Anton von Webern |

Anton von Webern

Mamiriro ezvinhu munyika ari kuramba achiwedzera kutyisa, kunyanya mundima yemifananidzo. Uye basa redu riri kuramba richikura. A. Webern

Munyori weAustria, mutungamiri uye mudzidzisi A. Webern mumwe wevamiririri vakakurumbira vechikoro cheNew Viennese. Nzira yake yehupenyu haina kupfuma muzviitiko zvakajeka. Mhuri yeWebern inobva kumhuri yekare inokudzwa. Pakutanga, Webern akadzidza piyano, cello, mavambo emumhanzi dzidziso. Pakazosvika 1899, zviedzo zvemunyori wekutanga ndezve. Muna 1902-06. Webern anodzidza kuInstitute of Music History paYunivhesiti yeVienna, kwaanodzidza kuwirirana naG. Gredener, counterpoint naK. Navratil. Nokuda kwekunyora kwake pamusoro pemunyori G. Isak (XV-XVI mazana emakore), Webern akapiwa dhigirii reDhigirii wePhilosophy.

Kare nziyo dzekutanga - rwiyo uye idyll yeorchestra "Mumhepo yeZhizha" (1901-04) - inoratidza kukurumidza kushanduka kwemaitiro ekutanga. Muna 1904-08. Webern zvidzidzo zvakaumbwa naA. Schoenberg. Muchinyorwa chinoti “Mudzidzisi”, anoisa mashoko aSchoenberg seaya epigraph: “Kutenda muunyanzvi hwokuponesa kumwe chete kunofanira kuparadzwa, uye chishuvo chezvokwadi chinofanira kukurudzirwa.” Munguva ye1907-09. iyo itsva style yeWebrn yakanga yatogadzirwa.

Pashure pokunge apedza dzidzo yake, Webern akashanda semutyairi weorchestra uye muimbi wekwaya mune operetta. Mhepo yemimhanzi yakareruka yakamutsa mumunyori wechidiki ruvengo rusingawirirane uye kusemburwa kwevaraidzo, kurambidza, uye kutarisira kubudirira neruzhinji. Achishanda se symphony uye opera conductor, Webern anogadzira akati wandei emabasa ake akakosha - 5 zvidimbu op. 5 yetambo quartet (1909), 6 orchestral zvidimbu op. 6 (1909), 6 bagatelles ye quartet op. 9 (1911-13), 5 zvidimbu zveorchestra, op. 10 (1913) - "mimhanzi yezvikamu, zvichibva mukati memweya", semumwe wevatsoropodzi akazopindura; mimhanzi yakawanda yezwi (kusanganisira nziyo dzezwi uye orchestra, op. 13, 1914-18), nezvimwewo. Muna 1913, Webern akanyora chikamu chiduku cheochestra achishandisa serial dodecaphonic technique.

Muna 1922-34. Webern ndiye mutungamiriri wemakonsati evashandi (Viennese workers 'symphony concerts, pamwe chete nesangano rekuimba revashandi). Zvirongwa zvemakonzati aya, zvaiva nechinangwa chekuziva vashandi nezveunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwemimhanzi, zvaisanganisira mabasa akaitwa naL. Beethoven, F. Schubert, J. Brahms, G. Wolf, G. Mahler, A. Schoenberg, pamwe chete nekwaya dze G. Eisler. Kuguma kwechiitiko ichi cheWebern hakuna kuitika nekuda kwake, asi semugumisiro weputsch yemauto efascist muAustria, kukundwa kwemasangano evashandi muna February 1934.

Mudzidzisi weWebern akadzidzisa (kunyanya kuvadzidzi vega) kuitisa, polyphony, kuwirirana, uye kuumbwa kunoshanda. Pakati pevadzidzi vake, vanyori uye nyanzvi dzemimhanzi ndiKA Hartmal, XE Apostel, E. Ratz, W. Reich, X. Searle, F. Gershkovich. Pakati pemabasa eWebrn 20-30-ies. — 5 nziyo dzemweya, map. 15. 5 (9). Kutanga nenziyo op. 27 Webern anonyora chete mune dodecaphone tekiniki.

Muna 1932 na1933 Webern akapa hurukuro mbiri pamusoro unoti “Nzira Yemimhanzi Itsva” muimba yega yeViennese. Nemumhanzi mutsva, mudzidzisi aireva dodecaphony yechikoro cheNew Viennese uye akaongorora izvo zvinotungamira kwazviri munzira dzenhoroondo dzekushanduka kwemimhanzi.

Kusimuka kwaHitler pachigaro uye “Anschluss” yeAustria (1938) zvakaita kuti nzvimbo yaWebern ive ine ngwavaira, ine ngwavaira. Akange asisina mukana wekutora chero chinzvimbo, akange asisina kana mudzidzi. Munzvimbo yekutambudzwa kwevanyori vemimhanzi mitsva se "kuderera" uye "tsika-Bolshevik", kusimba kwaWebern mukusimudzira zvibodzwa zveunyanzvi hwepamusoro yakanga iri nguva yekupikisa pamweya kune fascist "Kulturpolitik". Mumabasa ekupedzisira eWebern - quartet op. 28 (1936-38), Kusiyana kweorchestra op. 30 (1940), Chechipiri Cantata op. 31 (1943) – munhu anogona kubata mumvuri wekusurukirwa kwemunyori uye kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe pamweya, asi hapana chiratidzo chekubvumirana kana kuzeza. Mumashoko emudetembi X. Jone, Webern akadana "bhero remwoyo" - rudo: "ngaarambe akamuka apo hupenyu huchiri kupenya kuitira kuti amutse" (3 maawa eChipiri Cantata). Akadzikama achiisa hupenyu hwake panjodzi, Webern haana kunyora katsamba kamwechete achifarira misimboti yevaFascist art ideologists. Kufa kwemunyori kunorwadza zvakare: mushure mekupera kwehondo, semugumisiro wekukanganisa kusina musoro, Webern akapfurwa akafa nemusoja wemauto eAmerica.

Pakati pemaonero epasirese aWebrn ipfungwa yehumanism, kusimudzira zvibodzwa zvechiedza, chikonzero, uye tsika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu enhamo yakaoma yemagariro, munyori anoratidza kuramba zvinhu zvisina kunaka zvechokwadi chebourgeois chakamupoteredza, uye anobva atora chinzvimbo chinopesana nefascist: "Kuparadza kwakakura kwakadini uku kunounza kurwisa tsika!" akadanidzira mune imwe yehurukuro dzake muna 1933. Webern munyori wemifananidzo muvengi asingapindiki wokurambidza, kutsvinya, uye kutsvinya mune unyanzvi.

Nyika yekufananidzira yeunyanzvi hwaWebern iri kure nemimhanzi yemazuva ose, nziyo dziri nyore uye kutamba, yakaoma uye isina kujairika. Pamwoyo wemaitiro ake eunyanzvi pane mufananidzo wekuwirirana kwenyika, saka kuswedera kwake kwechisikigo kune zvimwe zvikamu zvedzidziso dzeIV Goethe pakuvandudzwa kwemafomu echisikigo. Pfungwa yehutsika yeWebern inobva pamafungiro akakwirira echokwadi, kunaka uye runako, umo maonero emunyori anoenderana neKant, maererano ne "yakanaka chiratidzo chezvakanaka uye zvakanaka." Webern's aesthetics inosanganisa izvo zvinodikanwa zvekukosha kwemukati zvinoenderana nehunhu hwakanaka (muimbi anosanganisira zvechinyakare zvechitendero uye zvechiKristu mazviri), uye yakanakira yakakwenenzverwa, hupfumi hwechimiro chehunyanzvi.

Kubva pane zvinyorwa muzvinyorwa zve quartet ine saxophone op. 22 iwe unogona kuona izvo mifananidzo yaigara Webern mukugadzira: "Rondo (Dachstein)", "chando nechando, mhepo yakachena yekristaro", yechipiri dingindira rechipiri "maruva emumakomo", zvakare - "vana pachando uye chando, chiedza, denga ", mukodhi - "kutarisa kunzvimbo dzakakwirira". Asi pamwe chete nekukwirira kwemifananidzo iyi, mimhanzi yaWebern inoratidzirwa nekubatanidzwa kwehunyoro hwakanyanya uye kupinza kwakanyanya kwemutinhiro, kunatsiridza mitsetse nematinji, kusimba, dzimwe nguva kunenge kusinganzwisisike, sekunge kwakarukwa kubva kune yakatetepa tambo yesimbi inopenya. Webern haana "kudurura" kwakasimba uye kusingawanzoitiki kwenguva refu kukwidziridzwa kwemwanakomana, zvinoshamisa zvinofananidzira zvakasiyana hazvizivikanwe kwaari, kunyanya kuratidzwa kwemazuva ese echokwadi.

Mukugadzira kwake mumhanzi, Webern akave akashinga kwazvo pavanyori vechikoro cheNovovensk, akaenda mberi zvakanyanya kupfuura vese Berg naSchoenberg. Yaive budiriro yehunyanzvi yaWebern yakave nemhedzisiro pamaitiro matsva emimhanzi muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. P. Boulez akatotaura kuti Webern “ndiye chete panotangira mimhanzi yenguva yemberi.” Nyika yehunyanzvi yeWebern inoramba iri munhoroondo yemimhanzi sekutaura kwakakwirira kwemafungiro echiedza, kuchena, kusimba kwetsika, runako rusingaperi.

Y. Kholopov

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