba rayo rechokwadi.

Sobinov akakurumidza kukunda yose unyanzvi nyika. Izwi rake rinokwezva rakabatanidzwa nekuvapo kwedariro kunofadza. Kukunda kwakaenzana kwaiva kuita kwake kumba nekune dzimwe nyika.

Mushure memwaka yakati wandei paBolshoi Theatre, Sobinov anoenda kuItaly kune inozivikanwa pasi rose La Scala theatre muMilan. Akaimba mumaopera maviri - "Don Pasquale" naDonizetti uye "Fra Diavolo" naAuber. Pasinei nemhando dzakasiyana dzemapato, Sobinov akaita basa rakanaka navo.

"Tenor Sobinov," akanyora mumwe muongorori, "chizaruro. Inzwi rake rinongova regoridhe, rakazara nesimbi uye panguva imwe chete rakapfava, rinopuruzira, rakapfuma mumavara, rinonakidza nekupfava. Uyu muimbi anoenderana nerudzi rwemumhanzi waanoimba…maererano netsika dzakachena dzeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, tsika shoma kwazvo yevatambi vemazuva ano.

Rimwe pepanhau reItaly rakanyora kuti: “Akaimba nenyasha, nounyoro, zviri nyore, izvo zvakatoita kuti afarirwe nevoruzhinji kubva pakutanga. Ane izwi retimbre rakachena, kunyange, rinonyura mukati memweya, izwi risingawanzo uye rinokosha, raanotarisira neunyanzvi husingawanzoitiki, njere uye kuravira.

Mushure mekuitawo muMonte Carlo neBerlin, Sobinov anodzokera kuMoscow, kwaanotamba de Grieux kekutanga. Uye kutsoropodza kweRussia kunogamuchira nechido ichi chifananidzo chitsva chakasikwa naye.

Mutambi ane mukurumbira Munt, mumwe mudzidzi wemuimbi, akanyora kuti:

“Mudiwa Lenya, unoziva kuti handina kumbokurumbidza pasina; pane kudaro, agara achizvidzora kupfuura zvakakodzera; asi iye zvino haisati yataura chidimbu chawandiona nezuro… Hongu, unoratidza kutambura kwerudo zvinoshamisa, muimbi anodiwa werudo, hama yechokwadi yeLensky yaPushkin!…

Ini ndinotaura zvese izvi kwete kunyangwe seshamwari yako, asi semuimbi, uye ndinokutonga kubva pakuona kwakasimba, kwete kweopera, kwete yemutambo, asi yehunyanzvi hwakakura. Ndinofara kuti ndakaona kuti hausi chete muimbi akasarudzika, muimbi mukuru, asiwo mutambi ane tarenda… "

Uye kare muna 1907, mutsoropodzi ND Kashkin anoti: "Makore gumi ebasa rekuita danho harisati rapfuura pasina kuna Sobinov, uye iye zvino ava tenzi akakura muunyanzvi hwake, zvinoita sekunge akaputsa zvachose nemhando dzose dzemaitiro emaitiro. uye anobata zvikamu zvake uye mabasa ake senyanzvi yekufunga uye ine tarenda. "

Kusimbisa mazwi emutsoropodzi, pakutanga kwa1908 Sobinov akawana kubudirira kukuru pakushanya muSpain. Mushure mekuita kweArias mu operas "Manon", "Pearl Seekers" uye "Mephistopheles", kwete vateereri chete, asiwo vashandi vepadariro vanomupa ruzha rwakamira mushure mekuita.

Muimbi ane mukurumbira EK Katulskaya anoyeuka:

"Leonid Vitalyevich Sobinov, ari mudiwa wangu pamutambo we opera kwemakore akawanda, ane simba guru pakukura kwebasa rangu ... theatre.

Kugadzirwa kutsva kweOpera Orpheus, nyanzvi yemimhanzi uye shasha yaGluck, yakanga ichigadzirwa, naLV Sobinov muchikamu chemusoro. Kekutanga panhandare yeRussian opera, chikamu cheOrpheus chakapihwa kune tenor. Pakutanga, chikamu ichi chaiitwa contralto kana mezzo-soprano. Ndakaita chikamu cheCupid mune iyi opera ...

Musi waDecember 21, 1911, iyo yekutanga yeOpera Orpheus yakaitwa paMariinsky Theatre mune imwe nzira inofadza yekugadzirwa naMeyerhold naFokine. Sobinov akagadzira yakasarudzika - yakafuridzirwa uye nhetembo - mufananidzo weOrpheus. Izwi rake richiri mundangariro dzangu. Sobinov aiziva nzira yekupa recitative ruzha runokosha uye runako rwekunaka. Chisingakanganwike kunzwa kwekusuwa kwakadzama kunoratidzwa naSobinov mune yakakurumbira aria "Ndakarasa Eurydice" ...

Zvakandiomera kuyeuka mutambo umo, sezvakaita Orpheus paMariinsky Stage, mhando dzakasiyana dzeunyanzvi dzaizobatanidzwa: mimhanzi, mutambo, kupenda, zvivezwa uye kuimba kunoshamisa kwaSobinov. Ndinoda kutora chikamu chimwe chete kubva muongororo dzakawanda dzepepanhau reguta guru pamusoro pemutambo “Orpheus”: “Mr. Sobinov akaita mubasa remusoro, achigadzira chifananidzo chinoyevedza maererano nemifananidzo uye runako mubasa reOrpheus. Nekuimba kwavo kunobva pamwoyo, kunoratidza uye hunyanzvi hwekuita, VaSobinov vakaunza mufaro wakakwana. Tenor yake yevelvety yakanzwika zvakanaka panguva ino. Sobinov anogona kutaura zvakachengeteka: "Orpheus ndini!"

Mushure me1915, muimbi haana kupedzisa chibvumirano chitsva nemitambo yemitambo, asi akaita paSt. Petersburg People's House uye muMoscow paSI Zimin. Mushure meFebruary Revolution, Leonid Vitalievich anodzokera kuBolshoi Theatre uye anova mutungamiriri wayo wenyanzvi. Musi waKurume XNUMX, pakuvhurwa kukuru kwezviitwa, Sobinov, achitaura nevateereri kubva pachikuva, akati: "Nhasi izuva rinofadza kupfuura mamwe ose muhupenyu hwangu. Ini ndinotaura muzita rangu uye nemuzita revamwe vangu vese vemitambo yemitambo, semumiriri wezvemahara art. Pasi nemaketani, pasi nevadzvinyiriri! Kana hunyanzvi hwepakutanga, kunyangwe nemaketani, hwakashandira rusununguko, varwi vanokurudzira, saka kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, ndinotenda, hunyanzvi uye rusununguko zvichabatana kuita chimwe.

Mushure meOctober Revolution, muimbi akapa mhinduro yakaipa kune zvese zvikumbiro zvekutamira kune dzimwe nyika. Akagadzwa maneja, uye gare gare komisheni weBolshoi Theatre muMoscow. Asi Sobinova anokwezvwa kuimba. Anoita munyika yose: Sverdlovsk, Perm, Kyiv, Kharkov, Tbilisi, Baku, Tashkent, Yaroslavl. Anofambawo kunze kwenyika - kuParis, Berlin, maguta ePoland, nyika dzeBaltic. Pasinei nokuti muiti wacho akanga ava kusvika kumakore makumi matanhatu ekuzvarwa, anowanazve kubudirira kukuru.

"Aimbova Sobinov wese akapfuura pamberi pevateereri vehoro yakanga yakazara vanhu yeGaveau," yakanyora imwe yemishumo yeParis. – Sobinov opera arias, Sobinov romances naTchaikovsky, Sobinov Italian nziyo – zvese zvakaputirwa neruzha kuombera ... Hazvina kukosha kuparadzira nezvehunyanzvi hwake: munhu wese anozviziva. Munhu wose akambomunzwa anoyeuka inzwi rake… Kutaura kwake kwakajeka sekristaro, “zvakaita samaparera ari kudururirwa mundiro yesirivha.” Vakamuteerera nemanzwiro ... muimbi wacho aiva nerupo, asi vateereri vakanga vasingagutsikani: akanyarara chete apo magetsi akadzimwa.

Mushure mokudzokera kunyika yake, pakukumbira kwaKS Stanislavsky anova mubatsiri wake mukutungamirira kweimba itsva yemitambo.

Muna 1934, muimbi akaenda kunze kwenyika kuvandudza utano hwake. Atopedza rwendo rwake rwokuenda kuEurope, Sobinov akamira muRiga, kwaakafira usiku hwaOctober 13-14.

"Aine hunhu hwakanaka hwemuimbi, muimbi uye mutambi anoshamisa uye isingawanzo dariro, pamwe chete nenyasha, isinganzwisisike, "Sobinov's" nyasha, Leonid Vitalyevich Sobinov akagadzira girazi remifananidzo yaive hunyanzvi hwekuita opera, anonyora EK Katulskaya. - Nhetembo yake Lensky ("Eugene Onegin") yakava mufananidzo wekare kune vaitevera vaimbi vechikamu ichi; ngano yake tsar Berendey (“The Snow Maiden”), Bayan (“Ruslan and Lyudmila”), Vladimir Igorevich (“Prince Igor”), anofarira graceful cavalier de Grieux (“Manon”), moto Levko (“May Night” ), mifananidzo yakajeka – Vladimir (“Dubrovsky”), Faust (“Faust”), Sinodal (“Dhimoni”), Duke (“Rigoletto”), Yontek (“Pebble”), Prince (“Mermaid”), Gerald (“ Lakme”), Alfreda (La Traviata), Romeo (Romeo naJuliet), Rudolph (La Boheme), Nadir (The Pearl Seekers) mienzaniso yakakwana muunyanzvi hweopera.”

Sobinov aiwanzova munhu ane chipo chakanyanya, mutauri akanakisa uye ane rupo uye anonzwira tsitsi. Munyori Korney Chukovsky anoyeuka:

“Kupa kwake kwaishamisa. Akambotumira piano sechipo kuChikoro cheKyiv cheMapofu, sezvinoita vamwe vanotumira maruva kana bhokisi rechokoreti. Nemakonzati ake, akapa 45 goridhe rubles kuMutual Aid Fund yeMoscow Students. Akapa nemufaro, zvine hunyoro, zvine hushamwari, uye izvi zvaienderana nehunhu hwake hwese hwekusika: angadai asina kunge ari muimbi mukuru akaunza mufaro wakawanda kune chero ani wedu dai aive asina rupo rwakadai kuvanhu. Apa munhu ainzwa rudo rwuya rwakapfachukira rwehupenyu iro basa rake rose raive rakazadzwa naro.

Chimiro cheunyanzvi hwake chaive chepamusoro nekuti iye pachake aive nemukurumbira. Nekusava nemanomano ounyanzvi hwounyanzvi angadai akagadzira maari inzwi remwoyo wose zvinofadza kudai iye pachake akanga asina kutendeseka uku. Vaitenda muLensky akasikwa naye, nokuti iye pachake akanga akadaro: asina hanya, ane rudo, ane mwoyo wakapfava, anovimba. Ndicho chikonzero paakangoonekwa pachikuva uye akataura mutsara wekutanga wemimhanzi, vateereri vakabva vatanga kumuda - kwete mumutambo wake chete, muzwi rake, asi maari pachake.