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franz liszt
Pasina Liszt munyika, magumo ese emimhanzi mitsva angave akasiyana. V. Stasov
Basa rekunyora raF. Liszt hariparadzanisiki kubva kune mamwe marudzi ese emhando dzakasiyana uye dzakasimba kwazvo dzeiyi anofarira yechokwadi muunyanzvi. Muimbi wepiyano nomuimbi, mutsoropodzi wenziyo uye munhu asinganeti wevoruzhinji, akanga “ane makaro uye anonzwisisa chinhu chiri chose chitsva, chitsva, chinokosha; muvengi wezvose zvakajairika, kufamba, muitiro” (A. Borodin).
F. Liszt akaberekerwa mumhuri yaAdam Liszt, muchengeti wemufudzi panhaka yaPrince Esterhazy, muimbi asingashamisi akatungamirira zvidzidzo zvepiyano zvemwanakomana wake, uyo akatanga kuridza pachena pazera remakore 9, uye muna 1821- 22. akadzidza muVienna naK. Czerny (piano) uye A. Salieri (kuumbwa). Mushure memakonzati akabudirira muVienna uye Pest (1823), A. Liszt akaenda nemwanakomana wake kuParis, asi mavambo ekunze akave chipingamupinyi chekupinda munzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu, uye dzidzo yemimhanzi yaLiszt yakawedzerwa nezvidzidzo zvepachivande mukuumbwa kubva kuna F. Paer uye A. Reicha. Wechidiki virtuoso anokunda Paris neLondon nemitambo yake, anonyora zvakawanda (iyo-chiitiko opera Don Sancho, kana Castle of Love, piyano zvidimbu).
Kufa kwababa vake muna 1827, uko kwakamanikidza Liszt kutanga kutarisira hupenyu hwake, kwakamuunza akatarisana nedambudziko renzvimbo inonyadzisa yemuimbi munzanga. Murangariro wenyika wejaya unoumbwa mupesvedzero yepfungwa dzeutopian socialism naA. Saint-Simon, Christian socialism yakaitwa naAbbé F. Lamennay, uye vazivi veFrance vomuzana ramakore rechi 1830. etc. Chimurenga chaJuly 1834 muParis chakaunza pfungwa ye "Revolutionary Symphony" (yakaramba isati yapera), kumukira kwevaruki muLyon (1835) - piyano chidimbu "Lyon" (ine epigraph - the motto yevapanduki "Kurarama, kushanda, kana kufa kurwa" ). Liszt's artic ideals inoumbwa maererano neFrench romanticism, mukukurukurirana naV. Hugo, O. Balzac, G. Heine, pasi pesimba reunyanzvi hwaN. Paganini, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz. Iwo akaumbwa munhevedzano yezvinyorwa "Panzvimbo yevanhu vane hunyanzvi uye nemamiriro ekuvapo kwavo munharaunda" (1837) uye mu "Tsamba dzeBachelor of Music" (39-1835), yakanyorwa nekubatana naM. d'Agout (gare gare akanyora pasi pezita rekunyepedzera Daniel Stern ), iyo Liszt akatora rwendo rurefu kuenda kuSwitzerland (37-1837), kwaakadzidzisa kuGeneva Conservatory, uye kuItaly (39-XNUMX).
"Makore ekudzungaira" akatanga muna 1835 akaenderera mberi munzendo dzakasimba dzemarudzi mazhinji eEurope (1839-47). Kusvika kwaLiszt muHungary yaakaberekerwa, kwaakaremekedzwa segamba rorudzi, kwakanga kuri rukundo chairwo (mari inowanwa mumakonzati yakatumirwa kubetsera avo vakatapurwa namafashamo akawira nyika). Katatu (1842, 1843, 1847) Liszt akashanyira Russia, achigadzira ushamwari hwehupenyu hwose nevaimbi vokuRussia, achinyora Chernomor March kubva kuM. Glinka's Ruslan naLyudmila, rudo rwaA. Liszt mumakore aya, haana kungoratidza zvido zvevanhu chete, asiwo aiva uchapupu hwemabasa ake emimhanzi uye edzidzo. Pamakonzati epiyano yaLiszt, masimphoni aL. Beethoven uye “Fantastic Symphony” naG. Berlioz, anoenda kuna “William Taura” naG. Rossini uye “The Magic Shooter” naKM Weber, nziyo dzaF. Schubert, nhengo inotangira uye fugues naJS Bach, pamwe chete nezvirevo zveopera uye fungidziro (pamusoro kubva kuna Don Giovanni naWA Mozart, operas naV. Bellini, G. Donizetti, G. Meyerbeer, uye gare gare naG. Verdi), zvinyorwa zvezvidimbu kubva kuWagner operas uye nezvimwe. Piyano iri mumaoko aLiszt inova chiridzwa chepasi rose chinokwanisa kudzoreredza hupfumi hwese hwekurira kweopera uye symphony zvibodzwa, simba reogani nekunaka kwezwi remunhu.
Zvichakadaro, kukunda kwemupiyano mukuru, uyo akakunda Europe yese nesimba rekutanga remhepo yake ine dutu rehunyanzvi, kwakamuunza kushoma uye kushoma kwechokwadi kugutsikana. Zvakanga zvichiramba zvichiomera Liszt kugutsa zvinofarirwa nevoruzhinji, nokuda kwavo kunaka kwake kunoshamisa uye kushamisira kwokunze kwaiwanzovharidzira vavariro dzakakomba dzomudzidzisi, uyo aida “kubvisa mwoto mumwoyo yavanhu.” Apa konzati yekuonekana muElizavetgrad muUkraine muna 1847, Liszt akatamira kuGermany, kuti anyarare Weimar, akatsaurwa netsika dzeBach, Schiller naGoethe, kwaakange aine chinzvimbo chemukuru webhendi mudare remuchinda, akatungamira orchestra uye opera. imba.
Nguva yeWeimar (1848-61) - nguva ye "kunyanya kufunga", sekudanwa kwemunyori pachake - ndiyo, pamusoro pezvose, nguva yekugadzira kwakasimba. Liszt anopedzisa nekugadzirisa zvakare akawanda akambosikwa kana kutanga enziyo, uye anoisa mazano matsva. Saka kubva pane zvakasikwa mu30s. "Album yemufambi" inokura "Makore ekudzungaira" - kutenderera kwepiyano zvidimbu (gore 1 - Switzerland, 1835-54; gore 2 - Italy, 1838-49, pamwe nekuwedzera kwe "Venice neNaples", 1840-59) ; gamuchira yekupedzisira kupedzisa Etudes yeunyanzvi hwepamusoro-soro ("Etudes of transcendent performance", 1851); "Zvidzidzo zvakakura pamakumbo ePaganini" (1851); "Nhetembo uye Zvechitendero Harmonies" (10 zvidimbu zvepianoforte, 1852). Kuenderera mberi nebasa pamitambo yeHungary (Hungarian National Melodies yePiano, 1840-43; "Hungarian Rhapsodies", 1846), Liszt anogadzira gumi neshanu "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (15-1847). Kuitwa kwemazano matsva kunotungamirira pakubuda kwemabasa epakati eLiszt, achiisa pfungwa dzake mumhando itsva - Sonatas muB minor (53-1852), 53 symphonic poems (12-1847), "Faust Symphonies" naGoethe (57). -1854) uye Symphony kuna Dante's Divine Comedy (57). Ivo vanobatanidzwa ne1856 concertos (2-1849 uye 56-1839), "Dance of Death" yepiyano uye orchestra (61-1838), "Mephisto-Waltz" (yakavakirwa pa "Faust" naN. Lenau, 49), etc.
MuWeimar, Liszt anoronga kuita kweakanakisa mabasa eopera uye symphony classics, iyo yazvino nziyo. Akatanga kuita Lohengrin naR. Wagner, Manfred naJ. Byron nemimhanzi yaR. Schumann, akaitisa masimphoni nema opera naG. Berlioz, nezvimwewo chinangwa chekusimbisa misimboti mitsva yehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwerudo (bhuku F. Chopin, 1850; zvinyorwa Berlioz naHarold Symphony wake, Robert Schumann, R. Wagner's Flying Dutchman, nezvimwewo). Mazano mamwe chetewo anoisa pasi pesangano re "New Weimar Union" uye "General German Musical Union", panguva yekusikwa kwayo Liszt aivimba nerutsigiro rwevaimbi vane mukurumbira vakaungana vakamukomberedza muWeimar (I. Raff, P. Cornelius, K. Tausig, G. Bulow nevamwe).
Nekudaro, iyo philistine inertia uye hutsinye hwedare reWeimar, izvo zvakanyanya kutadzisa kuitwa kweChirongwa chikuru chehurongwa, zvakamumanikidza kusiya basa. Kubva muna 1861, Liszt akagara kwenguva refu muRoma, kwaakaedza kushandura mimhanzi yechechi, akanyora oratorio “Kristu” (1866), uye muna 1865 akagamuchira chinzvimbo chaabbot (chikamu achifurirwa naPrincess K. Wittgenstein. , waakava pedyo naye kare muna 1847 G.). Kurasikirwa kukuru kwakakonzerawo mafungiro ekuora mwoyo uye kusava nechokwadi - kufa kwemwanakomana wake Daniel (1860) nemwanasikana Blandina (1862), iyo yakaramba ichikura nekufamba kwemakore, pfungwa yekusurukirwa uye kusanzwisisa kwezvishuvo zvake zveunyanzvi uye zvemagariro evanhu. Iwo akaratidzwa mune akati wandei akazotevera mabasa - rechitatu "Gore reKudzungaira" (Rome; anotamba "Cypresses yeVilla d'Este", 1 uye 2, 1867-77), piano zvidimbu ("Grey Clouds", 1881; " Funeral Gondola "," Czardas death ", 1882), wechipiri (1881) uye wechitatu (1883) "Mephisto Waltzes", mune yekupedzisira symphonic nhetembo "Kubva pakuberekwa kusvika kuguva" (1882).
Nekudaro, mu60s uye 80s Liszt inopa yakanyanya kuwanda simba uye simba pakuvaka kweHungarian mimhanzi tsika. Anogara muPest, anoita mabasa ake ipapo, kusanganisira ayo ane chekuita nedingindira renyika (the oratorio The Legend of Saint Elizabeth, 1862; The Hungarian Coronation Mass, 1867, zvichingodaro), inobatsira pakuvambwa kweChikamo cheMimhanzi muPest. (aive mutungamiri wayo wekutanga), anonyora kutenderera kwepiyano "Hungarian Historical Portraits", 1870-86), yekupedzisira "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (16-19), nezvimwewo. MuWeimar, uko Liszt akadzoka muna 1869, akabatana nevakawanda. vadzidzi vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana (A. Siloti, V. Timanova, E. d'Albert, E. Sauer nevamwe). Vanyori vanoishanyirawo, kunyanya Borodin, uyo akasiya ndangariro dzinonakidza uye dzakajeka dzeLiszt.
Liszt aigara achitora uye achitsigira chitsva uye chepakutanga muunyanzvi zvine hunyoro hunoshamisa, zvichibatsira mukusimudzirwa kwemimhanzi yezvikoro zvenyika dzeEurope (Czech, Norwegian, Spanish, nezvimwewo), kunyanya kuratidza mimhanzi yeRussia - basa raM. Glinka, A. Dargomyzhsky, vanyori veThe Mighty Handful, vanoita zvemitambo A. naN. Rubinsteinov. Kwemakore akawanda, Liszt akakurudzira basa raWagner.
Iyo pianistic genius yaLiszt yakatsunga hukuru hwemimhanzi yepiyano, uko kekutanga mazano ake ehunyanzvi akaumbwa, achitungamirwa nepfungwa yekudiwa kwesimba rinoshanda remweya pavanhu. Chishuvo chekusimbisa basa redzidzo yeunyanzvi, kubatanidza marudzi ayo ese kune izvi, kusimudza mimhanzi kusvika padanho reuzivi uye zvinyorwa, kugadzira mukati mayo kudzika kwehuzivi uye nhetembo zvemukati nemifananidzo inoyevedza, yakabatanidzwa mune pfungwa yaLiszt ye. programmability mumimhanzi. Akazvitsanangura se "kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi kuburikidza nekubatana kwayo kwemukati nenhetembo, sekusunungurwa kwezvigadzirwa zveunyanzvi kubva ku schematism", zvichiita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwemhando itsva uye mafomu. Mitambo yaListov kubva kuMakore eKudzungaira, inosanganisira mifananidzo iri padyo nemabasa ezvinyorwa, kupenda, zvivezwa, ngano dzevanhu (sonata-fungidziro "Mushure mekuverenga Dante", "Petrarch's Sonnets", "Betrothal" yakavakirwa pamufananidzo waRaphael, "The Thinker". ” kubva pachivezwa chakaitwa naMichelangelo, “The Chapel of William Tell”, yakabatana nemufananidzo wegamba renyika reSwitzerland), kana mifananidzo yezvakasikwa (“PaWallenstadt Lake”, “Pachirimo”), inhetembo dzemimhanzi. zvezviyero zvakasiyana. Liszt pachake akasuma zita iri maererano nebasa rake guru re symphonic one-movement program. Mazita avo anotungamira muteereri kune nhetembo dzaA. Lamartine (“Preludes”), V. Hugo (“Zvinonzwika pagomo”, “Mazeppa” – panewo chidzidzo chepiyano chine musoro mumwe chetewo), F. Schiller (“Zvakanaka”); kunjodzi dzaW. Shakespeare (“Hamlet”), J. Herder (“Prometheus”), kungano yekare (“Orpheus”), mufananidzo waW. Kaulbach (“Battle of the Huns”), mutambo we JW Goethe (“Tasso” , nhetembo iri pedyo nenhetembo yaByron “The Complaint of Tasso”).
Pakusarudza masosi, Liszt anogara pamabasa ane makonzonendi mazano ezvinorehwa nehupenyu, zvakavanzika zvekuve ("Preludes", "Faust Symphony"), dambudziko rinosiririsa remugadziri uye kubwinya kwake mushure mekufa ("Tasso", pamwe ne subtitle "Chichemo uye Kukunda"). Iye zvakare anokwezvwa nemifananidzo yefolk element ("Tarantella" kubva kutenderera "Venice neNaples", "Spanish Rhapsody" yepiyano), kunyanya ine chekuita nekwake Hungary ("Hungarian Rhapsodies", symphonic nhetembo "Hungary" ) Dingindira rehugamba neugamba-rinotyisa rehondo yerusununguko rwerudzi rwevanhu veHungary, chimurenga cha1848-49, chakanzwika nesimba rinoshamisa mubasa raLiszt. uye kukundwa kwake ("Rakoczi March", "Funeral Procession" yepiyano; symphonic detembo "Kuchema kweMagamba", nezvimwewo).
Liszt akadzika munhoroondo yemimhanzi semugadziri akashinga mumunda wechimiro chemimhanzi, kuwirirana, akavandudza ruzha rwepiyano uye symphony orchestra nemavara matsva, akapa mienzaniso inonakidza yekugadzirisa oratorio genres, rwiyo rwerudo ("Lorelei" on. H. Heine's art, “SeMweya waLaura” paSt. V. Hugo, “Three Gypsies” paSt. N. Lenau, zvichingodaro), organ inoshanda. Kutora zvakawanda kubva kutsika dzetsika dzeFrance neGermany, kuve kirasi yenyika yemumhanzi weHungary, aive nemhedzisiro yakakura mukusimudzirwa kwetsika dzemimhanzi muEurope yose.
E. Tsareva
- Hupenyu hwaLiszt uye nzira yekugadzira →
Liszt - muimbi mukuru wezana ramakore rechi30, mutsigiri wepiyano ane hunyanzvi uye kondakita, mumhanzi ane mukurumbira uye weruzhinji - kudada kwenyika kwevanhu vekuHungary. Asi kuguma kwaLiszt kwakava kwakadaro zvokuti akakurumidza kusiya nyika yake, akapedza makore akawanda muFrance neGermany, achingoshanyira Hungary nguva nenguva, uye kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake akagara mairi kwenguva refu. Izvi zvakasarudza kuoma kwechifananidzo cheunyanzvi chaLiszt, hukama hwake hwepedyo neFrench neGermany tsika, kubva kwaakatora zvakawanda, asi kune waakapa zvakawanda nebasa rake rakasimba rokusika. Kunyange nhoroondo yehupenyu hwekuimba muParis mumaXNUMXs, kana nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeGerman pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, yaizokwana pasina zita reLiszt. Zvisinei, iye ndewetsika yeHungary, uye mupiro wake munhoroondo yebudiriro yenyika yake yakakura.
Liszt amene akataura kuti, pashure pokunge apedza uduku hwake muFrance, aiwanzorangarira kuva nyika yokumusha kwake: “Pano pane madota ababa vangu, pano, paguva rinoyera, nhamo yangu yokutanga yawana utiziro hwayo. Ko ndaigotadza sei kunzwa semwanakomana wenyika yandaitambura uye ndaidiwa zvikuru? Ndaizozvifunga sei kuti ndakaberekerwa kune imwe nyika? Kuti rimwe ropa rinoyerera mutsinga dzangu, kuti vadikani vangu vanogara kumwewo? Zvaakadzidza muna 1838 nezvenjodzi yakaipisisa—mafashamo akawira Hungary, akanzwa kukatyamadzwa zvikuru: “Izvi zvinoitika nemirangariro zvakaratidza kwandiri revo yeshoko rokuti” nyika yaamai.”
Liszt aidada nevanhu vake, nyika yake, uye aigara achisimbisa kuti aiva muHungary. "Pakati pevanyori vese vapenyu," akadaro muna 1847, "ndini ndoga ndinoshinga kunongedzera kunyika yake inodada. Nepo vamwe vaidyara mumadziva asina kudzika, nguva dzose ndaifamba nechikepe ndichienda mberi pagungwa rakazara rorudzi rukuru. Ndinotenda zvakasimba munyeredzi yangu inonditungamirira; chinangwa choupenyu hwangu ndechokuti Hungary rimwe zuva ingangonongedzera kwandiri nokudada.” Uye anodzokorora zvakafanana chikamu chechina chezana remakore gare gare: "Regai ndibvumirwe kubvuma kuti, pasinei nekusaziva kwangu kunosuruvarisa mutauro weHungary, ndinoramba ndiri muMagyar kubva pakuberekwa kusvika kuguva mumuviri nemweya uye, maererano neizvi zvakakomba zvikuru. nzira, ndinoedza kutsigira uye kukudziridza hungarian mumhanzi tsika”.
Muhupenyu hwake hwose, Liszt akatendeukira kuHungarian theme. Muna 1840, akanyora Heroic Kurume muna Hungarian Style, ipapo cantata Hungary, yakakurumbira Funeral Procession (mukukudza vakawa magamba) uye, pakupedzisira, akati wandei notibooks of Hungarian National Melodies uye Rhapsodies (makumi maviri nerimwe zvidimbu zvachose) . Munguva yepakati - ma1850s, nhetembo nhatu dzesymphonic dzakagadzirwa dzakabatana nemifananidzo yenyika ("Kuchema kune Magamba", "Hungary", "Hondo yeHuns") uye gumi neshanu Hungarian rhapsodies, idzo hurongwa hwemahara hwevanhu. tunes. Madingindira eHungarian anogonawo kunzwika mumabasa emweya aLiszt, akanyorerwa kunyanya kuHungary – “Grand Mass”, “Legend of St. Elizabeth”, “Hungarian Coronation Mass”. Kunyanya kazhinji anotendeukira kudingindira reHungary mu70-80s munziyo dzake, zvidimbu zvepiyano, gadziriro uye fungidziro pamadingindira emabasa evanyori veHungary.
Asi mabasa aya eHungary, akawanda mavari (nhamba yavo inosvika zana nemakumi matatu), haina kuparadzaniswa nebasa raLiszt. Mamwe mabasa, kunyanya magamba, ane maitiro akafanana nawo, anopatsanura majana uye nemisimboti yakafanana yebudiriro. Iko hakuna mutsara wakapinza pakati peHungarian uye "kunze" mabasa eLiszt - akanyorwa nenzira imwechete uye akafumiswa nekubudirira kweEuropean classical uye yerudo art. Ndosaka Liszt aive munyori wekutanga kuunza mimhanzi yeHungary kunhandare yepasi rose.
Zvisinei, kwete chete kuguma kwenyika yaamai kwaimunetsa.
Kunyange muhuduku hwake, akarota kupa dzidzo yemimhanzi kune zvikamu zvakakura zvevanhu, kuitira kuti vanyori vagadzire nziyo pamuenzaniso weMarseillaise uye dzimwe nziyo dzechimurenga dzakasimudza vanhu vazhinji kurwira kusunungurwa kwavo. Liszt aive nefungidziro yekumukira kwakakurumbira (akaiimba muchikamu chepiyano "Lyon") uye akakurudzira vaimbi kuti varege kugumira kumakonzati kuitira kubatsira varombo. “Kwenguva refu vari mumizinda vakatarira kwavari (vaimbi.— Vaimbi. MD) sevaranda vedare nemaparasite, kwenguva yakareba vaikudza nyaya dzerudo dzevakasimba uye mafaro evapfumi: nguva yasvika yekuti vamutse ushingi mune vasina simba uye vaderedze kutambura kwevanodzvinyirirwa! Art inofanira kuisa runako muvanhu, kukurudzira sarudzo dzehugamba, kumutsa vanhu, kuzviratidza! Mumakore ose aya, kutenda uku mubasa repamusoro reunyanzvi hweunyanzvi muupenyu hwenzanga kwakakonzera chiitiko chekudzidzisa pamwero mukuru: Liszt akaita semupiyano, kondakita, mutsoropodzi - muparidzi anoshingaira wemabasa akanakisisa ekare neazvino. Zvimwe chetezvo zvakaiswa pasi pebasa rake somudzidzisi. Uye, sezvizvi, nebasa rake, aida kumisa hunyanzvi hwepamusoro. Zvisinei, pfungwa idzi hadzina kuratidzwa zvakajeka kwaari nguva dzose.
Liszt ndiye mumiriri anopenya kwazvo werudo mumhanzi. Anoshinga, ane shungu, asina kugadzikana mupfungwa, achitsvaga neshungu, iye, sevamwe vanyori verudo, akapfuura nemumiedzo yakawanda: nzira yake yekugadzira yakanga yakaoma uye inopesana. Liszt akararama munguva dzakaoma uye, saBerlioz naWagner, haana kunzvenga kuzeza uye kusava nechokwadi, maonero ake ezvematongerwe enyika akanga asina kujeka uye akavhiringidzika, aifarira uzivi hwepfungwa, dzimwe nguva aitsvaka nyaradzo muchitendero. “Zera redu riri kurwara, uye tinorwara nazvo,” Liszt akapindura kuzvidzwa kwokuchinja kwemaonero ake. Asi kufambira mberi kwebasa rake uye zviitiko zvekugarisana nevamwe, hunhu hunoshamisa hwekutaridzika kwake semuimbi uye munhu zvakaramba zvisina kushanduka muhupenyu hwake hurefu.
"Kuve mufananidzo wekuchena kwetsika uye hunhu, wawana izvi nemutengo wekuomerwa, zvibayiro zvinorwadza, kushanda sechinangwa chekuseka uye godo - iyi ndiyo yakajairika yevatenzi vechokwadi vehunyanzvi," akanyora makumi maviri nemana. Liszt ane makore. Uye ndizvo zvaaigara ari. Kutsvaga kwakasimba uye kurwa nesimba, basa retitanic uye kutsungirira mukukunda zvipingamupinyi zvakamuperekedza hupenyu hwake hwese.
Pfungwa pamusoro pechinangwa chepamusoro chekugarisana chemimhanzi chakakurudzira basa raLiszt. Akaedza kuita kuti zvinyorwa zvake zviwanikwe kune vakawanda zvikurusa vevateereri, uye izvi zvinotsanangura kukwezva kwake kwakasindimara kupurogiramu. Kare muna 1837, Liszt anonyatso simbisa kukosha kwekuronga mumhanzi uye misimboti yaachazotevedzera pabasa rake rose: “Kune vamwe vaimbi, basa ravo hupenyu hwavo… Kunyanya muimbi anofemerwa nezvisikwa, asi asingatevedzere. iro, rinoratidza nemanzwi zvakavanzika zvemukati-kati zvemagumo ake. Anofunga mazviri, anomiririra manzwiro, anotaura, asi mutauro wake unodzvinyirira uye hauna magumo kupfuura mamwe ose, uye, semakore akaisvonaka endarama anotora pakuvira kwezuva chero chimiro chinopiwa kwavari nekufungidzira kwomudzungairi ari oga, zvinokweretesawo pachazvo. nyore kune kududzira kwakasiyana-siyana. Naizvozvo, hazvina zvazvinobatsira uye chero zvakadaro hazvisekese - sezvavanowanzo farira kutaura - kana munyori akadonongodza mufananidzo webasa rake mumitsetse mishoma uye, pasina kuwira mune zvidiki diki uye ruzivo, anoratidza pfungwa yakashanda. iye sehwaro hwekuumbwa. Ipapo kutsoropodza kuchave kwakasununguka kurumbidza kana kupa mhosva kuwedzera kana kushoma kunobudirira kwepfungwa iyi.
Kuchinja kwaLiszt kuchirongwa chaive chiitiko chinofambira mberi, nekuda kwenzira yese yezvishuwo zvake zvekusika. Liszt aida kutaura kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwake kwete nedenderedzwa rakamanikana revanoziva, asi nemhomho yevateereri, kufadza mamirioni avanhu nemimhanzi yake. Ichokwadi, hurongwa hwaLiszt hunopesana: mukuedza kuumba pfungwa huru nemanzwiro, aiwanzowira mukusava nehanya, muhuzivi husina kujeka, uye nekudaro nekuzvidira kuganhurira hukuru hwemabasa ake. Asi vakanakisisa vavo vanokunda izvi zvisinganzwisisiki kusava nechokwadi uye kujeka kwepurogiramu: mifananidzo yemimhanzi yakagadzirwa naLiszt ndeyekongiri, inonzwisisika, zvinyorwa zvinoratidzira uye zvakasimbiswa, chimiro chakajeka.
Zvichienderana nemisimboti yehurongwa, achisimbisa zvemukati zvehunyanzvi nebasa rake rekugadzira, Liszt akapfumisa zvisingaite zviwanikwa zvemimhanzi, zvichiteerana pamberi penyangwe Wagner mune izvi. Nezvaakawana zvine mavara akasiyana-siyana, Liszt akawedzera mwero wenziyo; panguva imwecheteyo, anogona kutorwa semumwe wevanonyanya kushinga kuvandudza vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX mumunda wekuwirirana. Liszt ndiyewo musiki wemhando itsva ye "symphonic poem" uye nzira yekusimudzira mimhanzi inonzi "monothematism". Pakupedzisira, budiriro yake mumunda wehunyanzvi hwepiyano uye magadzirirwo akanyanya kukosha, nekuti Liszt aive shasha yekuridza piyano, akaenzana naye asina kuzivikanwa nhoroondo.
Nhaka yemimhanzi yaakasiya ihombe, asi haasi mabasa ese akaenzana. Nzvimbo dzinotungamira mubasa raLiszt piyano nesymphony - apa zvishuviro zvake zveunyanzvi nehunyanzvi zvaive zvakazara. Zveukoshi husingapokanidzwi ndidzo nziyo dzaLiszt, pakati padzo nziyo dzinotanhamara; airatidza kufarira zvishoma mumhanzi weopera nechamber.
Themes, mifananidzo yekusika kwaLiszt. Kukosha kwaro munhoroondo yeHungarian uye world musical art
Nhaka yemimhanzi yaLiszt yakapfuma uye yakasiyana. Akararama nezvido zvenguva yake uye aiedza kupindura nekugadzira kune zvaidiwa chaizvo zvechokwadi. Saka iyo heroic imba yekuchengetera mimhanzi, iyo yekuzvarwa mutambo, simba remoto, sublime pathos. Hunhu hwekufungidzira huri mumaonero enyika yaLiszt, zvisinei, hwakakanganisa mabasa akati wandei, zvichiita kuti pave nekumwe kutaura, kusajeka kana kusanzwisisika kwezviri mukati. Asi mumabasa ake akanaka nguva idzi dzakaipa dzinokundwa - mavari, kushandisa chirevo chaCui, "hupenyu hwechokwadi hunopisa."
Maitiro aLiszt akanyanya kunyungudutsa maitiro mazhinji ekugadzira. Hugamba uye dhirama rine simba raBeethoven, pamwe chete nechisimba chekuda uye kupenya kweBerlioz, dhimoni uye hunhu hwakanaka hwePaganini, dzakave nesimba rakasimba pakuumbwa kwekunakidzwa kwehunyanzvi uye maonero ekunaka kwemudiki Liszt. Kumwe kushanduka kwake kwekusika kwakaenderera pasi pechiratidzo cherudo. Muimbi wacho akanyatsotora hupenyu, zvinyorwa, zvehunyanzvi uye chaizvo zvemimhanzi.
Iyo isina kujairika biography yakabatsira kune chokwadi chekuti tsika dzakasiyana dzenyika dzakabatanidzwa mumimhanzi yaLiszt. Kubva kuchikoro cheFrench cherudo, akatora misiyano yakajeka mukubatana kwemifananidzo, kutaridzika kwavo; kubva kuItaly opera mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX (Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi) - shungu dzepfungwa uye kunakidzwa kwenyama yecantilena, kudzokorora kwezwi kwakasimba; kubva kuchikoro cheGermany - kudzika uye kuwedzera kwemaitiro ekuratidza kuwirirana, kuedza mumunda wefomu. Inofanira kuwedzerwa kune zvakataurwa kuti munguva yekukura kwebasa rake, Rondedzero yakasanganawo nepesvedzero yezvikoro zviduku zvenyika, kunyanya chiRussia, izvo zvaakadzidza zvakanyatsonaka.
Zvese izvi zvakasanganiswa muchimiro chehunyanzvi cheLiszt, icho chiri muchimiro chenyika-yeHungary chimiro chemimhanzi. Iine mamwe mativi emifananidzo; Pakati pavo, mapoka mashanu makuru anogona kusiyaniswa:
1) Mifananidzo yehugamba yemunhu akajeka, anokwezva anocherechedzwa nehukuru hukuru. Ivo vanoratidzirwa neanozvikudza chivalrous warehouse, kupenya uye kupenya kwekuratidzira, kurira kwemhangura. Elastic melody, rhythm ine madoti "inorongwa" nekufamba kwekufamba. Aya ndiwo maitiro anoita gamba rakashinga mupfungwa dzaLiszt, kurwira mufaro uye rusununguko. Mhedzisiro yemimhanzi yemifananidzo iyi iri mumhare dzeBeethoven, chikamu cheWeber, asi chinonyanya kukosha, pano, munharaunda iyi, kuti pesvedzero yerwiyo rwenyika yeHungary inonyatso kuoneka.
Pakati pemifananidzo yemafambiro akadzikama, kune zvakare mamwe ekuvandudza, madiki madingindira, anoonekwa senyaya kana ballad nezve inobwinya yakapfuura yenyika. Iyo juxtaposition yediki - parallel huru uye kushandiswa kwakapararira kwe melismatics kunosimbisa hupfumi hwezwi uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemavara.
2) Mifananidzo inosuruvarisa imhando yekuenderana neiyo heroic. Iwayo ndiwo midungwe yokuchema yaLiszt yaifarirwa zvikuru kana kuti nziyo dzokuchema (dzinonzi “trenody”), dzine nziyo dzinonyandurwa nezvinoitika zvinosuruvarisa zvehondo yorusununguko yavanhu muHungary kana kuti rufu rwavamiriri vayo vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika nevoruzhinji. Rhythm yekufora pano inova yakapinza, inowedzera kutya, jerky, uye kazhinji pachinzvimbo
ipapo
or
(semuenzaniso, dingindira rechipiri kubva mukufamba kwekutanga kweChipiri Piano Concerto). Isu tinorangarira kufora kwemariro aBeethoven uye ma prototypes avo mumhanzi weFrench Revolution pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX (ona, semuenzaniso, Gossek ane mukurumbira Funeral Kurume). Asi Liszt inodzorwa nekurira kwetrombones, kudzika, "pasi" mabhesi, mabhero emariro. Sokutaura kunoita nyanzvi yemimhanzi yokuHungary Bence Szabolczy, “mabasa aya anodedera neshungu dzakasuruvara, dzatinowana bedzi munhetembo dzokupedzisira dzeVörösmarty uye mumifananidzo yokupedzisira yomupendi Laszlo Paal.”
Mabviro enyika-Hungarian emifananidzo yakadaro haapokane. Kuti uone izvi, zvakakwana kutaura kune nhetembo yeorchestra "Chema kune Magamba" ("Heroi'de funebre", 1854) kana yakakurumbira piyano chidimbu "The Funeral Procession" ("Funerailles", 1849). Nechekare dingindira rekutanga, rinobuda zvishoma nezvishoma re“Funeral Procession” rine hunhu hwekuchinja kwesekondi yakawedzera, izvo zvinopa kusviba kukufamba kwemariro. Iyo astringency yeruzha (harmonic huru) inochengetwa mune inotevera inochema inochema cantilena. Uye, kazhinji naLiszt, mifananidzo yekuchema inoshandurwa kuva heroic - kune sangano rine simba rakakurumbira, kuhondo itsva, rufu rwegamba renyika riri kudana.
3) Imwe nharaunda yemanzwiro uye semantic inosanganiswa nemifananidzo inoburitsa manzwiro ekusahadzika, mamiriro ekufunganya epfungwa. Iyi seti yakaoma yemafungiro uye manzwiro pakati pevanodanana yaisanganiswa nepfungwa yeGoethe's Faust (enzanisa naBerlioz, Wagner) kana Byron's Manfred (enzanisa naSchumann, Tchaikovsky). Hamlet yaShakespeare yaiwanzobatanidzwa mudenderedzwa remifananidzo iyi (enzanisa naTchaikovsky, nenhetembo yaLiszt pachake). Mamiriro emifananidzo yakadai yaida nzira itsva dzekutaura, kunyanya mumunda wekuwirirana: Liszt anowanzo shandisa yakawedzera nekudzikira nguva, chromatisms, kunyangwe kunze-kwe-tonal kuwirirana, quart musanganiswa, bold modulations. "Rumwe rudzi rwefivha, kusashivirira kunorwadza kunopisa munyika ino yekubatana," Sabolci anoratidza. Aya ndiwo mazwi ekutanga epiano sonatas kana Faust Symphony.
4) Kazhinji nzira dzekutaura dziri pedyo nerevo dzinoshandiswa munzvimbo yekufananidzira umo kunyomba uye kutsvinya kunodzora, mweya wokuramba uye kuparadza unoratidzwa. Iyo "satanic" iyo yakatsanangurwa naBerlioz mu "Sabata reVaroyi" kubva mu "Fantastic Symphony" inowana hunhu husingarambike muLiszt. Uku ndiko kufananidzwa kwemifananidzo yehuipi. The genre hwaro - kutamba - ikozvino kuoneka muchiedza chakakanganiswa, chine matauriro akapinza, mune dissonance consonances, inosimbiswa nenyasha manotsi. Muenzaniso wakajeka weiyi ndiMephisto Waltzes matatu, magumo eFaust Symphony.
5) Pepa racho zvakare rakabata zvakasiyana-siyana manzwiro erudo: kudhakwa nechishuwo, manyawi emufaro kana kunakidzwa kwekurota, languor. Ikozvino yave kushushikana kufema cantilena mumweya wemitambo yekuItaly, ikozvino kudzokorora kunonakidza, iko zvino mutauro wakanakisa we "Tristan" kuwirirana, kunopihwa zvakawanda neshanduko uye chromaticism.
Zvechokwadi, hapana mitsara yakajeka pakati pemapaundi ekufananidzira akaiswa. Madingindira echigamba ari pedyo nenhamo, “Faustian” motifs anowanzo kushandurwa kuita “Mephistopheles”, uye “zvinonyadzisa” zvinosanganisira zvese zviri zviviri manzwiro akanaka uye epamusoro uye miyedzo ye“satani” yokunyengedza. Uye zvakare, Liszt's inoratidzira palette haina kupera neizvi: mu "Hungarian Rhapsodies" folklore-genre-genre dhanzi mifananidzo inotungamira, mu "Makore eKudzungaira" kune akawanda masikirwo enzvimbo, mune etudes (kana makonti) kune scherzo inonakidza zviratidzo. Zvakadaro, zvakaitwa naRondedzero munzvimbo idzi ndidzo dzekutanga. Ndivo vaiva nesimba rakasimba pabasa rezvizvarwa zvinotevera zvevanyori.
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Munguva yekufara kwekuita kwaList - muma50-60s - pesvedzero yake yaive yakaganhurirwa kudenderedzwa diki revadzidzi neshamwari. Mukufamba kwemakore, zvisinei, kubudirira kwaLiszt kwokupayona kwakawedzera kuzivikanwa.
Nomuzvarirwo, chekutanga pane zvese, pesvedzero yavo yakakanganisa kuita kwepiyano uye hunyanzvi. Nekuda kana nekusazvidira, munhu wese akatendeukira ku piyano aisakwanisa kupfuura nekukunda kukuru kwaLiszt munzvimbo iyi, izvo zvakaratidzwa zvese mukududzirwa kwechiridzwa uye mukugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, Liszt's ideological and artic principles akawana kuzivikanwa mukuita kwevanyori, uye akafananidzwa nevamiriri vezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika.
Iyo generalized musimboti wechirongwa, wakaiswa pamberi naLiszt seanopokana naBerlioz, uyo anonyanya hunhu hwekududzira kwemufananidzo- "theatre" yechirongwa chakasarudzwa, yapararira. Kunyanya, nheyo dzaLiszt dzakashandiswa zvakanyanya nevanyori veRussia, kunyanya Tchaikovsky, kupfuura Berlioz (kunyange iyo yekupedzisira haina kupotsa, semuenzaniso, naMussorgsky muNight paBald Mountain kana Rimsky-Korsakov muScheherazade).
Rudzi rwechirongwa chenhetembo yesymphonic yave yakapararira zvakaenzana, mikana yehunyanzvi iyo vanyori vanga vachigadzira kusvika nhasi. Pakarepo mushure meLiszt, nhetembo dzesymphonic dzakanyorwa muFrance naSaint-Saens naFranck; muCzech Republic - sour cream; muGermany, R. Strauss akawana budiriro hurusa murudzi urwu. Ichokwadi, mabasa akadaro akanga asiri nguva dzose akavakirwa pane monothematism. Nheyo dzekuvandudzwa kwenhetembo ye symphonic pamwe chete ne sonata allegro yaiwanzodudzirwa zvakasiyana, zvakasununguka. Nekudaro, iyo monothematic musimboti - mukududzira kwayo kwakasununguka - yakashandiswa, uyezve, muzvinyorwa zvisina kurongwa ("iyo cyclic musimboti" musymphony uye chamber-instrumental mabasa aFrank, Taneyev's c-moll symphony nevamwe). Pakupedzisira, vaimbi vaitevera vaiwanzotendeukira kumhando yenhetembo yeLiszt's piano concerto (ona Rimsky-Korsakov's Piano Concerto, Prokofiev's First Piano Concerto, Glazunov's Second Piano Concerto, nevamwe).
Kwete chete kuumbwa kwemitemo yeLiszt yakagadzirwa, asiwo zvikamu zvekufananidzira zvemimhanzi yake, kunyanya heroic, "Faustian", "Mephistopheles". Ngatiyeukei, semuenzaniso, “madingindira ekuzvisimbisa” anodada ari munziyo dzenzimbe dzaScriabin. Kana iri kutsoropodzwa kwezvakaipa mumifananidzo ye "Mephistophelian", sekunge yakakanganiswa nekunyomba, yakatsigirwa mumweya we "kutamba kwerufu" kunotyisa, kuwedzera kwavo kunowanikwa kunyange mumhanzi wenguva yedu (ona mabasa aShostakovich). Musoro we "Faustian" kupokana, "dhiyabhorosi" inonyengera yakapararirawo. Aya mativi akasiyana-siyana anoratidzwa zvizere mubasa raR. Strauss.
Mutauro wenziyo une mavara waLiszt, wakapfuma mune zvisinganzwisisike nuances, wakagamuchirawo kukura kwakakosha. Kunyanya, kubwinya kwekubatana kwake kwakashanda sehwaro hwekutsvaga kweFrench Impressionists: pasina kubudirira kweLiszt, kana Debussy kana Ravel hazvigoneki (iyo yekupedzisira, mukuwedzera, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kubudirira kwepiyano yaLiszt mumabasa ake. )
"Kunzwisisa" kwaLiszt kwenguva yekupedzisira yekugadzira mumunda wekubatana kwakatsigirwa uye kukurudzirwa nekufarira kwake kukura muzvikoro zviduku zvenyika. Paive pakati pavo - uye pamusoro pezvose pakati pevaKuchkists - kuti Liszt akawana mikana yekupfumisa mutauro wemimhanzi neinochinja modal, melodic uye rhythmic.
M. Druskin
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