Zvitatu-zvikamu fomu |
Zvikamu zvitatu fomu - rudzi rwekuumbwa kwechimiro, kubva pa2nd floor. 17th century yakashandiswa muEurope. Prof. mimhanzi sechimiro chemutambo wose kana chikamu chawo. T. f. muchirevo chakakosha chezwi haringorevi kuvapo kwezvitatu zvikuru. zvikamu, asiwo huwandu hwemamiriro maererano nehukama hwezvikamu izvi uye chimiro chazvo (tsanangudzo dzinogamuchirwa kazhinji dzeT.f. nguva dzekugadzira, zvisinei, mafomu akafanana mumimhanzi yakazotevera anowanzo siyana nemhando yekirasi). Kune zviri nyore uye zvakaoma T. t. Muchikamu chakareruka chekutanga inguva imwechete-toni kana modulating nguva (kana chivakwa chinochitsiva), chikamu chepakati, sekutonga, hachina chimiro chakatsiga, uye chikamu chechitatu kudzokorora kwekutanga, dzimwe nguva ne. an extension; zvinogoneka uye kuzvimiririra. nguva (kwete-reprise T. f.). Mukuoma T.f. 1 kudzokororwa kwemimhanzi, asi kwete hazvo uye zvinyorwa zvemashoko). Kune zvakare fomu yepakati pakati peiyo nyore uye yakaoma tf: yepakati (yechipiri) chikamu - mune yakapfava maviri- kana matatu-chikamu fomu, uye yakanyanyisa - muchimiro chenguva. Kana iyo yekupedzisira isiri yakaderera muhukuru uye kukosha kune chikamu chepakati, ipapo iyo yose fomu iri pedyo neyakaoma T. f. (Waltz op. 3 No 1 yepiyano naPI Tchaikovsky); kana nguva yacho iri pfupi, zvino kune imwe yakapfava ine sumo uye mhedziso kuigadzira ("Rwiyo rweMuenzi weIndia" kubva kuopera "Sadko" naRimsky-Korsakov). Nhanganyaya uye mhedziso (code) inowanikwa mune chero chimiro cheT. zvikamu, dzimwe nguva zvinoiswa (kunyanya mune yakaoma T. f. pakati pechikamu chepakati uye reprise).
Chikamu chekutanga cheT.f. inoita basa rekuratidza (mune fomu yakaoma yehunyanzvi, ine zvinhu zvebudiriro), kureva kuti inomiririra kuratidzwa kwechinyorwa. Pakati (chikamu chechipiri) nyore T. f. - kazhinji kacho kuvandudzwa kwemamusi. zvinhu zvinoratidzwa muchikamu 2. Pane zvikamu zvepakati zvakavakwa padingindira idzva. zvinhu zvinopesana nezvinhu zvezvikamu zvakanyanyisa (Mazurka C-dur op. 1 No 33 by Chopin). Dzimwe nguva chikamu chepakati chine zvose zvitsva uye kukurudzirwa kwechinyorwa chechikamu chekutanga (chikamu chechitatu - nocturne - kubva kumatare echipiri eBorodin quartet). Mukuoma T.f. chikamu chepakati chinenge nguva dzose chinopesana nekunyanyisa; kana yakanyorwa muchimiro chenhambo, zviri nyore-zvikamu zviviri kana kuti zvitatu, inowanzonzi vatatu (nokuti muzana ramakore rechi 3 nekuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 1 yaiwanzopiwa mumanzwi matatu). Complex T. f. ine chikamu chapakati chakadaro, preim. mukutsanya, kunyanya kutamba, mitambo; ine chikamu chisina kurongeka, chinowedzera mvura yepakati (chikamu) - kazhinji muzvidimbu zvinononoka.
Zvinoreva reprise T. f. kazhinji inoumbwa nemvumo yemukuru. mufananidzo wemutambo mushure mekusiyanisa kana mukugadzirwa kwemimhanzi huru. pfungwa muchimiro chakazara mushure mekugadzirwa kwayo otd. mativi uye zvinhu; muzviitiko zvose, reprise inobatsira pakukwana kwefomu. Kana iyo reprise yakashandurwa kuitira kuti nhanho nyowani yekushushikana igadziriswe mairi kana ichienzaniswa nechikamu chekutanga chefomu, ipapo T. f. inodaidzwa kunzi dynamic (mafomu akadaro anowanikwa zvakanyanya pakati peT.f. kupfuura yakaoma). Dzimwe nguva kudzokorora zvakare nyore T.f. haitangi mukiyi huru ("Forgotten Waltz" Nhamba 1 yepiyano Liszt, "Fairy Tale" op. 1 Nha. 26 yepiyano Medtner). Dzimwe nguva kiyi huru inodzoka, asi kwete dingindira rechikamu chekutanga (iyo inonzi tonal reprise; "Rwiyo rusina Mazwi" g-moll No 3 yeMendelssohn).
T. f. inogona kuwedzerwa uye kupfumiswa nekudzokorora kwezvikamu zvayo, chaizvo kana zvakasiyana. Muchidimbu T. f. iyo 1st nguva inowanzodzokororwa, mune otd. makesi ane transposition kana chidimbu kushandura mune mamwe makiyi (1st chikamu Funeral March - kusvika vatatu - kubva Beethoven's Sonata No. 12 piyano; The Forgotten Waltz No. 1 for Liszt's piyano; etude op. 25 No. 11 by Chopin; march op.65 No 10 yepiyano yeProkofiev). Pakati uye reprise inodzokororwa kwete zvishoma kazhinji. Kana kusiyanisa kwepakati kana chikamu chechitatu panguva yekudzokorora kwavo kunobatanidza nekushandurwa kwematoni, ipapo fomu inonzi nyore kaviri-chikamu uye inosvika kune rondo-shaped. Mukuoma T.f. pamagumo ayo, vatatu uye chikamu chechitatu vanodzokororwa dzimwe nguva ("March yeChernomor" kubva ku opera "Ruslan naLyudmila" naGlinka); kana, panzvimbo yekudzokorora, hutatu hutsva hunopiwa, kaviri yakaoma TF inomuka. (complex T.f. with two trios), uyewo rondo yepedyo (“Wedding March” kubva mumhanzi kuenda kucomedy yaShakespeare “A Midsummer Night's Dream” naMendelssohn).
Ku complication ye T.f. inotungamira kwete chete kudzokororo yezvikamu, asiwo mukukura kwavo kwemukati: yekutanga modulating nguva ye nyore T. f. inogona kuwana maficha eiyo sonata exposition, yepakati - budiriro, uye fomu rose - maitiro e sonata allegro (ona Sonata fomu). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvitsva zviri pakati pechikamu cheT. f. (yakapusa kana yakaoma) inotsanangurwa mukodhi kana pakupera kwekudzokorora much. tonality, iyo inogadzira reshiyo yemadingindira akafanana nesonata pasina budiriro.
Zvisinei nekureruka uye kusikwa kwechimiro chayo chakatenderedzwa (ABA kana ABA1), T. f. mhando dzakarondedzerwa dzakamuka gare gare kupfuura mbiri-chikamu chimwe uye haina midzi yakananga uye iri pachena yakadai seiyi yekupedzisira muNar. music. Mavambo T. f. inonyanyobatanidzwa nemimhanzi. t-rum, kunyanya neopera aria da capo.
Nyore T.f. rinoshandiswa sefomu ku. – l. chikamu chisiri-cyclic. prod. (rondo, sonata allegro, yakaoma tf, nezvimwewo), uyewo mune zverudo, opera arias uye arioso, kutamba kuduku uye zvimwe zvimedu (somuenzaniso, mumatangiro, etudes). Iyo fomu yakazvimirira sei. anotamba zviri nyore T.f. yakapararira munguva yepashure-Beethoven. Dzimwe nguva inowanikwawo sechimiro chechikamu chinononoka chekutenderera (muTchaikovsky's violin concerto; muenzaniso wakadzama uri muRachmaninov's 2nd piano concerto). Dynamic simple T. f. kunyanya kuwanikwa muF. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, AN Scriabin.
Complex T. f. inoshandiswa mukutamba. mitambo uye march, nocturnes, impromptu uye mamwe instr. mhando, uye sechimiro che opera kana ballet nhamba, kashoma yerudo ("Ndinorangarira nguva inoshamisa", "Ndiri pano, Inezilla" naGlinka). Complex T. t. yakajairika. muzvikamu zvepakati zve sonata-symphony. kutenderera, kunyanya inokurumidza (scherzo, minuet), asiwo inononoka. Mienzaniso yakagadziridzwa yakanyanya kuoma T. f. inomiririra nek-ry symph. Beethoven's Scherzo, Funeral March kubva kune yake "Heroic" Symphony, symphony. scherzo nevamwe vanyori (somuenzaniso, chikamu chechipiri che2 uye 5th symphonies yeShostakovich), pamwe chete neyo yakaparadzana. zvidimbu nevanyori verudo (somuenzaniso, Chopin's Polonaise op. 7). Paivawo neT. f. mhando yakakosha, semuenzaniso. ine zvikamu zvakanyanyisa muchimiro che sonata allegro (scherzo kubva kuBeethoven's 44th symphony uye Borodin's 9st symphony).
Muzvinyorwa zvedzidziso zvesiyaniso T. f. kubva kune mamwe marudzi emimhanzi. mafomu anotsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Saka, mune akati wandei ezvinyorwa, yakaoma T. f. pamwe nechikamu chinofananidzwa nemhando dzerondo. Pane matambudziko chinangwa pakusiyanisa nyore T. f. nepakati, kugadzira zvinhu zvekutanga kufamba, uye nyore reprise maviri-chikamu fomu. Sezvo mutemo, kudzokorora mukudzokorora kwenguva yose yekutanga kunoonekwa seuchapupu hukuru hwechimiro chetatu, uye mutsara mumwe - maviri-chikamu (munyaya iyi, mamwe maitiro anotorwawo). E. Prout anoona ese ari maviri emhando yemafomu sezvikamu zviviri, sezvo pakati haapi musiyano, anowanzo dzokorora uye anowanzo kudzokororwa pamwe chete nawo. Mukupesana, A. Schoenberg anodudzira ose ari maviri emhando idzi sezvimiro zvezvikamu zvitatu, sezvo zvine reprise (kureva, chikamu chechitatu), kunyange kana chakadimburirwa. Zvinoratidzika zvakakodzera, pasinei neizvi kana kuti kusiyana pakati pemhando dziri kufungidzirwa, kuti dzibatanidze pasi pechirevo chechimiro chechimiro chakareruka chekudzokorora. Huyero hwezvimwe zvigadzirwa. hazvienderane nezita rerudzi rwechimiro chavari (somuenzaniso, mu T. f. nekodhi, panogona kunge paine zvikamu zvina zvakaenzana). Mn. nziyo dzine mativi matatu mupfungwa huru yeshoko hadziwanzonzi T. f. kunyanya zvinoreva izwi iri. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, maopera matatu emitambo, matatu-kufamba symphonies, concertos, nezvimwewo, strophic. wok. nziyo dzine mastanza matatu ezvinyorwa zvine mimhanzi yakasiyana, nezvimwe.
References: ona paArt. Mumhanzi fomu.
