Jean-Philippe Rameau |

Jean-Philippe Rameau

… Munhu anofanira kumuda neruremekedzo runyoro urwu rwakachengetwa maererano nemadzitateguru, zvisingafadzi zvishoma, asi aiziva kutaura chokwadi zvinoyevedza. C. Debussy

Sezvo ave nemukurumbira mumakore ake ekukura, JF Rameau haawanzo uye akayeuka hudiki hwake uye hudiki zvekuti kunyangwe mukadzi wake hapana chaaiziva nezvazvo. Chete kubva kumagwaro uye zvidimbu zvememoirs zvemazuva ano tinogona kuvakazve nzira yakamuendesa kuParisian Olympus. Zuva rake rokuzvarwa harizivikanwi, uye akabhapatidzwa pana September 25, 1683 muDijon. Baba vaRamo vaishanda somunyori wechechi, uye mukomana wacho akagamuchira zvidzidzo zvake zvokutanga kubva kwavari. Mimhanzi yakabva yangova chido chake chega. Pazera remakore 18, akaenda kuMilan, asi nokukurumidza akadzokera kuFrance, kwaakatanga kufamba nemapoka aifamba achiridza violinist, akazoshanda semuimbi mumaguta akawanda: Avignon, Clermont-Ferrand, Paris, Dijon, Montpellier. , Lyon. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kusvika 1722, apo Rameau akaburitsa bhuku rake rekutanga redzidziso, A Treatise on Harmony. Chinyorwa uye munyori waro zvakakurukurwa muParis, uko Rameau akatamira muna 1722 kana kutanga kwa1723.

Murume akadzama uye akatendeseka, asi asiri wepanyika, Rameau akawana vateveri nevapikisi pakati pepfungwa dzakasarudzika dzeFrance: Voltaire akamudaidza kuti "Orpheus wedu", asi Rousseau, shasha yekureruka uye hunhu mumimhanzi, akatsoropodza Rameau ne " kudzidza” uye ” kushungurudzwa kwemasymphonies ”(maererano naA. Gretry, ruvengo rwaRousseau rwakakonzerwa nekudzokorora kwaRameau kwakananga kwe opera yake" Gallant Muses "). Kusarudza kuita mundima yekuvhiya chete pazera reanoda kusvika makumi mashanu, Rameau kubva muna 1733 akava mutungamiri weOpera yeFrance, uye asingasiyi mabasa ake esayenzi uye ekudzidzisa. Muna 1745 akagamuchira zita remunyori wedare, uye nguva pfupi asati afa - mukuru. Nekudaro, kubudirira hakuna kumuita kuti achinje maitiro ake akazvimiririra uye ataure, ndosaka Ramo aizivikanwa seano eccentric uye asina kushamwaridzana. Pepanhau romuguta guru, richipindura kurufu rwaRameau, “mumwe wevaimbi vakakurumbira zvikurusa muEurope,” rakashuma, kuti: “Akafa nesimba. Vaprista vakasiyana-siyana vaisagona kuwana chinhu kwaari; ipapo muprista akaoneka… akataura kwenguva refu nenzira yokuti murume airwara … akadanidzira nehasha: “Sei gehena wauya kuno kuzondiimbira, vafundisi? Une inzwi renhema!'” Mimhanzi yaRameau nemabhareti zvakaumba nhambo yose munhoroondo yeimba yemitambo yeFrance. Opera yake yekutanga, Samson, kune imwe libretto yaVoltaire (1732), haina kurongwa nekuda kwenyaya yemubhaibheri. Kubva 1733, mabasa aRameau anga ari pachikuva cheRoyal Academy of Music, zvichikonzera kuyemura uye kukakavara. Yakabatana nedare redzimhosva, Rameau akamanikidzwa kutendeukira kumapoka nemhando dzakagarwa nhaka kubva kuna JB Lully, asi akazvidudzira neimwe nzira. Vanoyemura vaLully vakatsoropodza Rameau nekuda kwehunyanzvi hutsva, uye encyclopedist, avo vakaratidza hunhu hweveruzhinji (kunyanya Rousseau naDiderot), nekuvimbika kuVersailles opera genre nekufungidzira kwayo, magamba ehumambo uye zvishamiso zvedariro: zvese izvi zvaiita kwavari. anachronism mhenyu. Tarenda yehungwaru yaRameau yakatemesa kunaka kwepamusoro kwemabasa ake epamusoro. Mumatambudziko emumhanzi Hippolytus naArisia (1733), Castor naPollux (1737), Dardanus (1739), Rameau, vachigadzira tsika dzakanaka dzeLully, inovhura nzira yekuwanikwa kweramangwana kweKV yekutanga kuomarara uye kuda.

Matambudziko eopera-ballet "Gallant India" (1735) anoenderana nepfungwa dzaRousseau nezve "munhu wechisikigo" uye anokudza rudo sesimba rinobatanidza vanhu vese munyika. Iyo opera-ballet Platea (1735) inosanganisa kuseka, mazwi, kutyisa uye kuseka. Pakazara, Rameau akagadzira anenge makumi mana emabasa edanho. Runako rwe<em>libretto mavari kazhinji kazhinji rwakanga rwuri pasi pokutsoropodza kupi nokupi, asi munyori wenziyo akati: “Ndipei Dutch Newspaper uye ndicharigadzirira kuimba.” Asi akanga achida zvikuru kwaari amene somuimbi, achidavira kuti munyori weopera anofanira kuziva zvose zviri zviviri nhandare yemitambo nohunhu hwomunhu, uye marudzi ose avatambi; kunzwisisa zvose kutamba, uye kuimba, uye zvipfeko. Uye runako runofadza rwemumhanzi waRa-mo kazhinji runokunda pamusoro pekufungidzira kunotonhora kana kubwinya kwedare kwezvidzidzo zvengano. Mutsindo weArias unosiyaniswa nekutaura kwakajeka, iyo orchestra inosimbisa mamiriro anoshamisa uye inopenda mifananidzo yezvakasikwa uye hondo. Asi Rameau haana kuzviisa iye basa rekugadzira yakakosha uye yepakutanga operatic aesthetics. Naizvozvo, kubudirira kweshanduko yekushanda kwaGluck uye maitiro epanguva yeChimurenga cheFrance zvakaita kuti basa raRameau rirege kukanganwika. Chete muXIX-XX mazana emakore. nyanzvi yemimhanzi yaRameau yakaonekwa zvakare; aiyemurwa naK. Saint-Saens, K. Debussy, M, Ravel, O. Messiaen.

Nzvimbo yakakosha yebasa rau3bu1706bRamo mumhanzi we harpsichord. Muimbi wacho aive akanakisa anovandudza, 1722 editions yezvidimbu zvake zve harpsichord (1728, 5, c. 11) yaisanganisira XNUMX suites umo zvidimbu zvekutamba (allemande, courante, minuet, sarabande, gigue) zvakachinjana nehunhu hwaive nemazita anodudza. "Zvichemo Zvinyoro", "Kukurukurirana kweMuses", "Savages", "Whirlwinds", nezvimwewo). Zvichienzaniswa nerunyoro rweharpsichord naF. Couperin, akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rokuti “mukuru” nokuda kwehunyanzvi hwake munguva yehupenyu hwake, manyorerwo aRameau anonyanya kukwezva uye emitambo. Achizvipira dzimwe nguva kuna Couperin mukunatswa kwezvinyorwa uye kusasimba kwemweya, Rameau mumitambo yake yepamusoro anowana zvishoma zvekunamata ("Shiri Dzinosheedzera", "Mukadzi Murombo"), shungu dzekunakidzwa ("Gypsy", "Princess"), kusanganisa kusinganzwisisike kwekuseka uye kushushikana ( "Chicken", "Khromusha"). Rameau's masterpiece ndiyo Variations Gavotte, umo inoyevedza dingindira rekutamba zvishoma nezvishoma rinowana kuomarara kwerwiyo. Mutambo uyu unoratidzika kunge unobata mafambiro emweya enguva iyi: kubva mudetembo rakanatswa remhemberero dzakasimba mumifananidzo yeWatteau kusvika kushanduko yechinyakare yemifananidzo yaDavid. Kuwedzera kune ega masutu, Rameau akanyora XNUMX harpsichord concertos inoperekedzwa nekamuri ensembles.

Vakararama panguva yaRameau vakatanga kuzivikanwa semuimbi wenziyo, uyezve semunyori. Yake “Treatise on Harmony” yakanga ine chiverengero chakati chezviwanwa zvakaisvonaka izvo zvakaisa hwaro hwerondedzero yesayenzi yetsinhirano. Kubva 1726 kusvika 1762 Rameau akaburitsa mamwe 15 mabhuku uye zvinyorwa umo akatsanangura nekudzivirira maonero ake mukupokana nevapikisi vaitungamirwa naRousseau. Chikoro cheScience cheFrance chakakoshesa zvikuru mabasa aRameau. Mumwe musayendisiti akatanhamara, d'Alembert, akava muzivisi wepfungwa dzake, uye Diderot akanyora nyaya yeMuzukuru waRameau, mufananidzo wacho waiva weupenyu chaihwo Jean-Francois Rameau, mwanakomana wehama yomunyori Claude.

Kudzoka kwemumhanzi waRameau kuhoro dzemakonzati nematanho eopera kwakatanga chete muzana ramakore re1908. uye zvikuru nekuda kwekuedza kwevaimbi veFrance. Mumashoko ekuparadzana kuvateereri vemutambo wekutanga weRameau's opera Hippolyte and Arisia, C. Debussy akanyora muna XNUMX kuti: "Ngatisatya kuzviratidza kuti tine ruremekedzo zvakanyanya kana kubatwa zvakanyanya. Ngatiteererei zviri pamoyo waRamo. Hapasati pave nezwi rakawanda rechiFrench… "

L. Kirillina

Akazvarwa mumhuri yeoganist; wechinomwe pavana gumi nomumwe. Muna 1701 anosarudza kuzvipira kumimhanzi. Mushure mekugara kwenguva pfupi muMilan, akazova mukuru wechapel uye organist, kutanga muAvignon, ipapo muClermont-Ferrand, Dijon, uye Lyon. Muna 1714 ari kusangana nemutambo werudo wakaoma; muna 1722 anodhinda Treatise pamusoro Harmony, izvo zvakamubvumira kuwana nzvimbo yaidiwa kwenguva refu yeoganist muParis. Muna 1726 anoroora Marie-Louise Mango kubva kumhuri yevaimbi, waachava nevana vana. Kubva 1731, anga achitungamira orchestra yakavanzika yeanoremekedzwa Alexandre de La Pupliner, anoda mimhanzi, shamwari yevanyori nevakangwara (uye, kunyanya, Voltaire). Muna 1733 akapa opera Hippolyte naArisia, zvichikonzera kukakavara kukuru, kuvandudzwa muna 1752 nekuda kwaRousseau uye d'Alembert.

Mitambo mikuru:

Hippolytus naArisia (1733), Gallant India (1735-1736), Castor naPollux (1737, 1154), Dardanus (1739, 1744), Platea (1745), Tembere yeKubwinya (1745-1746), Zoroaster (1749-1756) ), Abaris, kana Boreads (1764, 1982).

Zvirinani kunze kweFrance, theatre yaRameau haisati yazivikanwa. Pane zvipingamupinyi munzira iyi, yakabatana nehunhu hwemuimbi, ane magumo ake akakosha semunyori wemitambo yemitambo uye chikamu chisingarondedzereki tarenda, dzimwe nguva zvichibva patsika, dzimwe nguva zvisingadzivirirwe mukutsvaga kuwirirana kutsva uye kunyanya kuimba kutsva. Rimwe dambudziko riri muhunhu hweiyo theatre yaRameau, izere nekudzokorora kwenguva refu uye kutamba kwevamwari, zvine mutsindo kunyangwe mukureruka kwavo. Kufarira kwake mutauro wakakomba, wakaenzana, wemaune, wemumhanzi uye unoshamisa, anenge asingambofungidziri, zvaanoda kune akagadzirira melodic uye harmonic matendeuko - izvi zvose zvinopa chiito uye kuratidza manzwiro ehukuru uye mhemberero uye, sokunge zvakadaro, kunyange kuchinja mavara mumashure.

Asi iyi inongova fungidziro yekutanga, tisingafungi nezvemapfundo anoshamisa umo mugadziri anotarisa pane chimiro, pane ichi kana icho mamiriro uye anoasimbisa. Munguva dzino, simba rose rinosiririsa rechikoro chikuru cheFrench chechikoro, chikoro cheCorneille uye, kusvika pamwero mukuru, Racine, anova mupenyu zvakare. Chiziviso chinoteedzerwa pahwaro hwemutauro wechiFrench nehanya imwe chete, chinhu chicharamba chiripo kusvika Berlioz. Mumunda wenziyo, nzvimbo inotungamira inogarwa nemafomu ariose, kubva kunyoro-nyoro kusvika kune zvechisimba, nekuda kweiyo mutauro weFrench opera seria wakasimbiswa; pano Rameau anotarisira vanyori vekupera kwezana remakore, vakadai seCherubini. Uye kumwe kufara kwemakwaya evarwi evarwi kunogona kuyeuchidza Meyerbeer. Sezvo Rameau achifarira iyo mythological opera, anotanga kuisa nheyo dze "grand opera", umo simba, hukuru uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofanirwa kusanganiswa nekunaka kwakanaka mukunyora, uye nekunaka kwenzvimbo. Rameau's operas inosanganisira choreographic episodhi inoperekedzwa nemimhanzi inowanzonakidza ine inotsanangura inokatyamadza basa, iyo inopa kuita runako uye kukwezva, kutarisira mamwe emazuva ano mhinduro padyo neStravinsky.

Sezvo akararama inopfuura hafu yemakore ake kure nenhandare, Rameau akazvarwa patsva kune hupenyu hutsva paakadaidzwa kuParis. Rhythm yake inoshanduka. Anoroora mukadzi mudiki kwazvo, anoonekwa mumitambo yemitambo nemabasa esainzi, uye kubva pakupera kwake "kuroora" opera yeFrance yeramangwana inozvarwa.

G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)