Carl Maria von Weber |
Carl Maria von Weber
"Nyika - munyori anogadzira mairi!" - Aya ndiwo matsananguriro akaitwa ndima yechiitiko chemuimbi naKM Weber - muimbi weGerman ane mukurumbira: muimbi, mutsoropodzi, mutambi, munyori, mushambadziri, ruzhinji rwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Uye zvechokwadi, tinowana Czech, French, Spanish, Oriental zvirongwa mumabasa ake emimhanzi uye anoshamisa, muzvinyorwa zvezviridzwa - stylistic zviratidzo zvegypsy, Chinese, Norwegian, Russian, Hungarian folklore. Asi bhizimisi guru rehupenyu hwake raiva opera yenyika yeGermany. Mubhuku risati rapera Upenyu hweMuimbi, iro rine zvinobatika zvehupenyu, Weber anoratidza zvine hungwaru, kuburikidza nemuromo wemumwe wevatambi, mamiriro erudzi urwu muGermany:
Mukutendeseka kwese, mamiriro ezvinhu neGerman opera anosiririsa, anotambura nekuzununguka uye haagone kumira akasimba patsoka dzayo. Chaunga chevabatsiri chakamukomberedza. Uye zvakadaro, pasina kupora kubva mukuziya kumwe, anowira mune imwe zvakare. Mukuwedzera, kupfurikidza nokuita zvose zvinodikanwa paari, akanga azvitutumadza kwazvo zvokuti hapana kana rokwe rimwe rinomukwana zvakare. Pasina maturo, vanyoro, vanogadzirisa, mune tariro yekuishongedza, vanoisa pairi kana French kana Italian caftan. Haaenderane naye mberi kana kumashure. Uye iyo yakawanda maoko matsva anosonerwa kwairi uye pasi uye miswe zvakapfupikiswa, zvakanyanya kuipa iyo inobatirira. Mukupedzisira, vashoma vagadziri verudo vakauya nepfungwa inofadza yekuisarudzira iyo yerudzi rwechivanhu uye, kana zvichibvira, kuruka mukati mayo zvese zvekufungidzira, kutenda, misiyano uye manzwiro akambogadzira mune mamwe marudzi.
Weber akaberekerwa mumhuri yemuimbi - baba vake vaive muimbi we opera uye vairidza zviridzwa zvakawanda. Muimbi weramangwana akaumbwa nenharaunda yaaive kubva achiri mudiki. Franz Anton Weber (sekuru vaConstance Weber, mudzimai waWA Mozart) akakurudzira kuda kwemwanakomana wake mimhanzi nekupenda, akamuzivisa kuoma kunzwisisa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita. Makirasi ane vadzidzisi vane mukurumbira - Michael Haydn, mukoma wemuimbi ane mukurumbira pasi rose Joseph Haydn, naAbbot Vogler - vakaita zvinoonekwa pamuimbi wechidiki. Nenguva iyoyo, miedzo yekutanga yekunyora ndeye. Pakurudziro yaVogler, Weber akapinda muBreslau Opera House semubati webhendi (1804). Upenyu hwake hwakazvimiririra muunyanzvi hunotanga, kuravira, zvitendero zvinoumbwa, mabasa makuru anoumbwa.
Kubva 1804, Weber ave achishanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemitambo muGermany, Switzerland, uye ave ari mutungamiriri weimba yeopera muPrague (kubvira 1813). Munguva imwecheteyo, Weber akatanga hukama nevamiriri vakuru vehupenyu hwehunyanzvi hweGermany, avo vakanyanya kupesvedzera misimboti yake yekunaka (JW Goethe, K. Wieland, K. Zelter, TA Hoffmann, L. Tieck, K. Brentano, L. Spohr). Weber ari kuwana mukurumbira kwete chete semuimbi wepiyano akatanhamara uye kondakita, asiwo semurongi, mushanduri akashinga weimba yemitambo yemitambo, akatendera misimboti mitsva yekuisa vaimbi muchikwata che opera (maererano nemapoka ezviridzwa), hurongwa hutsva hwe rehearsal work in theatre. Kutenda kumabasa ake, mamiriro emuitisi anoshanduka - Weber, achitora basa remutungamiriri, mukuru wekugadzira, akabatanidzwa mumatanho ose ekugadzirira kwekuita kweopera. Chinhu chakakosha chegwaro rekudzoreredza remitambo yemitambo yaaitungamira yaive yaifarira maopera eGerman neFrench, mukupesana neyakajairwa kutonga kweItaly. Mumabasa enguva yekutanga yekusika, maficha echimiro anopenya, ayo akazove akasarudzika - nziyo nekutamba madingindira, mavambo uye ruvara rwekuwirirana, kutsva kweruvara rweorchestra uye kududzirwa kwezviridzwa zvega. Hezvino izvo G. Berlioz akanyora, semuenzaniso:
Uye iochestra yakadini inofambidzana neidzi nziyo dzakaisvonaka! Zvigadzirwa zvakadii! Kutsvakurudza kwoungwaru kwakadini! Chokwadi kufuridzirwa kwakadaro kunozarura pamberi pedu pfuma yakadini!
Pakati peakanyanya kukosha mabasa enguva ino ndeye rudo opera Silvana (1810), iyo singspiel Abu Hasan (1811), 9 cantatas, 2 symphonies, overtures, 4 piano sonatas uye concertos, Kukokwa kuDhanzi, akawanda chamber chiridzwa uye ensembles ezwi, nziyo (dzinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe).
Nguva yekupedzisira, yeDresden yehupenyu hwaWeber (1817-26) yakaratidzwa nekuonekwa kwemitambo yake yakakurumbira, uye kuguma kwayo chaiko kwaive kuhwina kwekutanga kweThe Magic Shooter (1821, Berlin). Opera iyi harisi chete basa remunyori ane hunyanzvi. Pano, sekutarisa, zvakanangidzirwa zvibodzwa zveiyo nyowani yeGerman operatic art, yakatenderwa naWeber uyezve kuva hwaro hwekuzotevera kusimudzira kwerudzi urwu.
Mimhanzi uye mitambo yemagariro yaida mhinduro yezvinetso kwete chete kugadzira. Weber, panguva yebasa rake muDresden, akakwanisa kuita shanduko huru yezvese mimhanzi uye yemitambo bhizinesi muGermany, iyo yaisanganisira zvese zvakanangwa repertoire mutemo uye kudzidziswa kweiyo theatre ensemble yevanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana. Kuvandudzwa kwacho kwakasimbiswa nemimhanzi-yakakosha basa remunyori. Zvishoma zvinyorwa zvaakanyora zvine, muchidimbu, chirongwa chakadzama cherudo, icho chakavambwa muGermany nekuuya kweThe Magic Shooter. Asi pamusoro pekuita kwayo kunoshanda, zvirevo zvemunyori zvakare inokosha, yepakutanga mimhanzi chidimbu chakapfeka hunyanzvi hwemhando. mabhuku, achifananidzira nyaya dzaR. Schumann naR. Wagner. Hechino chimwe chezvidimbu zve "Marginal Notes" yake:
Iko kunoratidzika kunge kusapindirana kweyakanakisa, isingayeudzi yakawanda yerwiyo rwemimhanzi yakanyorwa zvinoenderana nemirairo, semutambo unoshamisa, inogona kugadzirwa ... Chirwere chekufungidzira chenyika ino chine kubatana kwemukati, kuzere nekunzwa kwechokwadi, uye iwe unongoda kukwanisa kuzviona nemanzwiro ako. Nekudaro, kutaura kwemumhanzi kwatova nezvakawanda zvisingaperi, manzwiro emunhu anofanirwa kuisa mari yakawanda mairi, uye saka mweya wega wega, wakarongedzwa chaizvo kune imwechete toni, uchakwanisa kuenderana nekukura kwekunzwa, izvo zvinotora. nzvimbo seizvi, uye kwete neimwe nzira, iyo inofungidzira zvakadaro uye kwete zvimwe zvinosiyana zvinodikanwa, izvo chete maonero aya ndeechokwadi. Naizvozvo, basa ratenzi wechokwadi kutonga zvine hungwaru pamusoro pemanzwiro ake uye evamwe vanhu, uye manzwiro aanopa kubereka seanogara uye akapihwa chete. mavara iwayo uye nuances inokurumidza kugadzira mufananidzo wakakwana mumweya wemuteereri.
Mushure meThe Magic Shooter, Weber anotendeukira kurudzi rwekomiki opera (Three Pintos, yakasununguka naT. Hell, 1820, isina kupera), anonyora mimhanzi yemutambo waP. Wolf Preciosa (1821). Mabasa makuru enguva ino ndeye heroic-romantic opera Euryanta (1823), yakananga kuVienna, zvichibva pachirongwa cheFrench knightly legend, uye ngano-inonakidza opera Oberon, yakagadzwa neLondon theatre Covent Garden (1826). ) Chibodzwa chekupedzisira chakapedzwa nemunyori aitorwara zvakanyanya kusvika pazuva chairo rekutanga. Kubudirira kwacho kwakanga kusingazivikanwi muLondon. Zvakadaro, Weber akaona zvakakodzera dzimwe shanduko uye shanduko. Akange asina nguva yekuvagadzira…
Opera yakava basa guru rehupenyu hwemunyori. Aiziva zvaaivavarira, mufananidzo wake wakanaka wakatambura naye:
… kusvika kumwero wakati vanotoparadzwa, asi kune rumwe rutivi kuvaka nyika itsva!
Weber akakwanisa kuvaka iyi nyowani - uye iye pachake - nyika ...
V. Barsky
- Hupenyu uye basa raWeber →
- Rondedzero yemabasa naWeber →
Weber uye National Opera
Weber akapinda munhoroondo yemimhanzi semusiki weGerman folk-national opera.
Kudzokera shure kwevaGerman bourgeoisie kwakaratidzwawo mukusimukira kwakanonoka kweimba yemitambo yenyika. Kusvika kuma20s, Austria neGermany dzaitongwa neItaly opera.
(Nzvimbo inotungamira munyika yeOpera yeGermany neAustria yakanga yakagarwa nevatorwa: Salieri muVienna, Paer naMorlacchi muDresden, Spontini muBerlin. Nepo pakati pemakondakita uye nhamba dzemitambo vanhu veGermany neAustria nyika zvishoma nezvishoma vakafambira mberi, mune repertoire. yehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore re1832 yakaenderera mberi nemimhanzi yeItaly neFrance ichitonga. MuDresden, imba yekuItaly opera yakararama kusvika makumi maviri, muMunich kunyangwe kusvika hafu yechipiri yezana ramakore. Italian opera colony, inotungamirwa naD. Barbaia, impresario yeMilan neNaples (The fashionable German and Austrian opera composers Mayr, Winter, Jirovets, Weigl akadzidza muItaly uye akanyora Italian kana Italianized mabasa.)
Chikoro chezvino cheFrench chete (Cherubini, Spontini) ndicho chakakwikwidzana nacho. Uye kana Weber akakwanisa kukunda tsika dzemazana maviri emakore apfuura, saka chikonzero chakakosha chekubudirira kwake yaive bato rakafara rerusununguko rwenyika muGermany pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, iro rakambundira marudzi ese ekugadzira zviitiko munharaunda yeGerman. Weber, aive netarenda rakati nyoro kupfuura Mozart naBeethoven, akakwanisa kuita munhandare yemimhanzi zvirevo zveLessing, uyo muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX akasimudza mureza wekurwira hunyanzvi hwenyika uye hwedemokrasi.
Munhu anochinja-chinja weruzhinji, muparidzi uye mushambadzi wetsika dzenyika, akafananidzira rudzi rwenyanzvi dzepamusoro dzenguva itsva. Weber akagadzira operatic art yaive yakadzika midzi muGerman folk art tsika. Ngano nengano dzechinyakare, nziyo nemadhanzi, mitambo yechivanhu, mabhuku edemocracy yenyika - ndipo paakadhirowa zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvemaitiro ake.
Maopera maviri akaonekwa muna 1816 - Ondine na ETA Hoffmann (1776-1822) uye Faust naSpohr (1784-1859) - vaitarisira kutendeuka kwaWeber kune nyaya-ngano-ngano. Asi ese ari maviri emabhuku aya aingove mashura ekuzvarwa kwenhandare yenyika. Mifananidzo yenhetembo yezvirongwa zvavo haina kugara ichienderana nemimhanzi, iyo yakaramba ichinyanya mukati memiganhu yenzira dzinoratidza dzenguva pfupi yapfuura. Kuna Weber, kuratidzwa kwemifananidzo yengano kwakange kwakabatana zvisingaite nekuvandudzwa kwechimiro chenyika chekutaura kwemimhanzi, nehunyanzvi hwekunyora hune mavara hunoratidza maitiro erudo.
Asi kunyange kumusiki weGermany folk-national opera, nzira yekuwana mifananidzo mitsva yekushanda, yakabatanidzwa zvisingaenzaniswi nemifananidzo yezvino zverudo nhetembo uye mabhuku, yakanga yakareba uye yakaoma. Matatu chete eWeber akazotevera, maopera mazhinji akakura - The Magic Shooter, Euryant naOberon - yakavhura peji nyowani munhoroondo yeGerman opera.
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Kumwe kukwidziridzwa kweimba yemitambo yeGerman kwakadziviswa nekuita kweruzhinji kwema20s. Akazviita kuti anzwe mubasa raWeber pachake, uyo akakundikana kuziva chirongwa chake - kugadzira opera yevanhu-gamba. Mushure mekufa kwemuimbi, iyo inonakidza opera yekune dzimwe nyika zvakare yakatora chinzvimbo chepamusoro mune repertoire yemitambo yakawanda yemitambo muGermany. (Saka, pakati pa1830 na1849, makumi mana neshanu enziyo dzeFrench, makumi maviri neshanu eItaria, uye makumi maviri nematatu echiGerman akaitirwa muGermany. Pamitambo yeGerman, mipfumbamwe chete yakaitwa nevanyori vemazuva ano.)
Boka duku chete revanyori veGermany venguva iyoyo - Ludwig Spohr, Heinrich Marschner, Albert Lorzing, Otto Nicolai - vakakwanisa kukwikwidzana nemabasa asingaverengeki ezvikoro zveopera zveFrench neItaly.
Veruzhinji vanofambira mberi havana kukanganisa pamusoro pekukosha kwekufamba kwemitambo yeGerman yenguva iyoyo. MuchiGermany mimhanzi inotsikirira, manzwi ainzwika kakawanda achidana vanyori kuti vaputse kupikisa kwemaitiro emitambo uye, vachitevera mumakwara aWeber, kugadzira unyanzvi hwechokwadi hwekuvhiya kwenyika.
Asi mumakore ekuma40 chete, mukati menguva yekusimudzirwa kutsva kwedemocracy, hunyanzvi hwaWagner hwakaenderera mberi nekuvandudza misimboti yakakosha yehunyanzvi, yakatanga kuwanikwa uye kukudziridzwa mumaopera erudo aWeber.
V. Konen
- Hupenyu uye basa raWeber →
Mwanakomana wechipfumbamwe wemukuru wevacheche akazvipira kumumhanzi mushure mekunge muzukuru wake Constanza aroora Mozart, Weber anowana zvidzidzo zvake zvemimhanzi zvekutanga kubva kuna munun'una wake Friedrich, ozodzidza muSalzburg naMichael Haydn uye kuMunich naKalcher naValesi (kuumba nekuimba. ) Pazera remakore gumi nematatu, akagadzira opera yekutanga (iyo isati yasvika kwatiri). Nguva pfupi yekushanda nababa vake mumhanzi lithography inotevera, ipapo anovandudza ruzivo rwake naAbbot Vogler muVienna neDarmstadt. Anofamba kubva panzvimbo achienda kune imwe, achishanda semuimbi wepiyano uye kondakita; muna 1817 anoroora muimbi Caroline Brand uye anoronga German opera theatre muna Dresden, kusiyana Italian opera theatre achitungamirirwa Morlacchi. Aneta nebasa rakakura resangano uye achirwara zvisingaite, mushure menguva yekurapwa muMarienbad (1824), akaridza opera Oberon (1826) muLondon, iyo yakagamuchirwa nechido.
Weber anga achiri mwanakomana wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX: mudiki kuna Beethoven aine makore gumi nematanhatu, akafa rinenge gore pamberi pake, asi anoratidzika kunge muimbi wemazuva ano kupfuura wekare kana Schubert mumwe chete ... Weber anga asiri muimbi wekusika chete, a akangwara, virtuoso pianist, conductor weochestra ine mukurumbira asiwo murongi mukuru. Muna ikoku akanga akaita saGluck; Chete ndiye aive nebasa rakaoma, nekuti aishanda munzvimbo ine tsvina yePrague neDresden uye aive asina hunhu hwakasimba kana kubwinya kusingarambike kwaGluck ...
"Mumunda we opera, akave chiitiko chisingawanzo kuitika muGermany - mumwe wevashoma vakazvarwa vanyori veOpera. Basa rake rakatemwa pasina kuoma: kubva pazera remakore gumi nemashanu aiziva kuti chii chaidiwa padanho ... Hupenyu hwake hwakanga huchishingaira, hwakapfuma muzviitiko zvokuti hunoita sehurefu kupfuura hupenyu hwaMozart, chaizvoizvo - makore mana chete "(Einstein).
Weber paakasuma The Free Gunner muna 1821, aitarisira zvikuru kudanana kwevanyori vakaita saBellini naDonizetti vaizoonekwa makore gumi gare gare, kana Rossini's William Tell muna 1829. Kazhinji, gore ra1821 raive rakakosha pakugadzirira kwerudo mumimhanzi. : panguva ino, Beethoven akanyora makumi matatu nekutanga Sonata op. 110 yepiyano, Schubert anosuma rwiyo "Mambo weSango" uye anotanga Eighth Symphony, "Unfinished". Atova mukupinzwa kweThe Free Gunner, Weber anofamba akananga kumberi uye anozvisunungura kubva mukufurirwa kwemitambo yemitambo yenguva pfupi yapfuura, Spohr's Faust kana Hoffmann's Ondine, kana opera yechiFrench yakapesvedzera vaviri vevaakatangira. Apo Weber akasvika kuEuryanta, Einstein anonyora, kuti: “Mushonga wake wakapinza zvikuru, Spontini, wakanga watomugadzirira nzira; panguva imwecheteyo, Spontini akapa chete classical opera seria yakakura, hukuru hukuru nekuda kwezviratidziro zvevanhu uye kushushikana mupfungwa. MuEvryanta manzwi matsva, erudo anooneka, uye kana veruzhinji vasina kukurumidza kuonga iyi opera, saka vanyori vezvizvarwa zvinotevera vakaikoshesa zvikuru.
Basa raWeber, uyo akateya nheyo dzechiGerman opera (pamwe chete neMozart's The Magic Flute), akaronga zvakapetwa kaviri zvenhaka yake yekuvhiya, iyo Giulio Confalonieri anonyora nezvayo: tsika dzechivanhu chitubu chemumhanzi usina manotsi asi wakagadzirira kunzwika… Pamwe chete nezvinhu izvi, aidawo kuratidza hunhu hwake akasununguka: kushanduka kusingatarisirwi kubva kune imwe toni kuenda kune yakapesana, kuchinjika kweushingi hwekunyanyisa, kugara pamwe chete zvinoenderana. nemitemo mitsva yemhanzi yerudo yeFranco-German, yakaunzwa kumuganhu nemunyori, wemweya uyo mamiriro ake, nekuda kwekudya, aigara akanyarara uye achipisa. Hunyambiri uhwu, hunoratidzika kunge hunopesana nekubatana kwemaitiro uye kuhutyora, hwakapa chishuvo chinorwadza chekuenda, nekuda kwesarudzo chaiyo yehupenyu, kubva kune yekupedzisira zvinoreva kuvapo: kubva pachokwadi - nazvo, pamwe, kuyananiswa kunofanirwa chete mune zvemashiripiti Oberon, uye kunyange ipapo chikamu uye chisina kukwana.
G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)
