Richard Wagner |

Richard wagner

R. Wagner ndiye munyori mukuru weGermany wezana remakore re1834, uyo ane simba guru pakuvandudza kwete chete mimhanzi yetsika dzeEurope, asiwo tsika yepasi rose yeunyanzvi. Wagner haana kugamuchira dzidzo yemimhanzi yakarongeka, uye mukukura kwake senyanzvi yemimhanzi anosungirwa kwaari pachake. Zvichienzaniswa nekutanga, zvinofarirwa nemunyori, zvakazara pamhando yeopera, zvakava pachena. Kubva pabasa rake rekutanga, opera yerudo The Fairies (1882), kusvika kumumhanzi wakavanzika mutambo Parsifal (XNUMX), Wagner akaramba ari mutsigiri akasimba weiyo yakakomba mimhanzi theatre, iyo kuburikidza nekuedza kwake yakashandurwa uye kuvandudzwa.

Pakutanga, Wagner haana kufunga nezvekugadzirisa opera - akatevera tsika dzakasimbiswa dzekuita kwemimhanzi, akatsvaga kukunda kukunda kwevaakatangira. Kana mu "Fairies" iyo yekuGermany yerudo opera, yakanyatsoratidzwa ne "The Magic Shooter" naKM Weber, yakave yemuenzaniso, zvino mu opera "Rudo Rusina Kurambidzwa" (1836) ainyanya kutungamirirwa netsika dzeFrench comic opera. . Zvisinei, mabasa ekutanga aya haana kuita kuti aonekwe - Wagner akatungamirira mumakore iwayo hupenyu hwakaoma hwemuimbi wemitambo, achidzungaira mumaguta akasiyana eEurope. Kwenguva yakati akashanda muRussia, muGermany yemitambo yeguta reRiga (1837-39). Asi Wagner ... sevamwe venguva yake, akakwezvwa neguta guru retsika reEurope panguva iyoyo, iro raizivikanwa pasi rose seParis. Tariro dzakajeka dzemuimbi wechidiki dzakapera paakasangana nechokwadi chisingatarisirwi uye akamanikidzwa kutungamira hupenyu hwemuimbi wekune imwe nyika murombo, achirarama nemabasa asina kujairika. Shanduko yezviri nani yakauya muna 1842, paakakokwa pachinzvimbo cheKapellmeister paimba yeopera ine mukurumbira muguta guru reSaxony - Dresden. Wagner akazova nemukana wekusuma nziyo dzake kune vateereri vemitambo, uye opera yake yechitatu, Rienzi (1840), yakahwina mukurumbira. Uye izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo French Grand Opera yakashanda semuenzaniso webasa, vamiririri vakakurumbira avo vaiva vatenzi vanozivikanwa G. Spontini naJ. Meyerbeer. Mukuwedzera, munyori wacho aiva nemasimba ekuita zvepamusoro-soro - vaimbi vakadai sa tenor J. Tihachek uye muimbi mukuru-mutambi V. Schroeder-Devrient, uyo akave nemukurumbira munguva yake saLeonora muL. Beethoven's chete opera Fidelio, akaimba. muimba yake yemitambo.

3 operas padhuze nenguva yeDresden ane zvakawanda zvakafanana. Saka, muFlying Dutchman (1841), yakapedzwa manheru ekutamira kuDresden, ngano yekare pamusoro pemufambisi wechikepe anodzungaira akatukwa nokuda kwehutsinye hwakapfuura, uyo anogona kungoponeswa nerudo rwakazvipira uye rwakachena, inouya muupenyu. Munziyo inonzi Tannhäuser (1845), munyori akatendeukira kungano yomuMiddle Ages yomuimbi weMinnesinger, uyo akawana nyasha dzamwarikadzi wechihedheni Venus, asi nokuda kwaikoku akawana chituko cheChechi yeRoma. Uye pakupedzisira, muLohengrin (1848) - zvichida inonyanya kufarirwa yeWagner's operas - knight yakajeka inooneka iyo yakaburuka pasi kubva kunzvimbo yekudenga - iyo tsvene Grail, muzita rekurwisa uipi, kuchera uye kusarongeka.

Mumaopera aya, munyori achiri kushamwaridzana netsika dzerudo - magamba ake anobvamburwa nezvikonzero zvinopokana, apo kuvimbika uye kuchena kunopikisa kutadza kwezvishuvo zvepanyika, kuvimba kusingagumi - kunyengera uye kupandukira. Kunonoka kwerondedzero kunobatanidzawo nerudo, kana zvisiri zvakanyanya zviitiko pachazvo zvakakosha, asi manzwiro avanomutsa mumweya wegamba renziyo. Uku ndiko kunobva basa rakakosha kudaro rekuwedzera monologues uye nhaurirano dzevatambi, vachifumura kurwira kwemukati kwezvishuwo zvavo uye vavariro, rudzi rwe "dialectics yemweya" yehunhu hwakasarudzika.

Asi kunyange mumakore ebasa mubasa redare, Wagner aiva nepfungwa itsva. Kurudziro yekushandiswa kwavo yaive shanduko yakatanga munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEurope muna 1848 uye haina kupfuura Saxony. Makanga muri muDresden umo kumukirana nezvombo kwakatanga vachipokana nehurumende yamambo yakanga isingadaviriki, ichitungamirirwa neshamwari yaWagner, mutungamiriri wokuRussia anonzi M. Bakunin. Nechido chake cheunhu, Wagner akatora chikamu mukumukira uku uye, mushure mekukundwa, akamanikidzwa kutizira kuSwitzerland. Nguva yakaoma yakatanga muhupenyu hwemunyori, asi inobereka zvibereko zvebasa rake.

Wagner akafunga zvakare uye akanzwisisa nzvimbo dzake dzeunyanzvi, uyezve, akagadzira mabasa makuru ayo, semaonero ake, hunyanzvi hwakatarisana mune akati wandei mabasa edzidziso (pakati pavo, chinyorwa Opera uye Drama - 1851 inonyanya kukosha). Akaisa pfungwa dzake mumonumental tetralogy "Ring of the Nibelungen" - basa guru rehupenyu hwake.

Hwaro hwekusikwa kukuru, iyo yakazara inotora 4 manheru emitambo yakatevedzana, yakaumbwa nengano uye ngano dzinodzokera kune yechihedheni chekare - yeGerman Nibelungenlied, iyo Scandinavia sagas inosanganisirwa muMukuru uye Mudiki Edda. Asi ngano dzechipegani nevamwari vadzo nemagamba dzakava kumunyori nzira yekuziva uye nehunyanzvi hwekuongorora matambudziko uye kupokana kwechokwadi che bourgeois chanhasi.

Zviri mukati metetralogy, iyo inosanganisira mitambo yemimhanzi The Rhine Gold (1854), The Valkyrie (1856), Siegfried (1871) uye Rufu rweVamwari (1874), ine zvakawanda - ma opera ane mavara mazhinji anopinda hukama hwakaoma, dzimwe nguva kunyange muhondo ine utsinye, isingachinji. Pakati pavo pane akaipa Nibelung dwarf Alberich, anoba pfuma yegoridhe kubva kuvanasikana veRhine; muridzi wepfuma, akakwanisa kugadzira mhete kubva mairi, anovimbiswa simba pamusoro penyika. Alberich anopikiswa nemwari akajeka Wotan, ane masimba ose ane unyengeri - ndiye muranda wezvibvumirano iye pachake akagumisa, iyo hutongi hwake hwakavakirwa. Atora mhete yegoridhe kubva kuNibelung, anounza kutukwa kunotyisa paari nemhuri yake, kubva kwairi chete gamba rinofa risina chikwereti kwaari rinogona kumuponesa. Muzukuru wake, ane moyo munyoro uye asingatyi Siegfried, anova gamba rakadaro. Anokunda dhiragoni inotyisa Fafner, anotora mhete inochiva, anomutsa musikana akarara murwi Brunhilde, akakomberedzwa negungwa rinopisa, asi anofa, akaurayiwa nehuipi nehunyengeri. Pamwe chete naye, nyika yekare, umo unyengeri, udyire uye kusaruramisira zvaitonga, iri kufawo.

Hurongwa hwakakura hwaWagner hwaida hutsva zvachose, hwaimbove husina kumbonzwika-hwenzira dzekuita, shanduko itsva yekushanda. Muimbi akapotsa asiya zvachose chimiro chenhamba chaizivikanwa kusvika zvino - kubva kumaarias akazara, kwaya, ensembles. Pane kudaro, vairidza monologues uye nhaurirano dzevatambi, dzakaiswa murwiyo rusingaperi. Kuimba kwakakura kwakabatanidzwa mavari nekuzivisa muzvikamu zvezwi zverudzi rutsva, umo cantilena inonzwika uye hunhu hwekutaura hunobata zvakabatanidzwa zvisinganzwisisike.

Chinhu chikuru cheWagnerian opera shanduko chakabatana nebasa rakakosha reorchestra. Haazvigumiri pakungotsigira rwiyo rwezwi, asi anotungamirira mutsara wake, dzimwe nguva kunyange kutaura kumberi. Uyezve, iyo orchestra inova mutakuri wezvinoreva chiitiko - mukati mayo umo madingindira makuru emimhanzi anowanzo kunzwika - leitmotifs inova zviratidzo zvevatambi, mamiriro, uye kunyange pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki. Iyo leitmotifs inoshanduka ichipinda mune imwe neimwe, inobatanidza mukunzwika panguva imwe chete, inogara ichichinja, asi nguva yega yega inocherechedzwa nemuteereri, uyo akanyatsoziva zvinoreva semantic yakapihwa kwatiri. Pamwero mukuru, madhirama emumhanzi eWagnerian akakamurwa kuita zviitiko zvakatambanudzwa, zvakazara, uko kune masaisai makuru ekukwira nekudzika kwemanzwiro, kusimuka nekudonha kwemakakatanwa.

Wagner akatanga kuita chirongwa chake chikuru mumakore ekutama kweSwitzerland. Asi kusakwanisa kwakakwana kwekuona pachikuva zvibereko zvetitanic yake, simba risingaenzaniswi uye basa risina simba rakaputsa kunyange mushandi mukuru akadaro - kuumbwa kwe tetralogy kwakavhiringidzwa kwemakore mazhinji. Uye kungotenderera kusingatarisirwi kwekupedzisira - kutsigirwa kwemudiki weBavaria mambo Ludwig akafemera simba idzva mumunyori uye akamubatsira kupedzisa, pamwe chisikwa chakakura kwazvo chehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, icho chaive mhedzisiro yekuedza kwemunhu mumwe. Kuti uite tetralogy, imba yemitambo yakakosha yakavakwa muguta reBavaria reBayreuth, uko tetralogy yose yakatanga kuitwa muna 1876 sezvaidiwa naWagner.

Kuwedzera kune Ring yeNibelung, Wagner akagadzira muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore re3. 1859 mamwe makuru anoshanda. Iyi ndiyo opera "Tristan naIsolde" (1867) - rwiyo rwechido kune rudo rusingagumi, rwakaimbwa mungano dzekare, rune mavara anoshungurudza ekufungidzira, rwakazadzwa nepfungwa yekusadzivirika kwemhedzisiro inouraya. Uye pamwe chete nebasa rakadaro rakanyudzwa murima, chiedza chinopenya chemutambo wevanhu wakapfekedza opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers (1882), apo mumakwikwi akazaruka evaimbi vakakodzera zvikuru, akaratidzirwa nechipo chechokwadi, anokunda, uye ivo pachavo. -akagutsikana uye akapusa pedantic mediocrity anonyadziswa. Uye pakupedzisira, chisikwa chekupedzisira chatenzi - "Parsifal" (XNUMX) - kuyedza kuridza mumhanzi uye pachinhanho kumiririra utopia yehukama hwepasirese, uko iro rinoita serisingakundiki simba rezvakaipa rakakundwa uye huchenjeri, kururamisira nekuchena zvakatonga.

Wagner akatora chinzvimbo chakasarudzika mumimhanzi yeEurope yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX - zvakaoma kutumidza munyori angadai asina kufurirwa naye. Zvakawanikwa naWagner zvakakanganisa kuvandudzwa kwemitambo yemitambo muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. - vanyori vakadzidza kubva kwavari zvidzidzo, asi vakazofamba nenzira dzakasiyana, kusanganisira izvo zvakapesana nezvakataurwa nemuimbi mukuru weGermany.

M. Tarakanov

• Hupenyu nebasa raWagner →
• Richard Wagner. "Hupenyu hwangu" →
• Bayreuth Mutambo →
• Rondedzero yemabasa aWagner →

Kukosha kwaWagner munhoroondo yenyika mimhanzi tsika. Mufananidzo wake wepfungwa uye wekugadzira

Wagner ndomumwe weaya maartist makuru ane basa raive nepesvedzero huru mukusimudzira tsika dzepasirese. Hungwaru hwake hwaive hwepasi rose: Wagner akave nemukurumbira kwete chete semunyori wezvakanakisa zvemimhanzi, asiwo semutyairi anoshamisa, uyo, pamwe naBerlioz, aive muvambi wehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwekuitisa; aive mudetembi ane tarenda-munyori wemitambo - musiki wemahara emitambo yake - uye muzivisi ane chipo, nyanzvi yemitambo yemitambo. Kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwakadaro, kwakabatanidzwa nesimba rinopisa uye chido chetitanic mukusimbisa misimboti yake yehunyanzvi, yakakwezva vanhu vese kuhunhu hwaWagner nemimhanzi: budiriro yake yepfungwa uye yekusika yakamutsa gakava rinopisa mukati mehupenyu hwemunyori uye mushure mekufa kwake. Havana kudzikira nanhasi.

"Semunyori," akadaro PI Tchaikovsky, "Wagner pasina mubvunzo mumwe wevanhu vanokatyamadza muhafu yechipiri yeizvi (kureva, XIX. - MD) mazana emakore, uye pesvedzero yake pamimhanzi yakakura zvikuru.” Iyi pesvedzero yaive yemarudzi akawanda: haina kupararira kwete chete kuimba yemitambo, uko Wagner akashanda zvakanyanya semunyori wemaopera gumi nematatu, asiwo kune nzira dzinoratidza dzeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi; Kubatsira kwaWagner kundima yesymphonism yechirongwa kwakakosha zvakare.

"... Akanaka semuimbi weopera," akadaro NA Rimsky-Korsakov. “Maimbiro ake,” AN Serov akanyora kudaro, “… "Aive nechipo chikuru chenhetembo, hunyanzvi hwekusika, fungidziro yake yaive yakakura, danho rake raive rakasimba, hunyanzvi hwake hwekuita hunyanzvi ..." - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo VV Stasov akaratidzira mativi akanakisa ehunyanzvi hwaWagner. Mimhanzi yemunyori anoshamisa uyu, maererano naSerov, akavhura "zvisingazivikanwe, zvisingaverengeki horizons" muunyanzvi.

Kupa mutero kune shasha yaWagner, kushinga kwake semuimbi ane hunyanzvi, vatungamiriri vemimhanzi yeRussia (kunyanya Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Stasov) akashoropodza mamwe mafambiro ebasa rake ayo akatsausa kubva kumabasa echiratidzo chechokwadi. hupenyu. Iwo misimboti yehunyanzvi hwaWagner, maonero ake ekunaka semashandisirwo emitambo yemitambo akashoropodzwa zvakanyanya. Tchaikovsky akataura izvi muchidimbu uye nenzira kwayo: "Ndichiri kuyemura munyori, handina tsitsi nechitendero cheWagnerian theories." Mazano aidiwa naWagner, mifananidzo yebasa rake rekuvhiya, uye nzira dzemumhanzi wavo wakapokana zvakare.

Zvisinei, pamwe chete nokutsoropodza kwakafanira, kurwisana kukuru nokuda kwokubvumikisa kuzivikanwa kworudzi Russian musical theatre saka zvakasiyana kubva German operatic art, dzimwe nguva yakakonzera kutonga kwakarerekera. Panyaya iyi, MP Mussorgsky akataura zvakarurama: "Tinowanzotuka Wagner, uye Wagner ane simba uye akasimba pakuti anonzwa unyanzvi uye anodhonza ...".

Kurwa kwakatonyanya kurwadza kwakamuka kwakapoteredza zita uye chikonzero chaWagner munyika dzekunze. Pamwe chete nevanofarira vateveri vaitenda kuti kubva zvino zvichienda kumitambo yemitambo inofanira kukura chete munzira yeWagnerian, kwaivawo nevaimbi vakaramba zvachose kukosha kwemafungiro uye unyanzvi hwemabasa aWagner, vakaona musimba rake chete migumisiro inokuvadza yekushanduka kweunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. MaWagnerian nevanopikisa vakamira munzvimbo dzine hutsinye husingawirirane. Vachitaura dzimwe nguva pfungwa dzakanaka nekuona, vanovhiringa mibvunzo iyi neongororo yavo yakarerekera pane kubatsira kuigadzirisa. Maonero akanyanyisa akadaro haana kugovaniswa nevanyori vakuru vekune dzimwe nyika vehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX - Verdi, Bizet, Brahms - asi kunyangwe ivo, vachiziva hunyanzvi hwaWagner hwetarenda, havana kugamuchira zvese mumhanzi wake.

Basa raWagner rakakonzera kuongororwa kwakapesana, nokuti kwete chete basa rake remativi akawanda, asiwo unhu hwemunyori hwakabvarurwa nekupesana kwakanyanya. Nekunamatira kune rumwe rutivi rwemativi emufananidzo wakaoma wemusiki nemunhu, vanyori, pamwe nevashori vaWagner, vakapa pfungwa yakatsauka yekukosha kwake munhoroondo yetsika yenyika. Kuti unyatsoona chirevo ichi, munhu anofanira kunzwisisa hunhu uye hupenyu hwaWagner mukuoma kwavo kwese.

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Kaviri knot yekupokana inoratidza Wagner. Kune rumwe rutivi, izvi zvinopesana pakati pemaonero enyika uye kusika. Zvechokwadi, munhu haagoni kuramba hukama hwaivepo pakati pavo, asi basa racho munyori Wagner ari kure nekupindirana nezviitwa zveWagner - akawandisa munyori-publicist, uyo akataura mirangariro yakawanda yokupindura pamusoro penhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika nechitendero, zvikurukuru munguva yokupedzisira youpenyu hwake. Kune rimwe divi, maonero ake ezvekunaka uye ezvematongerwo enyika anopesana zvakanyanya. Mupanduki anopandukira, Wagner akatouya kune chimurenga cha1848-1849 aine maonero epasirese akanyanya kuvhiringika. Zvakaramba zvakadaro kunyange mukati memakore ekukundwa kwechimurenga, apo dzidziso yekupindura yakaisa muchetura mucherechedzo wemuvambi nehuturu hwekupessism, yakaunza kuzviisa pasi pemafungiro, uye zvakaita kuti pave nekugadzwa kwemazano enyika-chauvinist kana vafundisi. Zvese izvi zvaisakwanisa asi kuratidzwa mudura rinopokana rekutsvaga kwake kwehunyanzvi uye kwehunyanzvi.

Asi Wagner akakura mune izvozvo, zvisinei subjective reactionary maonero, zvisinei nekusagadzikana kwemafungiro avo, zvine musoro zvinoratidzwa muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu zvakakosha zvechokwadi, zvakaratidzwa - nenzira yedimikira, yekufananidzira - kupesana kwehupenyu, yakashora nyika yemacapitalist yemanyepo nekunyengera, yakafumura mutambo wezvishuvo zvikuru zvemweya, zvisungo zvine simba zvekufara uye zviito zveugamba zvisina kuzadzikiswa. , tariro dzakaparara. Hapana kana muimbi mumwechete weiyo post-Beethoven nguva munyika dzekunze dzezana ramakore rechi XNUMX akakwanisa kusimudza yakakura kudaro yakaoma nyaya dzinopisa dzenguva yedu saWagner. Nokudaro, akava “mutongi wepfungwa” wezvizvarwa zvakawanda, uye basa rake rakatora dambudziko guru, rinonakidza retsika dzemazuva ano.

Wagner haana kupa mhinduro yakajeka kumibvunzo inokosha yaakabvunza, asi kukosha kwake kwenhau kuri pakuti akaibvunza zvakasimba. Akakwanisa kuita izvi nokuti aipinda mumabasa ake ose neruvengo rune shungu, rusingawirirane rweudzvanyiriri hwecapitalist. Chero zvaakataura muzvinyorwa zvedzidziso, chero maonero ezvematongerwo enyika aakadzivirira, Wagner mubasa rake remimhanzi aigara ari kudivi reavo vaitsvaga kushandiswa kwesimba kwemasimba avo mukusimbisa nheyo yepamusoro uye yehupenyu muupenyu, vachipikisa avo vakanga vachitsvaga. akanyura mumvura. petty-bourgeois kugara zvakanaka uye kuzvida. Uye, zvichida, hapana mumwe munhu akabudirira nehunyanzvi hwekunyengetedza uye simba mukuratidza dambudziko rehupenyu hwemazuva ano, hune chepfu nehupfumi hwebourgeois.

Kududzwa kunopesana necapitalist orientation kunopa basa raWagner kufambira mberi kwakakosha, kunyangwe akatadza kunzwisisa kuomarara kuzere kwezviitiko zvaakaratidza.

Wagner ndiye wekupedzisira mukuru weRomantic pendi wezana ramakore re1848. Mazano erudo, madingindira, mifananidzo yakagadziriswa mubasa rake mumakore asati achinja; dzakagadziridzwa naye gare gare. Mushure meshanduko yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vazhinji vevanyori vane mukurumbira, pasi pesimba remamiriro matsva emagariro, nekuda kwekuratidzwa kwakanyanya kwekupokana kwekirasi, vakachinjira kune dzimwe misoro, vakachinjira kunzvimbo dzechokwadi mukuvhara kwavo (muenzaniso unoshamisa we uyu ndiVerdi). Asi Wagner akaramba aine rudo, kunyangwe kusapindirana kwake kwekuzvarwa kwakaratidzwawo mukuti pamatanho akasiyana echiito chake, maficha echokwadi, saka, pane zvinopesana, reactionary romanticism, yakawedzera kuoneka maari.

Uku kuzvipira kudingindira rerudo uye nzira yekutaura kwaro zvakamuisa pachinzvimbo chakakosha pakati pevazhinji venguva yake. Iwo ega ega ega ehunhu hwaWagner, asingagutsikane nekusingaperi, asingazorore, zvakare akabatwa.

Hupenyu hwake huzere nekukwira nekudzika zvisina kujairika, zvishuwo uye nguva dzekuora mwoyo kusingagumi. Ndaifanira kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvisingaverengeki kuti ndifambire mberi pfungwa dzangu itsva. Makore, dzimwe nguva makumi emakore, akapfuura asati akwanisa kunzwa mhatsa yenziyo dzake pachake. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuva nenyota isingadzivisiki yekugadzira kuti ushande mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma aya mashandire aWagner. Kushanda kune unyanzvi ndiko kwainyanya kumukurudzira muupenyu hwake. ("Ini handipo kuti ndiwane mari, asi kugadzira," akadaro Wagner nekuzvikudza). Ndicho chikonzero, pasinei nehutsinye hwekukanganisa kwemafungiro uye kuparara, zvichienderana netsika dzinofambira mberi dzemimhanzi yeGermany, akawana migumisiro yakaisvonaka yeunyanzvi: achitevera Beethoven, akaimba hugamba hwehushingi hwevanhu, saBach, nehupfumi hunoshamisa hwemumvuri, akazarura. nyika yezviitiko zvemweya zvevanhu uye, ichitevera nzira Weber, yakamisikidzwa mumimhanzi mifananidzo yengano dzechiGerman uye ngano, yakagadzira mifananidzo yakanaka kwazvo yezvakasikwa. Yakasiyana-siyana yemafungiro uye hunyanzvi mhinduro uye kubudirira kwehunyanzvi hunhu hweakanakisa mabasa aRichard Wagner.

Themes, mifananidzo uye zvirongwa zveWagner's operas. Nheyo dzemimhanzi dramaturgy. Zvimiro zvemutauro wenziyo

Wagner semuimbi akaumbwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusimudzira kwemagariro e-pre-revolutionary Germany. Mumakore aya, haana kungogadzirisa maonero ake ekushongedza uye akatsanangura nzira dzekushandura mimhanzi yemitambo, asi akatsanangurawo denderedzwa remifananidzo uye zvirongwa pedyo naye. Makanga muri muma40s, panguva imwe chete naTannhäuser naLohengrin, apo Wagner akafunga nezvezvirongwa zvema opera ose aakashanda pamakumi emakore akatevera. (Zvisizvo ndezvaTristan naParsifal, iyo pfungwa yakakura mukati memakore ekukundwa kwechimurenga; izvi zvinotsanangura kusimba kwemaitiro asina tariro kupfuura mune mamwe mabasa.). Ainyanya kutora zvinyorwa zvemabhuku aya kubva kungano dzechivanhu nengano. Kugutsikana kwavo, zvisinei, kwakamubatira yepakutanga pfungwa yekuzvimiririra kugadzira, uye kwete the ultimate chinangwa. Mukuedza kusimbisa pfungwa nemafungiro ari pedyo nenguva dzazvino, Wagner akaisa zvinyorwa zvenhetembo zvechivanhu kuti zvigadziriswe zvakasununguka, akazvishandura, nokuti, akati, chizvarwa chekare chega chega chinogona kuwana mungano. its topic. Pfungwa yehunyanzvi hwekuyera uye kungwara kwakamutengesa apo pfungwa dzevanozvimiririra dzakakunda pamusoro pechinangwa chengano dzevanhu, asi muzviitiko zvakawanda, pakuvandudza zvirongwa nemifananidzo, munyori akakwanisa kuchengetedza chokwadi chakakosha chenhetembo dzevanhu. Iko kusanganiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana akadaro ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya hunhu zveWagnerian dramaturgy, zvese masimba uye kushaya simba. Zvisinei, kureva paakaita zvirongwa nemifananidzo, Wagner akakwevera kune avo chete mupfungwa kududzira - izvi, zvakare, zvakakonzera kurwisana kwakanyanya pakati pe "Siegfriedian" uye "Tristanian" nheyo mubasa rake.

Wagner akatendeukira kungano dzekare nemifananidzo yengano nekuti akawana hurongwa hunotyisa mavari. Akanga asinganyanyi kufarira mamiriro ezvinhu ekare kure kana yekare yekare, kunyange pano akawana zvakawanda, kunyanya muNuremberg Mastersingers, umo maitiro echokwadi ainyanya kutaurwa. Asi pamusoro pezvose, Wagner akatsvaga kuratidza mutambo wepfungwa wevakasimba mavara. Iyo epic yemazuva ano kurwira mufaro aigara ari mumifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana uye zvirongwa zvemitambo yake. Uyu ndiye Flying Dutchman, anosundwa nekuguma, anotambudzwa nehana, ane shungu achirota rugare; iyi iTannhäuser, yakabvamburwa nechishuvo chinopokanidza chokufara kwenyama uye nokuda kwoupenyu hwetsika, hwakakasharara; uyu ndiLohengrin, akarambwa, asinganzwisisike nevanhu.

Kurwira hupenyu mukuona kwaWagner kuzere nenhamo. Passion inopisa Tristan uye Isolde; Elsa (muLohengrin) anofa, achityora kurambidzwa kwemudiwa wake. Nhamo ndiye asingashande weWotan, uyo, kuburikidza nenhema uye nekunyengera, akawana simba rekunyepedzera iro rakaunza kusuwa kuvanhu. Asi mugumo wegamba rakakosha raWagner, Sigmund, zvakare rinosiririsa; uye kunyangwe Siegfried, ari kure nemadutu emitambo yehupenyu, uyu mwana asina ruzivo, ane simba wezvakasikwa, anotongerwa rufu runorwadza. Kwese uye kwese kwese - kutsvaga kunorwadza kwemufaro, chido chekuita mabasa ehugamba, asi hazvina kupihwa kuti zvizadziswe - nhema nekunyengera, chisimba uye unyengeri zvakapinda muhupenyu.

Maererano naWagner, ruponeso kubva mukutambudzika kunokonzerwa nechishuvo chemufaro chiri murudo rusina udyire: ndiko kuratidzwa kwepamusoro-soro kwenheyo yevanhu. Asi rudo harwufaniri kungoita zvinhu—upenyu hunosimbiswa mukubudirira. Saka, kudanwa kwaLohengrin - mudziviriri weanopomerwa asina mhosva Elsa - ndiko kurwira kodzero dzekunaka; Feat ndihwo hupenyu hwaSiegfried, rudo rwaBrunnhilde runomudaidza kumabasa matsva ehugamba.

Ese maopera aWagner, kutanga kubva kumabasa evakuru emakumi mana, ane zvimiro zvekufanana kwemafungiro uye kubatana kwemumhanzi uye inoshamisa pfungwa. Chimurenga cha40-1848 chakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha mukushanduka kwemafungiro nehunyanzvi hwemunyori, zvichisimbisa kusapindirana kwebasa rake. Asi chakanyanya kukosha kwekutsvaga nzira dzekubatanidza imwe, yakagadzikana denderedzwa remazano, madingindira, uye mifananidzo yakaramba isina kuchinjika.

Wagner akapinda muma opera ake kubatana kwekutaura kunoshamisa, nokuda kwaakaita chiito murukova runopfuurira, runopfuurira. Kusimbiswa kwenheyo yepfungwa, chido chekuparidzirwa kwechokwadi kwemaitiro ehupenyu hwepfungwa kwakada kuenderera kwakadaro. Wagner akanga asiri ega mukutsvaka uku. Vamiriri vepamusoro veiyo opera art yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, maRussia classics, Verdi, Bizet, Smetana, vakawana zvakafanana, mumwe nemumwe nenzira yake. Asi Wagner, achienderera mberi neakatangira iye mumhanzi weGerman, Weber, akatsanangura, aigara achigadzira misimboti. kuburikidza kusimukira mumhando yemimhanzi uye inoshamisa. Zvikamu zvakapatsanurwa, zviratidziro, kunyangwe mapendi, akabatanidzwa pamwechete muchiito chakasununguka. Wagner akapfumisa nzira dzekushanda kutaura nemhando dzemonologue, nhaurirano, uye yakakura symphonic zvivakwa. Asi achinyanya kutarisisa kuratidzira nyika yemukati yevatambi nekuratidzira kunze kwekunze, nguva dzinoshanda, akaunza zvinhu zve subjectivism uye kuomarara kwepfungwa mumimhanzi yake, izvo zvakazoita kuti verbosity, yakaparadza chimiro, ichiita kuti isununguke, amorphous. Zvese izvi zvakawedzera kusawirirana kweWagnerian dramaturgy.

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Imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekutaura kwayo ndeye leitmotif system. Haasi Wagner akazvigadzira: mimhanzi motif yakamutsa humwe hukama nehupenyu chaihwo chiitiko kana maitiro epfungwa akashandiswa nevanyori veFrench Revolution yekupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, naWeber naMeyerbeer, uye mumunda wemimhanzi yesymphonic naBerlioz. , Liszt nevamwe. Asi Wagner anosiyana nevakamutangira uye vakararama panguva yake mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kusingachinji kweiyo system. (MaWagnerian anonyanyisa akakanganisa chidzidzo chenyaya iyi, vachiedza kubatanidza kukosha kwechinyorwa kumusoro wega wega, kunyangwe matauriro anoshanduka, uye kupa zvese zvinyorwa, zvisinei kuti zvingave zvipfupi sei, neinenge yakazara zvinyorwa.).

Chero akura Wagner opera ane makumi maviri neshanu kusvika makumi matatu leitmotifs anopinda mukati memucheka wechipo. (Zvisinei, mumitambo ye40s, nhamba ye leitmotifs haipfuuri gumi.). Akatanga kuumba opera nekuvandudza madingindira emimhanzi. Saka, semuenzaniso, mumifananidzo yekutanga ye "Ring of the Nibelungen" mafambiro emariro kubva ku "Rufu rweVamwari" inoratidzwa, iyo, sezvakataurwa, ine yakaoma yezvinyorwa zvakakosha zvehugamba zve tetralogy; Chekutanga pane zvese, iyo overture yakanyorerwa The Meistersingers - inogadzirisa iyo huru thematic yeopera, nezvimwe.

Kufungidzira kwekugadzira kwaWagner hakuperi mukugadzirwa kwemadingindira erunako runoshamisa uye mapurasitiki, umo zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha zvehupenyu zvinoratidzwa uye zvakazara. Kazhinji mune idzi dingindira, organic musanganiswa weanoratidza uye mifananidzo yemisimboti inopihwa, iyo inobatsira kumisa mufananidzo wemimhanzi. Mune operas ye40s, nziyo dzinowedzerwa: mune inotungamira madingindira-mifananidzo, akasiyana mativi ezviitiko anotsanangurwa. Iyi nzira yekumisikidzwa kwemimhanzi inochengetedzwa mumabasa akazotevera, asi kupindwa muropa kwaWagner kuhuzivi husina kujeka dzimwe nguva kunopa kusimuka kwemazwi asina munhu akagadzirirwa kuratidza pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki. Aya motifs mapfupi, haana kudziya kwekufema kwemunhu, haagone budiriro, uye haana hukama hwemukati nemumwe. Saka pamwe chete madingindira-mifananidzo simuka madingindira-zviratidzo.

Kusiyana neaya ekupedzisira, iwo akanakisa madingindira eWagner's operas haagari akaparadzana mukati mebasa rese, iwo haamiriri asingachinji, akasiyana maumbirwo. Asi zvakapesana. Pane zvakajairika maficha mune inotungamira vavariro, uye pamwe chete vanogadzira mamwe madingindira anoratidza mimvuri uye gradations yemanzwiro kana ruzivo rwemufananidzo mumwe. Wagner anounza pamwe chete madingindira akasiyana uye motif kuburikidza nekuchinja kusinganzwisisike, kuenzanisa kana musanganiswa wazvo panguva imwe chete. Rimsky-Korsakov akanyora kuti, "Basa romunyori pamifananidzo iyi inoshamisa.

Iyo inoshamisa nzira yaWagner, misimboti yake ye symphonization ye opera mamaki aive nepesvedzero isina mubvunzo pahunyanzvi hwenguva yaitevera. Vaimbi vakuru veimba yemitambo yemitambo muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechiXNUMX vakatora mukana kune imwe nhanho yekubudirira kweiyo Wagnerian leitmotif system, kunyangwe ivo vasina kubvuma kunyanyisa kwayo (semuenzaniso, Smetana naRimsky-Korsakov, Puccini. uye Prokofiev).

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Dudziro yezwi rinotanga mumitambo yaWagner inoratidzirwawo nemavambo.

Achirwisana nenziyo dzepamusoro-soro, dzisinganzwisisiki mupfungwa inoshamisa, akapikisa kuti mimhanzi yezwi inofanira kuvakirwa pakugadzirwazve kwemazwi, kana, sezvakataurwa naWagner, mataurirwo ekutaura. “Mutinhimira unoshamisa,” akanyora kudaro, “unowana tsigiro mundima nomutauro.” Hapana mapoinzi matsva akanyanya muchirevo ichi. Munguva yezana remakore reXVIII-XIX, vanyori vakawanda vakatendeukira kukufananidzira kwekutaura mumhanzi kuitira kuti vagadzirise maitiro emarudzi emabasa avo (semuenzaniso, Gluck, Mussorgsky). Chiziviso chepamusoro cheWagnerian chakaunza zvinhu zvakawanda zvitsva mumhanzi wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, zvakanga zvisingabviri kudzokera kumaitiro ekare emimhanzi ye operatic. Zvisati zvamboitika mabasa matsva ekugadzira akamuka pamberi pevaimbi - vaimbi veWagner's operas. Asi, zvichibva pamafungiro ake ekufungidzira asinganzwisisiki, dzimwe nguva aisimbisa divi rimwe chete zvinhu zvinozivisa kukuvadza kwenziyo, akaisa pasi kukudziridzwa kwenheyo yezwi kukusimudzira symphonic.

Hongu, mapeji mazhinji emitambo yaWagner yakazara neropa rakazara, mutinhimira wezwi wakasiyana, unoburitsa mithunzi yakanakisa yekutaura. Ma opera ema40s akapfuma mumimhanzi yakadai, pakati peiyo The Flying Dutchman inomira pachena kune yayo-nziyo-nziyo yekuchengetera mimhanzi, uye Lohengrin nekunaka kwayo uye kudziya kwemoyo. Asi mumabasa anotevera, kunyanya mu "Valkyrie" uye "Meistersinger", chikamu chezwi chakapiwa nehukuru hwemashoko, inowana basa rinotungamirira. Mumwe anogona kuyeuka "rwiyo rwechirimo" rwaSigmund, mutauriri webakatwa Notung, davi rerudo, nhaurirano pakati peBrunnhilde naSigmund, kuoneka kwaWotan; mu "Meistersingers" - nziyo naWalter, Sax's monologues, nziyo dzake pamusoro paEvha uye ngirozi yemugadziri weshangu, quintet, folk choirs; nekuwedzera, nziyo dzebakatwa (mu opera Siegfried); nyaya yaSiegfried pakuvhima, Brunhilde's dying monologue ("Rufu rweVamwari"), etc. Asi kunewo mapeji ezvibodzwa apo chikamu chezwi chinogona kuwana nzvimbo yakanyanyisa yekuchengetera zvinhu, kana, zvakasiyana, inoderedzwa. kune basa rezvisarudzo zvekuwedzera kune chikamu cheorchestra. Kutyorwa kwakadaro kwekuenzanisa kwehunyanzvi pakati pemisimboti yezwi uye yezviridzwa hunhu hwekusaenderana kwemukati kweWagnerian musical dramaturgy.

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Zvakaitwa naWagner semuimbi wenziyo, uyo aigara achisimbisa misimboti yehurongwa mubasa rake, hazvipokane. Mafambiro ake uye sumo dze orchestra (Wagner akasika maoperatic overtures mana (kune operas Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, Tannhäuser, Die Meistersingers) uye nhatu dzekuvaka dzakapedzwa orchestral sumo (Lohengrin, Tristan, Parsifal)., nguva dze symphonic uye mifananidzo yakawanda yemifananidzo yakapiwa, maererano naRimsky-Korsakov, "zvinhu zvakapfuma zvemimhanzi yekuona, uye apo maitiro aWagner akazova akakodzera kwenguva yakati, ipapo akazova akanaka uye ane simba nepurasitiki. yemifananidzo yake, nekuda kweiyo isingaenzaniswi, chiridzwa chayo cheungwaru uye kutaura. Tchaikovsky aikoshesa zvakaenzana mimhanzi yaWagner yesymphonic, achicherechedza mairi "chiridzwa chakanaka chisina kumboitika", "hupfumi hunoshamisa hwehurmonic uye polyphonic fabric". V. Stasov, saTchaikovsky kana kuti Rimsky-Korsakov, uyo akashora basa raWagner rokuimba nokuda kwezvinhu zvakawanda, akanyora kuti orchestra yake “itsva, yakapfuma, inowanzopenya muruvara, munhetembo uye mukukwezva kwevakasimba zvikuru, asiwo inyoro zvikuru. uye mavara anoyevedza. ”…

Atova mumabasa ekutanga e40s, Wagner akawana kubwinya, kuzara uye hupfumi hwezwi re orchestral; yakaunza kuumbwa katatu (mu "Ring of the Nibelung" - quadruple); akashandisa huwandu hwetambo zvakanyanya zvakanyanya, kunyanya pamutengo werejista yepamusoro (yake yaanofarira nzira ndeyekurongeka kwepamusoro kwechords yetambo divisi); yakapa chinangwa chemumhanzi kune zviridzwa zvendarira (zvakadai ndiko kubatana kwakasimba kwemabhosvo matatu uye matatu trombones mukudzokororwa kweTannhäuser overture, kana ndarira maunions pane inofamba inobatana kumashure kwetambo muRide of the Valkyries uye Incantations of Fire, nezvimwewo) . Kusanganisa ruzha rwemapoka matatu makuru e orchestra (tambo, huni, mhangura), Wagner akawana kuchinjika, kusiyanisa kwepurasitiki kwejira re symphonic. Unyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekutengesa hwakamubatsira mune izvi. Uyezve, orchestra yake haisi yemavara chete, asiwo hunhu, inopindirana nekukura kwekunzwa kunoshamisa uye mamiriro ezvinhu.

Wagner zvakare inyanzvi mumunda wekuwirirana. Mukutsvaga mhedzisiro yakasimba yekutaura, akawedzera kusimba kwekutaura kwemimhanzi, achiizadza nechromatisms, shanduko, yakaoma chord complexes, achigadzira "multilayered" polyphonic texture, achishandisa kushinga, kunoshamisa modulations. Tsvakiridzo idzi dzimwe nguva dzaipa kusimba kwakadzama kwemaitiro, asi hadzina kumbobvira dzawana hunhu hwekuyedza zvisina kunaka.

Wagner akashora zvakasimba kutsvakwa kwe“misanganiswa yenziyo nokuda kwavo vamene, bedzi nokuda kwokutsamwisa kwavo kwomuzvarirwo.” Achitaura nevaimbi vechidiki, akavateterera kuti “vasambochinja mimhanzi ye<em>haronic neye<em>orchestra kuva magumo pachayo.” Wagner akanga ari mushori weushingi husina hwaro, akarwira kutaura kwechokwadi kwemanzwiro nemafungiro evanhu zvakadzama, uye mune izvi akaramba aine hukama netsika dzinofambira mberi dzemimhanzi yeGerman, achiva mumwe wevamiriri vayo vakatanhamara. Asi muupenyu hwake hwose hurefu uye hwakaoma mukugadzira, dzimwe nguva aitorwa nepfungwa dzenhema, achitsauka kubva munzira yakarurama.

Pasina kukanganwira Wagner nekuda kwekunyengedza kwake, tichicherechedza kupesana kukuru mumaonero ake nekugadzira, tichiramba maitiro ekuita mavari, tinotenda zvikuru muimbi weGermany ane hunyanzvi, akadzivirira zvinangwa zvake mumusimboti uye nechivimbo, achipfumisa tsika dzepasirese nezvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvemimhanzi.

M. Druskin

• Hupenyu nebasa raWagner →

Kana tichida kuita runyoro rwevatambi, zviratidziro, zvipfeko, zvinhu zvakazara mumitambo yaWagner, nyika yengano ichaonekwa pamberi pedu. Zvidhoma, zvidhoma, hofori, zvimwari nezvidhoma, mapfumo, ngowani, minondo, hwamanda, mhete, nyanga, rudimbwa, mireza, madutu, murarabungu, swans, njiva, madziva, nzizi, makomo, moto, makungwa nezvikepe pazviri, zvinoshamisa zviitiko. nekunyangarika, mbiya dzechepfu nezvinwiwa zvemashiripiti, zvifukidzo, mabhiza anobhururuka, nhare dzakaroyiwa, nhare, kurwa, nhongonya dzisingapindike, kureba kwedenga, pasi pemvura negomba repasi, mapindu ane maruva, varoyi, magamba madiki, zvisikwa zvakaipa zvinosemesa, mhandara uye nekusingaperi. tsvarakadenga diki, vapirisita nevarwi, vanoda vanoda, vachenjeri vane hunyanzvi, vatongi vane simba nevatongi vanotambura nezvitsinga zvakaipa ... Haugone kutaura kuti mashiripiti anotonga kwese kwese, huroyi, uye mamiriro anogara aripo ezvese kurwira pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, chivi neruponeso. , rima nechiedza. Kuti utsanangure zvese izvi, mimhanzi inofanirwa kuve yakanakisa, yakapfeka zvipfeko zveumbozha, izere nedikidiki, senge bhuku rechokwadi rechokwadi, rakafuridzirwa nekufungidzira, iro rinodyisa adventure uye chivalric romance umo chero chinhu chingaitika. Kunyange kana Wagner achitaura nezvezviitiko zvakajairika, zvinoenderana nevanhuwo zvavo, anogara achiedza kutiza kubva muupenyu hwezuva nezuva: kuratidza rudo, runako rwayo, kuzvidza ngozi, rusununguko rusingagumi rwemunhu. Zvese zviitiko zvinomuka zvakangoerekana zvaitika kwaari, uye mimhanzi inoshanduka kuva yechisikigo, ichiyerera sekunge pakanga pasina zvipingamupinyi munzira yayo: kune simba mairi iro risingafarire rinombundira hupenyu hwese hunobvira uye rinochishandura kuita chishamiso. Izvo zviri nyore uye sezviri pachena zvinofamba kubva mukuteedzera kwemumhanzi pamberi pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kuenda kune zvinoshamisa hunyanzvi, kuenda kumumhanzi weramangwana.

Ndosaka Wagner akabva awana kubwinya kwechimurenga kubva munharaunda inoda mabhindauko ari nyore. Airatidzika zvomenemene kuva rudzi rwomunhu bedzi aigona kushandisa mafomu okuedza akasiana-siana asingasundidziri egamuchidzanwa. Kutaura idi, akaita zvakawanda zvikuru, asi ikoku kwakazobuda pachena gare gare. Zvisinei, Wagner haana kutengeserana muunyanzvi hwake, kunyange zvazvo aifarira chaizvo kupenya (kunze kwekuve nyanzvi yemimhanzi, aivewo neunyanzvi hwemuitisi uye tarenda guru semudetembi uye munyori weprose). Unyanzvi hwagara huri kwaari chinhu chekurwisana kwetsika, iyo yatakatsanangura sekurwisana pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa. Aive iye akadzora zvese zverusununguko rwemufaro, achidzikamisa huzhinji hwese, zvese zvaishuvira kunze: kudzvanyirira kudiwa kwekuzviruramisa kwakatora pamberi pesimba remusiki wemunyori uye akapa zvivakwa zvake zvenhetembo nemimhanzi kuwedzera kunoedza nehutsinye. kushivirira kwevateereri vanomhanyira kumhedziso. Wagner, kune rumwe rutivi, haakurumidzi; haadi kuve asina kugadzirira nguva yekutongwa kwekupedzisira uye anokumbira veruzhinji kuti varege kumusiya ari oga mukutsvaga kwake chokwadi. Hazvigone kutaurwa kuti mukuita izvi anozvibata semunyoro: kuseri kwetsika dzake dzakanaka semuimbi akakwenenzverwa kune mudzvinyiriri asingatibvumire kunakidzwa nerunyararo kana awa yemimhanzi uye kuita: anoda kuti isu, tisingabwairi. ziso, kuvepo pakureurura kwake zvitadzo nemigumisiro inobva mukureurura uku. Iye zvino vamwe vakawanda, kusanganisira vaya vari pakati penyanzvi dzemitambo yaWagner, vanopikisa kuti nhandare yemitambo yakadaro haina basa, kuti haishandisi zvizere zvayakawana, uye kufungidzira kwakanaka kwomunyori wacho kunotambiswa paurefu hunosiririsa, hunosvota. Pamwe zvakadaro; anoenda kunhandare nechikonzero chimwe, anoenda chimwe; Zvichakadaro, mukuimba kwemimhanzi hakuna canons (sezvo, zvechokwadi, hapana mune chero unyanzvi), kanenge mapriori canons, sezvo ivo nguva imwe neimwe vanozvarwa patsva netarenda remuimbi, tsika yake, moyo wake. Chero ani zvake, achiteerera Wagner, anofinhwa nekuda kwehurefu uye kuwanda kwezvese muchiitiko kana tsananguro, ane kodzero yekufinhwa, asi haagone kutaura nechivimbo chakafanana kuti theatre chaiyo inofanira kunge yakasiyana zvachose. Zvakare, mitambo yemimhanzi kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX kusvika nhasi yakazadzwa nehurefu hwakanyanya.

Zvechokwadi, muWagnerian theatre pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha, chisingakoshi kunyange panguva yacho. Yakagadzirwa panguva yekukura kwe melodrama, apo manzwi, mimhanzi uye nhanho kubudirira kweiyi gen'a paibatanidza, Wagner akakurudzira zvakare pfungwa yemutambo wepasirese ine hukuru hwakakwana hweiyo ngano, ngano-nyaya, iyo yakanga yakafanana nekudzoka kune. iyo yengano uye yekushongedza yeBaroque theatre, panguva ino yakafumiswa neine simba orchestra uye chikamu chezwi chisina kushongedza, asi chakanangana negwara rimwe chete setheater yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nekutanga rechiXNUMX. Hurombo uye zviitiko zvevatambi veiyi theatre, mhepo inoyevedza yakavatenderedza uye yakanakisa aristocracy yakawanikwa mumunhu waWagner anogutsikana, ane hunyanzvi, muteveri akangwara. Zvese zviri zviviri toni yekuparidza uye zvetsika zvema operas ake zvakadzokera kuBaroque theatre, umo mharidzo dzeoratorio uye zvivakwa zvakakura zvinoratidzira hunhu hwakapokana nekufungidzira kweveruzhinji. Zviri nyore kushamwaridzana nemaitiro aya ekupedzisira madingindira ekare echigamba-echiKristu ane mukurumbira, ane muimbi mukurusa munhandare yemimhanzi pasina mubvunzo kuti Wagner. Pano uye mune akati wandei mamwe mapoinzi atakamboratidza, iye musikirwo aive nevakatangira munguva yerudo. Asi Wagner akadurura ropa idzva mumamodeli ekare, akaazadza nesimba uye panguva imwechete kusuwa, kusati kwamboitika kusvika panguva iyoyo, kunze kwekunge tarisiro isina kuenzana nayo: akaunza nyota uye marwadzo erusununguko muEurope yezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, akasanganiswa nekusahadzika. kuwanikwa kwayo. Mupfungwa iyi, ngano dzeWagnerian dzinova nhau dzakakodzera kwatiri. Vanobatanidza kutya nekuputika kwerupo, kufara nerima rekusurukirwa, nekuputika kwesonic - kuderedzwa kwesimba rezwi, nezwi rakanaka - manzwiro ekudzoka kune zvakajairika. Murume wemazuva ano anozviziva pachake mumitambo yaWagner, zvakakwana kuti azvinzwe, kwete kuvaona, anowana mufananidzo wezvishuwo zvake, manzwiro ake uye kushingaira, kuda kwake chimwe chinhu chitsva, nyota yehupenyu, basa refivha uye. , mukupesana, kuziva kushaya simba kunodzvinyirira chero chiito chemunhu. Uye nomufaro woupengo, anotora “paradhiso yokugadzira” inogadzirwa neiyi mitsetse inopenya, matanda aya, anonhuwirira semaruva asingagumi.

G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)