Mimhanzi kushoropodzwa |

kubva fr. critique kubva muchiGiriki chekare κριτική τέχνη "unyanzvi hwekutsanangura, kutonga"

Kudzidza, kuongorora uye kuongorora kwezviitiko zvemimhanzi art. Mupfungwa yakafara, mimhanzi yechinyakare chikamu chechero chidzidzo chemimhanzi, sezvo chinhu chekuongorora chiri chikamu chakakosha chekunaka. mitongo. Kutsoropodza kwechinangwa. kuongororwa kwechokwadi chekusika hakugoneke pasina kutarisisa mamiriro chaiwo ekuitika kwacho, nzvimbo yainogara muhuwandu hwemimhanzi. budiriro, munzanga. uye hupenyu hwetsika yenyika yakapihwa uye vanhu mune imwe nguva yenhoroondo. nguva. Kuti ive nehumbowo-hwakavakirwa uye hunogutsa, kuongorora uku kunofanirwa kunge kwakavakirwa pamitemo yenzira yakanaka. mabhesi nemigumisiro yakaunganidzwa yenhoroondo. uye theoretical musicologist. tsvakurudzo (ona Musical Analysis).

Hapana musiyano unokosha pakati pemimhanzi yekirasi nesayenzi yemimhanzi, uye zvinowanzooma kusiyanisa pakati pazvo. Kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo idzi kunobva kwete zvakanyanya pane zviri mukati uye musimboti wemabasa akatarisana nawo, asi pamafomu ekuita kwavo. VG Belinsky, vachipokana nekuparadzaniswa kwechiedza. kutsoropodza nhoroondo, kuongorora uye kunaka (kureva kuongorora), akanyora kuti: "Kutsoropodza kwezvakaitika kare pasina kunaka uye, zvakasiyana, kunaka kusina nhoroondo, kuchava kwedivi rimwe, uye naizvozvo nhema. Kutsoropodza kunofanira kuva kumwe chete, uye kusiyanisa kwemaonero kunofanira kubva kune imwe chete yakajairika, kubva kune imwe nzira, kubva kune imwe yekufungisisa yehunyanzvi ... -rye inoumba pfuma yekutsoropodza, chero ingave, nhoroondo kana hunyanzvi ”(VG Belinsky, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 6, 1955, p. 284). Panguva imwecheteyo, Belinsky akabvuma kuti "kutsoropodza kunogona kupatsanurwa mumhando dzakasiyana maererano nehukama hwayo pachayo ..." (ibid., p. 325). Mune mamwe mazwi, akabvumira kugoverwa kwechinhu chipi nechipi chekutsoropodza mberi uye kupararira kwayo kune vamwe, zvichienderana nebasa chairo, riri kuteverwa munyaya iyi.

Nzvimbo ye arts. kushoropodzwa kazhinji, kusanganisira. uye K. m., inoonekwa seCh. arr. kuongororwa kwezviitiko zvemazuva ano. Saka zvimwe zvakakosha zvinodiwa zvinoiswa pairi. Kutsoropodza kunofanirwa kunge kuri kufambisa, nekukurumidza kupindura kune zvese zvitsva mune imwe nzvimbo yehunyanzvi. Critical analysis and evaluation dep. arts. phenomena (ingave chiri chigadzirwa chitsva, chiitiko chemuiti, opera kana ballet premiere), sekutonga, zvinosanganiswa nekudzivirirwa kwehumwe hunhu hwese. zvinzvimbo. Izvi zvinopa K.m. zvimiro zvekuwedzera kana kushoma kududzwa kweruzhinji. Kutsoropodza kunoshingaira uye zvakananga mukurwisana kweunyanzvi hwepfungwa. nzira.

Mhando uye chiyero chemabasa akakosha akasiyana - kubva mubepanhau pfupi kana chinyorwa chemagazini kusvika kune chinyorwa chine ongororo yakadzama uye zvikonzero zvemifungo yakataurwa. Mhando dzakajairika dzeK.m. sanganisira wongororo, notographic. chinyorwa, rondedzero, wongororo, polemic. replica. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvemafomu zvinomubvumira kuti akurumidze kupindira mumatanho ari kuitika mumamusi. hupenyu nekusika, kupesvedzera nzanga. maonero, kubatsira kusimbisa itsva.

Kwete nguva dzose uye kwete mumhando dzose dzekutsoropodza. mabasa, mitongo yakataurwa inovakirwa padanho rekutanga. arts. kuongorora. Saka, ongororo dzimwe nguva dzinonyorwa pasi pekufunga kwekuteerera kumwe chete kune basa rakaitwa kekutanga. kana kuti kuzivana chaiko nenziyo notation. Zvichizotevera, kudzidza kwakadzama kwazviri kungamanikidza kuita zvimwe zvigadziriso uye kuwedzera kune yekutanga. kuongorora. Zvichakadaro, rudzi urwu rwekutsoropodza runoshanda zvakanyanya uye nekudaro kupa nzira. pesvedzero pakuumbwa kwezvinoda veruzhinji uye maitiro avo kumabasa eunyanzvi. Kuti udzivise kukanganisa, muongorori anopa mamakisi "nekutanga fungidziro" anofanira kuve nehunyanzvi, hwakagadziridzwa hunyanzvi. kunaka, nzeve inonzwa, kukwanisa kubata uye kusimbisa chinhu chinonyanya kukosha muchidimbu chimwe nechimwe, uye pakupedzisira, kukwanisa kutaura zvinoonekwa nemunhu nenzira yakajeka, inogutsa.

Kune marudzi akasiyana eK.m., akabatana ne decomp. kunzwisisa mabasa ayo. Pa19 uye mangwanani. 20th century subjective criticism yaive yakapararira, iyo yairamba chero misimboti yekunaka. kuongorora uye kutsvaga kuratidza chete maonero ega emabasa e-art-va. MuchiRussian K.m. VG Karatygin akamira munzvimbo yakadaro, kunyange zvazvo mune zvaanoita. mumhanzi wakakosha basa, aiwanzokunda zvisingakwanisi zvake. maonero edzidziso. "Kwandiri, uye kune chero mumwe muimbi," akanyora kudaro Karatygin, "hapana imwe chirevo chekupedzisira, kunze kwekuravira kwemunhu ... uye zvinhu, 1927, p. 122).

Izvo zvisingagumi "hudzvanyiriri hwekuravira", hunhu hwekutsoropodza, hunopikiswa nechinzvimbo chekutsoropodza kwetsika kana dzidziso, iyo inoenderera muongororo yayo kubva kune yakatemerwa mitemo inosungirwa, iyo iyo kukosha kwepasi rose, pasi rose canon inonzi. Rudzi urwu rwedzidziso ndeyekuzvarwa kwete chete mune inochengetedza dzidzo. kutsoropodza, asiwo kune mamwe maitiro emumhanzi wezana ramakore rechi20, achiita pasi pemashoko ekuvandudzwa kwemuses. art-va uye kusikwa kwemaitiro matsva eruzha. Mune imwe nzira yakapinza uye yakasarudzika, inosvika pakusarudzika kwesekete, tsika iyi inoratidzwa muvatsigiri uye varevereri vemazuva ano. music avant-garde.

Munyika dzemacapitalist munewo rudzi rwekutengeserana. kutsoropodza nechinangwa chekusimudzira chete. Kutsoropodza kwakadaro, kunotsamira pane conc. mabhizinesi nemaneja, hongu, haana yakakomba ideological uye art. values.

Kuti zvive zvechokwadi zvinogutsa uye zvinobereka zvibereko, kutsoropodza kunofanira kubatanidza misimboti yepamusoro nekudzika kwesainzi. ongororo nekurwisa utori venhau. chido uye zvinoda aesthetic. ratings. Unhu uhwu hwakanga huri mumienzaniso yakanakisa yeRussia. prerevolutionary K. m., akaita basa rakakosha mukurwira kuti nyika dzizivikanwe. mhanzi mhosva, kuitira kubvumirwa kwemitemo inofambira mberi yechokwadi uye nyika. Kutevera chiRussia chepamusoro. lit. kutsoropodza (VG Belinsky, NG Chernyshevsky, NA Dobrolyubov), akatsvaga kuenderera mberi muongororo yake kubva kune zvinodiwa nekukurumidza zvechokwadi. Runako rwepamusoro-soro mucherechedzo wayo hwaive husimba, huchokwadi hwezvaitaurwa, kutevedzera zvaidiwa neruzhinji rwevanhu.

Solid methodological zvikonzero zvekutsoropodza, kuongorora hunyanzvi. inoshanda zvakakwana, mukubatana kwemagariro avo uye kunaka. mabasa, anopa dzidziso yeMarxism-Leninism. Marxist K. m., zvichibva pamisimboti ye dialectical. uye nhoroondo yekuda zvinhu, yakatanga kukura kunyange munguva yekugadzirira kweGreat Oct. socialist. chimurenga. Mitemo iyi yave yakakosha kumazizi. K.m., pamwe chete nevatsoropodzi vazhinji mune socialist. nyika. Hunhu husingagoneki hwemazizi. kutsoropodza kuita bato, kunonzwisiswa sekudzivirira kwekuziva kweCommunist yepamusoro. pfungwa, chinodiwa chekuzviisa pasi pezvinoreva kumabasa emasocialist. kuvaka uye kutamburira kupedzisa. kukunda kwecommunism, kusatendeseka kunopesana nekuratidzira kwese kwekuita. bourgeois ideology.

Kutsoropodza, neimwe nzira, murevereri pakati pemuimbi nemuteereri, muoni, muverengi. Rimwe remabasa ayo akakosha kusimudzira mabasa ehunyanzvi, tsananguro yezvaanoreva uye kukosha. Kutsoropodza kunofambira mberi kwagara kuchitsvaga kukwezva kune vateereri vakawanda, kudzidzisa kuravira kwayo uye aesthetics. consciousness, kuisa maonero akarurama emifananidzo. VV Stasov akanyora kuti: “Kutsoropodza kunonyanya kukosha kune veruzhinji kupfuura vanyori. Kutsoropodza idzidzo” (Collected works, vol. 3, 1894, column 850).

Panguva imwe cheteyo, mutsoropodzi anofanira kunyatsoteerera zvinodikanwa zvevateereri ndokurangarira zvinodikanwa zvayo pakuita runako. kuongororwa uye kutonga pamusoro pezviitiko zvezvichemo. Kubatana kwepedyo, nguva dzose nemuteereri kunodiwa kwaari kwete pasi pemunyori uye muiti. Simba chairo rinoshanda rinogona kuva neaya akakosha chete. kutonga, to-rye zvichibva pakunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvido zvevateereri vakawanda.

Kwakabva K.m. inoreva nguva yekare. A. Schering akakurangarira kuva mavambo egakava pakati pavatsigiri vaPythagoras naAristoxenus muDr. Greece (inonzi canons and harmonics), iyo yakanga yakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kwakasiyana kwechimiro chenziyo sounyanzvi. Antich. dzidziso ye ethos yakabatanidzwa nekudzivirirwa kwemamwe marudzi emimhanzi uye kutongerwa kwevamwe, nokudaro ine, iyo pachayo, chinhu chakanyatsoongorora chekuongorora. MuMiddle Ages yaitongwa nenyanzvi yezvechitendero. kunzwisisa kwemimhanzi, iyo yaionekwa kubva kuchechi-utilitarian maonero se "muranda wechitendero". Maonero akadaro haana kubvumira rusununguko rwokutsoropodza. mitongo uye ongororo. Zvitsva zvinokurudzira zvekuvandudza pfungwa dzakakomba nezvemimhanzi zvakapa Renaissance. Chinyorwa chake chinonetsa chaV. Galilei “Dialogue on Ancient and New Music” (“Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna”, 1581), maakataura achidzivirira monodich, ane hunhu. homophonic maitiro, achishora zvakanyanya wok. polyphony yechikoro cheFranco-Flemish sechisaririra che "medieval Gothic". Kuramba zvisina tsarukano. chinzvimbo cheGarireya maererano neiyo polyphonic yakagadziridzwa. mhosva iyi yakashanda sechikonzero chekupokana kwake nevamiriri vakatanhamara. Renaissance theorist G. Tsarlino. Iyi gakava yakaenderera mberi mutsamba, mavambo kuna Op. vamiriri veiyo nyowani "inofadza chimiro" (stilo concitato) J. Peri, G. Caccini, C. Monteverdi, mugwaro raGB Doni "On Stage Music" ("Trattato della musica scenica"), kune rumwe rutivi, uye mune anoshanda anopikisa chimiro ichi, anoteedzera yekare polyphonic. tsika dzeJM Artusi - pane imwe.

Muzana remakore rechi18 K. m. anova akashata. chinhu mukukura kwemimhanzi. Achinzwa pesvedzero yepfungwa dzekuvhenekerwa, anoshingairira kutora chikamu mukurwira kwemamusi. nzira uye zvakajairika aesthetic. nharo dzenguva iyoyo. Kutungamira basa mumimhanzi-yakakosha. pfungwa dzezana remakore rechi18 dzaive dzeFrance - classic. nyika yeChiedza. Aesthetic French maonero. Vavhenekeri vakapesvedzerawo K. m. nyika (Germany, Italy). Mune nhengo huru dzeFrench periodic prints ("Mercure de France", "Journal de Paris") yakaratidza zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemimhanzi yazvino. hupenyu. Pamwe chete neizvi, rudzi rwepomical rwakapararira. pamphlet. Kutarisisa kukuru kwakabhadharwa kumibvunzo yemimhanzi neiyo huru French. vanyori, masayendisiti uye encyclopedic philosophers JJ Rousseau, JD Alambert, D. Diderot, M. Grimm.

Main music line. kukakavara muFrance muzana remakore rechi18. yakabatanidzwa nekurwira kwechokwadi, ichipesana nemitemo yakasimba ye classicist aesthetics. Muna 1702, chinyorwa chaF. Raguenet chinoti “Kufanana pakati pevaItaly neFrench maererano nemimhanzi nema operas” (“Parallé des Italiens et des François en ce quispecte la musique et les opéras”) chakabuda, umo munyori akasiyanisa upenyu, manzwiro akananga. kutaura ital. opera rwiyo runonzwisa tsitsi. kudzokororwa kwemitambo muFrench lyrical tragedy. Kutaura uku kwakakonzera kukakavara kwakawanda. mhinduro kubva kuvateveri nevadziviriri veFrench. classic opera. Kakavadzano imwe cheteyo yakatanga nesimba guru zvikuru pakati pezana ramakore, pamusoro pokusvika muParis muna 1752 yeItaly. boka re opera rairatidza Pergolesi's The Servant-Madame uye akati wandei mimwe mienzaniso yecomedy opera genre (ona Hondo yaBuffon). Parutivi rweItaly Buffons yakave inyanzvi dzepamusoro dze "third estate" - Rousseau, Diderot. Kuchingamidza noushamwari uye kutsigira inherent opera buffa realistic. zvinhu, ivo panguva imwechete vakatsoropodza zvakanyanya kuenderana, kusagoneka kweFrench. adv. operas, mumiririri akajairika uyo, mumaonero avo, aive JF Rameau. Kugadzirwa kweanovandudza operas naKV Gluck muParis muma70s. yakashanda sechikonzero chegakava idzva (inonzi hondo yevaglukists uye picchinnists), umo hunhu hwepamusoro. nzira dzekutonga kweAustria. tenzi aipikisa basa rakapfava, rine mutinhimira remuItaly N. Piccinni. Kupesana kwemaonero uku kwairatidza matambudziko aishungurudza vanhu vakawanda veFrench. nzanga pamberi peGreat French. chimurenga.

piyona weGermany. K.m. muzana remakore rechi18. Ndaiva I. Mattheson - mhatsa dzakadzidza dzakasiyana-siyana. munyori, ane maonero akaumbwa pasi pesimba reFrench. uye Chirungu. Kuvhenekerwa kwekutanga. Muna 1722-25 akabudisa mimhanzi. magazini "Critica musica", uko kushandurwa kwechinyorwa chaRaguene pachiFrench chakaiswa. uye ital. music. Muna 1738, T. Scheibe akatanga kubudiswa kweimwe inokosha. yakadhindwa nhengo "Der Kritische Musicus" (yakabudiswa kusvika 1740). Achigovera misimboti yekuvhenekerwa aesthetics, akafunga "pfungwa nemasikirwo" sevatongi vepamusoro mudare. Scheibe akasimbisa kuti akange asiri kutaura nevaimbi chete, asi denderedzwa rakakura re "vasina kudzidza nevanhu vakadzidza." Kuchengetedza maitiro matsva mumimhanzi. kusika, iye, zvisinei, haana kunzwisisa basa raJS Bach uye haana kukoshesa nhoroondo yake. zvinoreva. F. Marpurg, pauzima uye nepfungwa yakabatana nevamiriri vayo vakatanhamara. kujekeswa GE Lessing naII Winkelman, rakabudiswa muna 1749-50 bhuku revhiki nevhiki. “Der Kritische Musicus an der Spree” (Lessing akanga ari mumwe wevashandi vemagazini yacho). Kusiyana neScheibe, Marpurg aikoshesa zvikuru JS Bach. nzvimbo yakakurumbira mairi. K.m. mu con. 18th century yakagarwa naKFD Schubart, mutsigiri weaesthetics yekunzwa uye kutaura, yakabatana neiyo Sturm und Drang kufamba. Kumamuses makuru. Vanyori veGermany pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18 ne19. yaiva yeIF Reichardt, mumaonero ayo maitiro ekujekesa rationalism akabatanidzwa nepre-romantic. maitiro. Mimhanzi-yakakosha yaive yakakosha. mabasa aF. Rochlitz, muvambi weAllgemeine Musikalische Zeitung nemupepeti wayo muna 1798-1819. Mutsigiri uye propagandist yeViennese classic. kuchikoro, aive mumwe wevashoma veGerman. vatsoropodzi avo panguva iyoyo vakakwanisa kunzwisisa kukosha kwebasa raL. Beethoven.

Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope muzana remakore rechi18. K.m. sekuzvimiririra. iyo indasitiri haisati yaumbwa, kunyangwe otd. Hurukuro dzinotsoropodza pamimhanzi (kazhinji mupepanhau renguva nenguva) dzeGreat Britain neItaly dzakagamuchira mhinduro huru kunze kwenyika idzi zvakare. Hongu, inopinza-satiric. Chirungu zvinyorwa. munyori-mudzidzisi J. Addison nezveItaly. opera, yakabudiswa mumagazini ake "The Spectator" ("Spectator", 1711-14) uye "The Guardian" ("Guardian", 1713), yakaratidza kuibva kwekuratidzira kwenat. bourgeoisie against vatorwa. kutonga mumimhanzi. C. Burney mumabhuku ake. "Mamiriro azvino emimhanzi muFrance neItaly" ("Mamiriro azvino emimhanzi muFrance neItaly", 1771) uye "Mamiriro azvino emimhanzi muGermany, Netherlands neUnited Provices", 1773) akapa hupamhi hwepanorama. Europe. hupenyu hwemimhanzi. Aya nemamwe mabhuku ake ane chiverengero chakati chokutsoropodza chine chinangwa chakanaka. mitongo pamusoro pevanyori nevatambi vakatanhamara, rarama, mifananidzo yemifananidzo uye hunhu.

Imwe yemuenzaniso wakanakisa wemimhanzi uye polemic. lit-ry 18 century. ibhuku raB. Marcello “Theatre in Fashion” (“Il Teatro alla moda”, 1720), umo kusanzwisisika kweItaly kunoburitswa pachena. opera series. Kutsoropodza kwemhando imwechete yakatsaurirwa. "Etude paOpera" ("Saggio sopra l opera mumimhanzi", 1755) Italian. mudzidzisi P. Algarotti.

Munguva ye romanticism semuses. vatsoropodzi vakawanda. vanyori vakatanhamara. Shoko rakadhindwa rakashanda kwavari senzira yokudzivirira nokusimbisa unyanzvi hwavo hwokusika. kuisirwa, kurwisa muitiro uye conservatism kana kuvaraidza kwepamusoro. maitiro kumimhanzi, tsananguro uye propaganda yemabasa makuru eunyanzvi echokwadi. ETA Hoffmann akagadzira mhando yemimhanzi hunhu hwerudo. nyaya pfupi, umo aesthetic. mitongo uye ongororo dzakapfekedzwa muchimiro chengano. arts. fiction. Pasinei nemafungiro ekunzwisisa kwaHoffmann mimhanzi se "inoda zvikuru pamitambo yose", nyaya yacho "isingagumi", mimhanzi yake inokosha. basa rakanga riri roukoshi hunofambira mberi zvikuru. Akasimudzira nemoyo wese J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, achifunga nezvebasa revatenzi ava iro rinonyanya kukosha remimhanzi. mhosva (kunyangwe akataura zvisiri izvo kuti "vanofema mweya mumwe chete werudo"), akashanda semurwi ane simba wemweya. Opera yeGerman uye, kunyanya, yakagamuchira kutaridzika kwe opera "The Magic Shooter" naWeber. KM Weber, uyo akabatanidzawo mumunhu wake munyori uye munyori ane tarenda, akanga ari pedyo naHoffmann mumaonero ake. Semutsoropodzi uye mushambadziri, haana kutarisisa kwete chete kusika, asiwo kune zvinoshanda. nyaya dzemimhanzi. hupenyu.

Padanho idzva renhoroondo yetsika yerudo. K.m. akaenderera mberi R. Schumann. Yakavambwa naye muna 1834, New Musical Journal (Neue Zeitschrift für Musik) yakava nhengo yemhirizhonga yemhando yepamusoro yemimhanzi, ichibatanidza boka revanyori vanofunga zvishoma nezvishoma vakazvikomberedza. Mukuedza kutsigira zvese zvitsva, zvidiki uye zvinogoneka, magazini yaSchumann yakarwa nepetty-bourgeois nhete-pfungwa, philistinism, chido chekunaka kwekunze kusvika pakukuvadza zvirimo. divi remumhanzi. Schumann akagamuchira noushamwari zvigadzirwa zvekutanga. F. Chopin, akanyora nenzwisiso yakadzama pamusoro paF. Schubert (kunyanya, akatanga kuratidza kukosha kwaSchubert semuimbi we symphonist), akakoshesa zvikuru Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony, uye pamagumo ehupenyu hwake akakwezva kutarisa kwemuses. madenderedzwa kune wechidiki I. Brahms.

Mumiririri mukuru weFrench romantic K. m. akanga ari G. Berlioz, uyo akatanga kudhindwa muna 1823. Saiye. romantics, akatsvaga kumisa maonero emimhanzi senzira yekuisa pfungwa dzakadzama, achisimbisa dzidzo yayo yakakosha. basa uye kurwisa kusafunga, hunhu hwehupenzi pazviri hwakanga hwatekeshera pakati pemaPhilistine bourgeoisie. madenderedzwa. Mumwe wevagadziri vechirongwa cherudo symphonism, Berlioz akafunga mimhanzi seyakakura uye yakapfuma hunyanzvi mune zvingangoita, iyo iyo nzvimbo yese yezviitiko zvechokwadi uye nyika yemweya yemunhu inowanikwa. Akabatanidza tsitsi dzake dzakasimba kune itsva nekuvimbika kune classic. pfungwa, kunyangwe zvisiri zvese zviri munhaka yemamuses. classicism yakakwanisa kunyatsonzwisisa uye kuongorora (semuenzaniso, kurwisa kwake kwakapinza kwaHaydn, kuzvidza basa rezvishandiso. Basa raMozart). Muenzaniso wepamusoro-soro, usingasvikiki waiva kwaari gamba reushingi. mhosva yaBeethoven, to-rum yakatsaurwa. kumwe kutsoropodza kwake kwakanakisisa. anoshanda. Berlioz akabata chizvarwa chechidiki nekufarira uye nehanya. zvikoro zvemimhanzi, aive wekutanga weapp. vatsoropodzi vakaonga unyanzvi hwakaisvonaka. zvinoreva, hutsva uye mavambo ebasa raMI Glinka.

Kuzvinzvimbo zveBerlioz semusesi. kutsoropodza kwaive kwakafanana mukutungamira kwayo kune zvinyorwa uye zvenhau zveF. Liszt mukutanga, "Parisian" nguva (1834-40). Akamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pechinzvimbo chemuimbi mune bourgeoisie. nzanga, yakashora kutsamira kwemhosva pa "bhegi remari", yakasimbirira pakudiwa kwemimhanzi yakawanda. dzidzo nekuvhenekerwa. Achisimbisa kubatana pakati perunako uye tsika, yakanaka chaizvo muunyanzvi uye hunhu hwepamusoro, Liszt akafunga mimhanzi se "simba rinobatanidza uye rinobatanidza vanhu kune mumwe nemumwe", richibatsira mukuvandudzika kwetsika dzevanhu. Muna 1849-60 Liszt akanyora akati wandei makuru muses. inoshanda yakabudiswa prem. maari. periodic press (kusanganisira mujenari raSchumann Neue Zeitschrift für Musik). Chinonyanya kukosha pakati pavo inyaya dzakatevedzana pamusoro pemitambo yeGluck, Mozart, Beethoven, Weber, Wagner, "Berlioz naHarold Symphony yake" ("Berlioz und seine Haroldsymphonie"), monographic. zvinyorwa paChopin naSchumann. Hunhu hunoshanda uye hunyanzvi. kutaridzika kwevanyori kunosanganiswa mune izvi zvinyorwa zvine ruzivo rwakadzama runako. mitongo. Saka, kuongororwa kweSimphony yaBerlioz "Harold in Italy" Liszt inotangira huzivi uye kunaka kukuru. chikamu chakatsaurirwa kuchengetedza uye kusimbisa software mumimhanzi.

Mumakore makumi matatu. 30th century yakatanga mimhanzi yake-yakakosha. chiitiko chaR. Wagner, zvinyorwa to-rogo zvakaburitswa muna Zvita. Nhengo dzeGermany. uye French periodic print. Zvinzvimbo zvake mukuongorora kwezviitiko zvikuru zvemuses. nguva dzazvino dzaive pedyo nemaonero aBerlioz, Liszt, Schumann. Iyo yakanyanya kusimba uye ine zvibereko yakavhenekerwa. Zvakaitwa naWagner mushure me19, apo pasi pesimba rekuchinja. zviitiko, munyori akatsvaka kunzwisisa nzira dzekuwedzera kufambira mberi kweunyanzvi, nzvimbo yayo uye kukosha mune ramangwana revanhu vakasununguka, izvo zvinofanirwa kumuka pamatongo eunyanzvi hunotyisa. kusika kwe capitalism. building. MuArt and Revolution ( Die Kunst und die Revolution ), Wagner akapfuurira kubva panzvimbo yokuti “chinjo huru bedzi yavanhu vose inogona kupazve unyanzvi hwechokwadi.” Gare gare kubatidzwa. Mabhuku aWagner, ayo airatidza kupokana kuri kukura kwezvemagariro ake neuzivi uye aesthetic. maonero, haana kuita mupiro unofambira mberi mukuvandudzwa kwekutsoropodza. pfungwa pamusoro pemimhanzi.

Zvisikwa. zvekufarira zvirevo pamusoro pemimhanzi nevamwe vanyori vakakurumbira ve1st floor. uye ser. Zana remakore rechi19 (O. Balzac, J. Sand, T. Gauthier muFrance; JP Richter muGermany). Sekutsoropodza kwemimhanzi kwakaitwa naG. Heine. Tsamba yake ine hupenyu uye nehungwaru nezve Muses. Hupenyu hweParisian mu30s uye 40s inonakidza uye yakakosha gwaro ideological uye aesthetic. kukakavara kwenguva. Mudetembi akatsigira noushamwari mavari vamiririri vemhando yepamusoro yerudo. mafambiro emimhanzi - Chopin, Berlioz, Liszt, nechido akanyora pamusoro pekuita kwaN. Paganini uye akakonzera kukanganisa uye kusava nehanya kwe "commercial" art, yakagadzirirwa kugutsa zvido zve bourgeoisie shoma. paruzhinji.

Muzana remakore rechi19 kuwedzera zvakanyanya kuwanda kwemimhanzi-yakakosha. basa, pesvedzero yaro pamimhanzi inowedzerwa. tsika. Kune akati wandei enhengo dzakakosha dzeK.m., to-rye dzaiwanzobatanidzwa neimwe kugadzira. vakadungamidzana ndokupinda mumakakatanwa pakati pavo. Zviitiko zvemimhanzi. hupenyu kuwana hwakafara uye hwakarongeka. fungidziro mumapepanhau.

Pakati peprofes. vatsoropodzi vemimhanzi muFrance vanouya mberi muma20s. AJ Castile-Blaz naFJ Fetis, avo vakatanga magazini muna 1827. "La revue musicale". Munyori wemaduramazwi akatanhamara uye muzivi wenziyo dzekare, Fetis akanga ari muitiro. zvinzvimbo mukuongororwa kwezviitiko zvemazuva ano. Akatenda kuti kubva panguva yekupedzisira yebasa raBeethoven, mimhanzi yakanga yatanga nzira yenhema, uye yakaramba budiriro itsva yaChopin, Schumann, Berlioz, Liszt. Nechimiro chemaonero ake, Fetis akanga ari pedyo naP. Scudo, uyo, zvisinei, akanga asina fundo inokosha. dzidziso yewakamutangira.

Mukusiyana negwara rinochengetedza re "La revue musicale" naFetis, muna 1834 "Paris musical newspaper" ("La Gazette musicale de Paris", kubva muna 1848 - "Revue et Gazette musicale") yakagadzirwa, iyo yakabatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana. of muses. kana T. manhamba akatsigira hunyanzvi hwekusika. anotsvaga mudare. Inova nhengo yekurwa yekufambira mberi kwerudo. Imwe nzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera yakagarwa nejenali. Ménestrel, yakabudiswa kubvira 1833.

muGermany kubvira kuma20s. 19th century gakava rinoitika pakati pe "General Musical Gazette" yakabudiswa muLeipzig uye "Berlin General Musical Gazette" ("Berliner Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung", 1824-30), iyo yaitungamirirwa nemitambo mikuru. theorist wenguva iyoyo, anoyemura zvikuru basa raBeethoven uye mumwe wevatambi vane simba zvikuru verudo. chirongwa symphonism AB Marx. Ch. Marx akarangarira basa rokutsoropodza sorutsigiro rwechitsva chinoberekwa muupenyu; pamusoro pezvikumbiro zvekugadzirwa kunofanira, maererano naye, kutongwa "kwete nemaitiro ekare, asi zvichibva pamazano uye maonero enguva yavo." Zvichienderana nehuchenjeri hwaG. Hegel, akadzivirira pfungwa yekugadzika kwemaitiro ekusimudzira nekuvandudza ari kuramba achiitika muhunyanzvi. Mumwe wevamiriri vakakurumbira vekufambira mberi kwerudo. KF Brendel, uyo muna 1844 akazova mutsivi waSchumann semupepeti weNew Musical Journal, aive muimbi wekuGermany wemimhanzi.

Mupikisi akasimba werudo. aesthetics yemimhanzi akanga ari E. Hanslick, uyo akatora nzvimbo inotungamirira muAustria. K.m. 2nd floor. 19th century Maonero ake ekunaka akaiswa mubhuku. "Pamusoro peMumhanzi Wakanaka" ("Vom Musikalisch-Schönen", 1854), izvo zvakakonzera mhinduro dzakaipa munyika dzakasiyana. Zvichienderana nekunzwisisa kwemumhanzi semutambo, Hanslick akaramba musimboti wekuronga uye rudo. iyo pfungwa ye synthesis ye art-in. Aiva nemafungiro akaipa kwazvo pamusoro pebasa raLiszt naWagner, pamwe chete nevanyori vakagadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvemaitiro avo (A. Bruckner). Panguva imwe cheteyo, aiwanzotaura kutsoropodza kwakadzama uye kwechokwadi. mitongo yaipesana nerunako rwake rwese. zvinzvimbo. Pavanyori vekare, Hanslik ainyanya kukoshesa Bach, Handel, Beethoven, uye vepanguva yake - J. Brahms naJ. Bizet. Erudition yakakura, inopenya. tarenda uye kupinza kwekufunga kwakasarudza chiremera chepamusoro uye pesvedzero yaHanslik semuses. kushoropodzwa.

Mukudzivirira Wagner naBruckner pakurwiswa naHanslik, akataura muma80s. X. Wolf. Zvinyorwa zvake, zvine mutsindo mukutaura, zvine zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakarerekera uye zvakarerekera (kunyanya, kurwisa kwaWolf pamusoro peBrahms kwakanga kusina kunaka), asi zvinoratidzira seimwe yezviratidziro zvekupikisa kuConservative Hanslicianism.

Pakati pemimhanzi inopokana 2nd floor. 19th century raive basa raWagner. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuongorora kwake kwakabatana nemubvunzo wakakura wezvenzira uye tarisiro yekuvandudzwa kwemuses. mhosva. Kukakavadzana uku kwakawana unhu hune dutu muFrench. K. m., kwaakagara kwehafu yezana, kubva kuma50s. 19th century kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20. Kutanga kwesangano re "anti-Wagner" muFrance raive pepa rinonakidza reFetis (1852), iro rakazivisa basa reGerman. munyori nechigadzirwa che“mweya wakaora mwoyo” wenguva itsva. Iyo imwechete isina mhedzisiro nzvimbo isina kunaka maererano naWagner yakatorwa neane chiremera French. vatsoropodzi L. Escudier naScyudo. Wagner akadzivirirwa nevatsigiri vehunyanzvi hutsva. mariri kwete mumimhanzi chete, asiwo mumabhuku nekupenda. Muna 1885, "Wagner Journal" ("Revue wagnerienne") yakasikwa, iyo, pamwe chete nemitambo yakakurumbira. vatsoropodzi T. Vizeva, S. Malerbom nevamwe vakapindawo mune vamwe vakawanda. vanyori nevanyori veFrance vane mukurumbira, kusanganisira. P. Verlaine, S. Mallarmé, J. Huysmans. Kugadzira uye hunyanzvi. Misimboti yaWagner yakaongororwa nekukumbira ruregerero mubhuku rino. Mumakore ekuma90 chete, maererano naR. Rolland, "kuitwa kunopesana nehudzvanyiriri kutsva kunotsanangurwa" uye kudzikama, kudzikama, kungwara kwemaonero enhaka yemugadziri mukuru anomuka.

MuchiItaly. K.m. kukakavara kwaitenderera padambudziko reWagner-Verdi. Mumwe wevakatanga kuparadzira mashoko ekugadzira kwaWagner muItaly aiva A. Boito, uyo akaonekwa mumapepanhau muma60s. Vanonyanya kuona vevatsoropodzi veItaly (F. Filippi, G. Depanis) vakakwanisa kuyananisa iyi "gakava" uye, vachipa mutero kune zvitsva zvakabudirira zveWagner, panguva imwechete yakadzivirira nzira yakasununguka yenyika yekuvandudzwa kweRussia. opera.

"Dambudziko reWagnerian" rakakonzera kurwisana kukuru uye kurwisana pakati pekuora. maonero mune dzimwe nyika. Ngwariro huru yakabhadharwa kwairi muchiNgezi. K.m., kunyangwe pano yanga isina kukosha kwakadai senge muFrance neItaly, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwenyika yakasimukira. tsika mumunda wenziyo. kusika. Vazhinji vevatsoropodzi vechiRungu ser. 19th century yakamira pazvinzvimbo zvepakati bapiro rayo. romantics (F. Mendelssohn, chikamu Schumann). Imwe yevakanyanya kusarudza. Vashori vaWagner vaiva J. Davison, uyo muna 1844-85 akatungamirira magazini inonzi “Musical World” (“Musical World”). Mukupesana nezviri kuitika muchirungu. K.m. Conservative maitiro, piano uye muses. munyori E. Dunreiter akataura muma70s. semutsigiri anoshingaira wekugadzira kutsva. mariri uye, pamusoro pezvose, mimhanzi yaWagner. Kukosha kunofambira mberi kwaiva kuita kwemimhanzi-yakakosha yaB. Shaw, uyo akanyora muna 1888-94 pamimhanzi mujenari. “Nyeredzi” (“Nyeredzi”) uye “Nyika” (“Nyika”). Aiyemura zvikuru Mozart naWagner, akanyomba mudzidzi anochengeta tsika. pedantry uye kurerekera zvine chekuita nechero chiitiko chemuses. mhosva.

Mu K.m. 19 - kutanga. Zana remakore rechi20 rinoratidza chido chiri kukura chevanhu chekuda kuzvitonga uye kutaura kwerudzi rwavo. arts. tsika. Yakatangwa naB. Smetana kumashure kuma60s. kurwira rusununguko. nat. Nzira yekuvandudza yeCzech. mimhanzi yakaenderera mberi naO. Gostinskiy, Z. Neyedly nevamwe. Muvambi weCzech. Musicology Gostinskiy, pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwemabasa anokosha panhoroondo yemimhanzi uye aesthetics, akaita semuimbi. mutsoropodzi mujenari “Dalibor”, “Hudebnn Listy” (“Music Sheets”). Shasha yesainzi uye wezvematongerwo enyika. nhamba, Neyedly aiva munyori wevakawanda mimhanzi-yakakosha. mabasa, umo akakurudzira basa raSmetana, Z. Fibich, B. Förster nevamwe vatenzi vakuru veCzech. music. Mimhanzi-yakakosha. yave ichishanda kubva kuma80s. Muzana remakore rechi19 L. Janacek, akarwira kuswedera pedyo uye kubatana kwemimhanzi yeSlavic. tsika.

Pakati pevatsoropodzi vePolish, 2nd hafu. 19th century inoreva zvakanyanya. nhamba ndiYu. Sikorsky, M. Karasovsky, Ya. Klechinsky. Muchiziviso chake uye zvesayenzi uye zvemimhanzi, vakanyatsocherechedza basa raChopin. Sikorsky osn. muna 1857 magazini. "Ruch Muzyczny" ("Musical Way"), iyo yakava Ch. mutumbi wePolish K.m. Basa rinokosha mukurwira nat. Mimhanzi yePolish yakaridzwa nemimhanzi-yakakosha. mabasa aZ. Noskovsky.

Shamwari yaLiszt naF. Erkel, K. Abranyi muna 1860 osn. chiridzwa chekutanga chekuimba muHungary. magazini yeZenészeti Lapok, pamapeji ayo akadzivirira zvaidiwa nevaHungary. nat. music culture. Panguva imwecheteyo, akakurudzira basa raChopin, Berlioz, Wagner, achitenda kuti Hungarian. mimhanzi inofanira kukura yakabatana nepamusoro-soro yeEuropean. kufamba kwemimhanzi.

Mabasa aE. Grieg semuimbi. kutsoropodza kwakanga kwakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki nokukwira kwose kwose kwesangano renyika. arts. Norwegian tsika mu con. 19th century uye nemvumo yekukosha kwenyika kweNorwegian. music. Kudzivirira nzira dzekutanga dzekusimudzira nyika dzemadzibaba. kumatare, Grieg aive mutorwa kune chero rudzi rwerudzi. miganhu. Akaratidza kufara uye kusasarura kwekutonga maererano nezvose zvinokosha zvechokwadi uye zvechokwadi mubasa revanyori vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. nzira uye dzakasiyana dzenyika. accessories. Noruremekedzo rukuru uye tsitsi akanyora pamusoro paSchumann, Wagner, G. Verdi, A. Dvorak.

Muzana remakore rechi20 K.m. kune matambudziko matsva ane chokuita nekudiwa kwekunzwisisa uye kuongorora kuchinja kuri kuitika mumunda wemimhanzi. kusika uye mimhanzi. hupenyu, mukunzwisisa chaiko kwemabasa emimhanzi seunyanzvi. Vagadziri vatsva. mirayiridzo, senguva dzose, yakakonzera kukakavara kukuru uye kupesana kwemaonero. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19-20. gakava rinoitika pamusoro pebasa raC. Debussy, richisvika kumugumo. mapoinzi mushure mekutanga kwe opera yake Pelléas et Mélisande (1902). Kukakavadzana uku kwakava nekukurumidzira kukuru muFrance, asi kukosha kwayo kwakapfuura zvisikwa. zvinofarirwa nemimhanzi yeFrance. Vatsoropodzi vakarumbidza opera yaDebussy semutambo wekutanga wemumhanzi wechiFrench (P. Lalo, L. Lalua, L. de La Laurencie), vakasimbisa kuti munyori anoenda oga. nenzira yakasiyana neyaWagner. Mubasa raDebussy, sezvakataurwa nevazhinji vavo, kuguma kwakawanikwa. Kusunungurwa kweFrench. mimhanzi kubva kwaari. uye pesvedzero yeAustria iyo yakabata pamusoro payo kwemakumi emakore akati wandei. Debussy pachake semuimbi. mutsoropodzi agara achidzivirira nat. tsika, kubva kuna F. Couperin naJF Rameau, uye vakaona nzira yekumutsiridza kwechokwadi kweFrench. mimhanzi mukuramba zvese zvakatemerwa kubva kunze.

Nzvimbo yakakosha muFrench K. m. pakutanga. 20th century inogarwa naR. Rolland. Kuve mumwe wevakwikwidzi ve "nyika mimhanzi kuvandudzwa", akataura zvakare chiFrench chekuzvarwa. mimhanzi maficha eelitism, kuparadzaniswa kwayo kubva kune zvinofarirwa nevanhu vakawanda. wt. "Chero zvingataurwa nevatungamiri vanozvikudza vemimhanzi yeFrance," Rolland akanyora, "hondo haisati yakundwa uye haisati yakundwa kusvikira zvido zvekuchinja kwevanhu vose, kusvikira zvisungo zvadzorerwa zvinofanira kubatanidza vakasarudzwa pamusoro pevakasarudzwa. rudzi nevanhu… ". Mune opera Pelléas et Mélisande naDebussy, mumaonero ake, rutivi rumwe chete rweFrench rwakaratidzwa. nat. nyanzvi: "kune rumwe rutivi rweiyi nyanzvi, iyo isingamiririrwi pano zvachose, inyanzvi yeugamba, udhakwa, kuseka, chido chechiedza." Imwe nyanzvi uye mufungi wevanhu, mutongi wedemokrasi, Rolland aive mutsigiri weunyanzvi, hunosimbisa hupenyu, hwakabatana zvakanyanya nehupenyu hwevanhu. Heroic ndiyo yaive yaaida. basa raBeethoven.

In con. 19 - kupemha. Zana ramakore rechi20 rinova rinozivikanwa zvakafara muMadokero, basa raRus. vanyori. A akati wandei akakurumbira zarub. vatsoropodzi (kusanganisira Debussy) vaidavira kuti akanga Russian. mimhanzi inofanira kupa zvibereko zvinokurudzira kuvandudzwa kweEurope yose. mhanzi mhosva. Kana muna 80s uye 90s. 19th century kuwanikwa kusingatarisirwe kune akawanda app. vaimbi vakagadzirwa. MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, MA Balakirev, AP Borodin, ipapo makore maviri kana matatu gare gare mabheti eIF Stravinsky akakwezva kutarisa. Zvigadzirwa zvavo zveParisian pakutanga. 1910s inoshanduka kuva "chiitiko chezuva" chikuru uye chinokonzera nharo huru mumagazini nemapepanhau. E. Vuyermoz akanyora muna 1912 kuti Stravinsky “akanga aine nzvimbo munhau yemimhanzi zvokuti hapana aigona zvino kupokana.” Mumwe wevanonyanya kushingaira vatsigiri veRussia. mimhanzi muchiFrench neChirungu. Muchina wekudhinda waiva M. Calvocoressi.

Kuvamiriri vakakurumbira vedzimwe nyika. K.m. 20 remakore. ndezvaP. Becker, X. Mersman, A. Einstein (Germany), M. Graf, P. Stefan (Austria), K. Belleg, K. Rostand, Roland-Manuel (France), M. Gatti, M. Mila ( Italy), E. Newman, E. Blom (Great Britain), O. Downes (USA). Muna 1913, pakatanga Becker, German Union yakasikwa. vatsoropodzi vemimhanzi (vakavapo kusvika 1933), basa rayo rakanga riri rekuwedzera chiremera nebasa raK. Propaganda yemaitiro matsva emimhanzi. okugadzira zvinhu zvakatsaurirwa. magazini inoti “Musikblätter des Anbruch” (Austria, 1919-28, muna 1929-37 yakaoneka pasi pomusoro unoti “Anbruch”), “Melos” (Germany, 1920-34 uye kubvira muna 1946). Vatsoropodzi ava vakatora nzvimbo dzakasiyana maererano nezviitiko zvemuses. mazuva ano. Mumwe wevakatanga propagand vebasa raR. Strauss muchiRungu. Dhinda Newman aitsoropodza zvakawanda zvebasa revanyori vezera diki. Einstein akasimbisa kukosha kwekuenderera mberi mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi uye akatenda kuti izvo chete zvitsva zvinotsvaga zvakakosha uye zvinogoneka, izvo zvine tsigiro yakasimba mutsika dzakagarwa kubva kare. Pakati pevamiririri ve "mimhanzi mitsva" yezana remakore rechi20. aikoshesa P. Hindemith zvakanyanya. Kufara kwemaonero, kusavapo kwekusarerekera kweboka kune yakadzika muz.-theory. uye nhoroondo erudition inoratidza zviitiko zvaMersman, aive munhu anotungamira mairi. K.m. mu20s uye kutanga. 30s

Means. pesvedzero pamimhanzi-yakakosha. akafunga nezvenyika dzinoverengeka dzeEurope mune ser. Muzana remakore rechi20 T. Adorno akaratidza kuti mumaonero ayo maitiro ehupenzi hwemagariro evanhu anosanganiswa nemafungiro eelitist uye kusava netariro kwakadzika kwevanhu. Kutsoropodza "mass culture" bourgeois. nzanga, Adorno aidavira kuti unyanzvi hwechokwadi hunogona kunzwisiswa chete nedenderedzwa nhete yevanyanzvi vakanatswa. Mamwe emabasa ake anotsoropodza anosiyaniswa nehungwaru hukuru nekupinza kwekuongorora. Nokudaro, iye akatendeka uye nekupinda anoratidza nheyo yepfungwa yebasa reSchoenberg, Berg, Webern. Panguva imwecheteyo, Adorno akaramba zvachose kukosha kwemasimusi makuru. masters ezana ramakore rechi20 vasingagoverane zvinzvimbo zvechikoro chitsva cheViennese.

Izvo zvisina kunaka zvemazuva ano K. m. mitongo yavo kazhinji ine rusaruro nerusaruro, kazhinji vanotendeukira kukurwisa nemaune, kunokatyamadza kurwisa otd. vanhu kana maonero. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, inyaya yaStuckenschmidt inonakidza inoti “Music Against the Ordinary Man” (“Musik gegen Jedermann”, 1955), iyo ine dambudziko rakapinza. kupinza chiratidzo cheaelitist maonero eunyanzvi.

Munyika dzesosharisiti K. m. inoshanda senzira yekunakisa. dzidzo yevanhu vanoshanda uye kurwisana kwekugadzwa kwenheyo dzepamusoro, communist. ideology, nyika uye realism mumhanzi. Vatsoropodzi inhengo dzemibatanidzwa yevanyori uye vanotora chikamu chinoshingaira muhurukuro yekugadzira. nyaya uye misa art.-basa rekudzidzisa. Yakagadzira mimhanzi mitsva. , pamapeji ayo zviitiko zvenziyo dzazvino uno zvinofukidzwa nenzira ine nhevedzano. life, rakabudiswa dzidziso. zvinyorwa, nhaurirano dziri kuitika pamusoro pezvinetso zvemusoro zvebudiriro yemazuva ano. music. Mune dzimwe nyika (Bulgaria, Romania, Cuba) inokosha. Mumhanzi wenhau wakamuka chete mushure mekugadzwa kwesocialist. building. Main Nhengo dze K. m. Poland - "Ruch Muzyczny" ("Musical Way"), Romania - "Muzica", Czechoslovakia - "Hudebhi rozhledy" ("Musical Review"), Yugoslavia - "Sound". Mukuwedzera, kune magazini emhando yemhando yakatsaurirwa kudhipatimendi. maindasitiri emimhanzi. tsika. Saka, muCzechoslovakia, magazini matanhatu emimhanzi akasiyana anoburitswa, muGDR 6.

Kutanga kwe K.m. muRussia ndeyezana remakore rechi18. Muhurumende yepamutemo. gasi. "Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti" uye appendix yayo ("Notes on the Vedomosti") kubvira ku30s. akadhindwa mashoko pamusoro pezviitiko zvemimhanzi yeguta guru. hupenyu - nezvemitambo yeopera, nezvemhemberero inoperekedzwa nemimhanzi. mhemberero nemitambo padare uye mudzimba dzevanokudzwa varistocracy. Kazhinji, aya aive manyoro mapfupi ezvinyorwa zvine ruzivo chete. hunhu. Asi zvinyorwa zvakakura zvakaonekwawo, zvichitsvaga chinangwa chekuziva chiRussian. pachena nemhando itsva dzeunyanzvi kwaari. Iyi ndiyo nyaya inoti “Pamitambo inonyadzisa, kana makomedhi nenjodzi” (1733), iyo yaivawo neruzivo nezve opera, uye chinyorwa chakazara chaJ. ye "Zvinyorwa paVedomosti" ye18.

Mu 2nd floor. 18 zana, kunyanya mumakumi emakumi emakore apfuura, maererano nekukura kwemuses. hupenyu muRussia mukudzika uye hupamhi, ruzivo pamusoro payo muSt. Mitambo ye "yemahara" t-ditch, uye yakavhurika makonzati eruzhinji, uye chikamu chikamu cheimba yekugadzira mimhanzi yakawira mumunda wekuona mapepanhau aya. Mharidzo pamusoro pavo dzimwe nguva dzaiperekedzwa nelaconic evaluative comments. Hurukuro dzekwababa dzainyanya kucherechedzwa. vatambi.

Mamwe emasangano edemocracy. Russian journalism mune con. Zana remakore rechi18 rakatsigira jaya reRussia. chikoro chevanyori, vachipesana nekuregeredza. maonero ake kune anokudzwa-aristocracy. madenderedzwa. Zvinyorwa naPA Plavilytsikov mujenari rakabudiswa naIA Krylov zvine mutsindo mukutaura. "Mutariri" (1792). Kunongedzera kumikana yakapfuma inowanikwa muRussia. nar. rwiyo, munyori wezvinyorwa izvi anoshora zvakanyanya kuyemurwa kwebofu kwevanhu vepamusoro-soro kune zvese zvekune dzimwe nyika uye kusafarira kwayo, zvemumba. “Kudai waida kuongorora zvakafanira uye nokufunga kwakafanira mune zvako,” anodaro Plavilshchikov, “vaizowana chimwe chinhu chokuyemura, vaizowana chimwe chinhu chokutendera; vangadai vakawana chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa kunyange vatorwa pachavo. Muchimiro chechinyorwa chekufungidzira, zvibvumirano zveItaly opera, chiyero uye chisina chinhu chirimo che libretto yaro, uye mativi akashata eanokudzwa dilettantism akasekwa.

Pakutanga. 19th yezana rinowedzera zvakanyanya huwandu hwakazara hwekukosha. mabhuku pamusoro pemimhanzi. Mn. mapepanhau nemagazini anoburitsa ongororo yezvakagadzirwa zveopera nemakonzati neongororo yezvakagadzirwa zvacho. uye kuurayiwa kwavo, monographic. zvinyorwa pamusoro peRussia uye zarub. vanyori uye maartist, ruzivo nezvezviitiko kunze kwenyika. hupenyu hwemimhanzi. Pakati peavo vanonyora pamusoro pemimhanzi, nhamba dzechiyero chikuru, nehupamhi hwemimhanzi, inoiswa mberi. uye maonero ose etsika. Mumakumi maviri emakore ezana ramakore rechi 2. anotanga mimhanzi yake-yakakosha. chiitiko cheAD Ulybyshev, pakutanga. 19s inoonekwa mumapepanhau BF Odoevsky. Nekusiyana kwese mumaonero avo, vese vari vaviri vakaswedera pakuongororwa kwemamusi. zviitiko nezvinodiwa zvehuwandu hwepamusoro, kudzika uye simba rekutaura, kushora zvisina kufunga hedonistic. mafungiro kwaari. Mukuitika muma20s. Mukukakavadzana pakati pe "Rossinists" ne "Mozartists", Ulybyshev naOdoevsky vakanga vari kudivi rekupedzisira, vachipa zvido kune munyori akangwara we "Don Giovanni" pamusoro pe "Rossini inofadza". Asi Odoevsky ainyanya kuyemura Beethoven se“mukuru wevanyori vatsva vezviridzwa. Akataura kuti "neSimphony yaBeethoven yechi20, nyika itsva yemimhanzi inotanga." Mumwe weBeethoven anoramba achiparadzira propagand muRussia aivewo D. Yu. Struysky (Trilunny). Pasinei nekuti basa raBeethoven rakaonekwa navo kuburikidza neprism yerudo. aesthetics, vakakwanisa kunyatsoziva zvisikwa zvayo zvakawanda. mativi uye kukosha munhoroondo yemimhanzi.

Nyaya huru dzakatarisana neRussia K. m., pakanga paine mubvunzo nezve nat. chikoro chemimhanzi, mabviro ayo uye nzira dzekusimudzira. Kare muna 1824, Odoevsky akacherechedza mavambo eAN Verstovsky's cantatas, iyo yakanga isina "yakaoma pedantry yechikoro cheGermany" kana "mvura yeItaly ine shuga". Mubvunzo wakaoma zvikuru ndewezvimiro zveRussia. zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvakatanga kukurukurwa maererano nechinzvimbo. opera yaIvan Susanin yakaitwa naGlinka muna 1836. Odoevsky kwenguva yokutanga nokutsunga kwose akataura kuti neopera yaGlinka “chinhu chitsva muunyanzvi chakaonekwa uye nguva itsva inotanga munhoroondo: nguva yemimhanzi yokuRussia.” Muchigadzirwa ichi, kukosha kwenyika yeRussia kwakaonekwa nehungwaru. mimhanzi, inozivikanwa pasi rose mu con. Muzana remakore rechi19 Kugadzirwa kwe“Ivan Susanin” kwakaita kuti pave nokukurukurirana pamusoro pechiRussian. chikoro mumimhanzi uye hukama hwayo kune dzimwe nyika. zvikoro zvemimhanzi NA Melgunov, Ya. M. Neverov, to-rye yakabvumirana (kunyanya uye inonyanya kukosha) nekuongorora kwaOdoevsky. Kuramba kwakasimba kubva kune vanofambira mberi muRussia. Iye K.m. zvakakonzerwa nekuedza kuderedza kukosha kwe opera yaGlinka, yakabva kuFV Bulgarin, uyo akataura maonero ezvakaita. monarchic. madenderedzwa. Kunyanya kukakavara kwakamuka kwakapoteredza opera "Ruslan naLyudmila" pakutanga. 40s Pakati pevadziviriri vakasimba veGlinka yechipiri opera zvakare zvakare Odoevsky, pamwe neanozivikanwa mutori wenhau uye orientalist OI Senkovsky, ane zvigaro zvaiwanzopesana uye kazhinji zvisingaenderani. Panguva imwecheteyo, kukosha kwaRuslan naLyudmila hakuna kunyatsofarirwa neruzhinji rwevatsoropodzi seRussia. Nar.-epic. operas. Kutanga kwemakakatanwa pamusoro pehukuru hwe "Ivan Susanin" kana "Ruslan naLyudmila" yakatanga kusvika panguva ino, iyo inoputika nesimba rakanyanya mumakumi maviri emakore anotevera.

Tsitsi dzokuMadokero dzakadzivisa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwetsika. midzi yekuvandudzwa kwaGlinka kumutsoropodzi akadzidza zvakanyanya saVP Botkin. Kana zvakataurwa naBotkin pamusoro paBeethoven, Chopin, Liszt aiva nekufambira mberi pasina mubvunzo uye ainzwisisa uye anoona kure kwenguva iyoyo, saka maererano nebasa raGlinka nzvimbo yake yakave isina kujeka uye isinganzwisisiki. Achipa mutero kune tarenda uye hunyanzvi hwaGlinka, Botkin akafunga nezvekuyedza kwake kugadzira chiRussian. nat. opera yakakundikana.

Famous. nguva mukuvandudzwa kweRussia. K.m. vaiva 60s. 19th century Kuwedzera kwemimhanzi. tsika, inokonzerwa nekukura kwedemokrasi. societies. kufamba uye pedyo burzh. shanduko, to-rye yakamanikidzwa kuita hurumende yetsarist, kusimudzirwa kwekupenya kutsva uye nzira. masikirwo emasikirwo, kuumbwa kwezvikoro uye mafambiro ane zvinonyatsozivikanwa aesthetic. chikuva - izvi zvese zvakashanda sechikurudzira chebasa repamusoro remimhanzi-yakakosha. pfungwa. Munguva iyi, mabasa evatsoropodzi vakakurumbira vakadai saAN Serov naVV Stasov akazaruka, Ts. A. Cui naGA Laroche vakabuda mumapepanhau. Mimhanzi-yakakosha. Kombiyuta yaiitawo mabasa. PI Tchaikovsky, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Zvakajairika kwavari vese vaive dzidziso uye kuziva. kudzivirira zvido zvemadzibaba. mhanzi mhosva mukurwisa icharegeredzwa. mafungiro evakuru vakuru vehurumende kwaari. madenderedzwa uye kusakoshesa kana kusanzwisisa kwenhoroondo yakatanhamara. Russian zvinoreva mimhanzi chikoro vatsoropodzi vemusasa unochengetedza (FM Tolstoy - Rostislav, AS Famintsyn). Combat publicist. inzwi rinosanganiswa muK.m. ye60s. nechishuwo chekuvimba nehuzivi hwakasimba uye hwekunaka. basics. Panyaya iyi, chiRussia chepamusoro chakashanda semuenzaniso wayo. lit. kutsoropodza uye, pamusoro pezvose, basa reBelinsky. Serov aifunga izvi paakanyora kuti: “Zvinoita here, zvishoma nezvishoma, kurovedza veruzhinji kuti vawirirane nendima yemimhanzi nemitambo nechiyero chine musoro uye chakavhenekerwa icho chave chichishandiswa mumabhuku eRussia kwemakumi emakore uye kutsoropodzwa kwezvinyorwa zveRussia. yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya. " Achitevera Serov, Tchaikovsky akanyora nezve kudikanwa kwe "kutsoropodza kwemumhanzi zvine musoro-uzivi" zvichibva pa "zvakasimba zvekunaka." Stasov aiva muteveri akasimba weRussia. revolutionary Democrats uye vakagovana misimboti yechokwadi. aesthetics yeChernyshevsky. Makona emakona e "New Russian School of Music", achienderera mberi netsika dzeGlinka naDargomyzhsky, akafunga nezvevanhu uye chokwadi. Mukukakavadzana kwemimhanzi mu60s yakatarisana kwete maDOS maviri chete. Nzira dzeRussia. mimhanzi - inofambira mberi uye inoita, asi kusiyana kwenzira mukati memusasa wayo unofambira mberi kwakaratidzwa zvakare. Solidarizing mukuongorora kukosha kweGlinka semuvambi weRussia. zvikoro zvemumhanzi zvemhando yepamusoro, mukucherechedza Nar. nziyo semabviro emhando dzakasiyana dzenyika dzechikoro ichi uye mune akati wandei mamwe akakosha nyaya, vamiriri vepamusoro K.m. ye60s. vakapesana pazvinhu zvakawanda. Cui, aive mumwe wevashambadziri ve "Mighty Handful", aiwanzoita nihilistic. hukama kune dzimwe nyika mimhanzi yekare yenguva ye-pre-Beethoven, yakanga isina kururama kuna Tchaikovsky, yakaramba Wagner. Pane zvakasiyana, Laroche akaonga zvikuru Tchaikovsky, asi akataura zvakaipa nezvekugadzirwa. Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov uye aishora basa revamwe vakawanda. zarub yakanaka. vanyori venguva yepashure-Beethoven. Kwakawanda kwekusawirirana uku, uko kwakave kwakanyanya panguva yekurwira zvakanyanya chimwe chinhu chitsva, kwakagadziridzwa uye kwakarasika kukosha kwazvo nekufamba kwenguva. Cui, muupenyu hwake hwaiderera, akabvuma kuti zvinyorwa zvake zvapakuvamba “zvinosiyaniswa nokupinza kworutongeso nenzwi, kupenya kwakanyanyisa kwemavara, kusarudzwa uye zvirevo zvinokurumidza.”

Muma60s. zvinyorwa zvekutanga zve ND Kashkin zvakabuda mukudhindwa, asi zvakarongeka. chimiro chemimhanzi yake.-yakakosha. chiitiko chakawanikwa mumakumi emakore ekupedzisira ezana remakore rechi19. Kutonga kwaKashkin kwakasiyaniswa nekudzikama kwakadzikama uye kuenzanisa toni. Mutorwa kune chero rudzi rwekufungidzira kweboka, airemekedza zvikuru basa raGlinka, Tchaikovsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov uye airamba achirwira kuiswa mumusangano. uye theatre. mimhanzi yekugadzira tsika. vatenzi ava, uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. akagamuchira kubuda kwevanyori vatsva vakajeka (SV Rachmaninov, mudiki AN Skryabin). Pakutanga. 80s muMoscow mudzidzi waRimsky-Korsakov uye shamwari SN Kruglikov vakataura nevatori venhau. Mutsigiri anoshingaira wemafungiro uye kugadzirwa kweMighty Handful, munguva yekutanga yebasa rake akaratidza rusaruro pakuongorora Tchaikovsky nevamwe vamiririri vechikoro che "Moscow", asi izvi zvakakundwa naye. , matongero ake okutsoropodza akawedzera uye akawedzera chinangwa.

Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kwaive kwemimhanzi yeRussia inguva yekuchinja kukuru uye kurwa kwakanyanya pakati pevatsva nevakuru. Kutsoropodza hakuna kuramba kwakasiyana nekugadzirwa kunoenderera mberi. maitiro uye nekushingaira kutora chikamu mukurwisana decomp. ideological uye aesthetic. nzira. Kubuda kwekupedzisira kweScriabin, kutanga kwekusika. zviitiko zveStravinsky naSS Prokofiev zvakaperekedzwa nekukakavadzana kukuru, kazhinji kuparadzanisa muses. rugare mumisasa ine ruvengo rusingawirirane. Imwe yeakanyanya kugutsikana uye kutevera. VG Karatygin, muimbi akanyatsodzidza, ane tarenda uye ane hasha mushambadzi, akakwanisa kunyatso uye nenjere kuongorora kukosha kweakanakisa zviitiko zvitsva muRussia, aive vadziviriri vezvitsva. uye zarub. music. Basa rakakosha muK.m. yenguva iyoyo yakaridzwa naAV Ossovsky, VV Derzhanovsky, N. Ya. currents, against academic. muitiro uye kungoitawo kutevedzera kusiri munhu. Kukosha kwezviitwa zvevatsoropodzi yeimwe nzira ine mwero - Yu. D. Engel, GP Prokofiev, VP Kolomiytsev - akabatanidza kusimudzira tsika dzepamusoro dzekirasi. nhaka, chiyeuchidzo chenguva dzose chekurarama kwavo, kukosha kwakakodzera, zvichatevera. Kudzivirirwa kwetsika idzi kubva pakuedza "kubvisa" nekudzisvibisa nemafungiro akadaro emuses. Modernism, semuenzaniso, LL Sabaneev. Kubva 1914, BV Asafiev (Igor Glebov) akatanga kuoneka zvakarongeka mumapepanhau, basa rake seimba yeimba. kutsoropodza kwakakudziridzwa zvakafara pashure peGreat October Socialist Revolution.

Kunyanya kutarisisa kwakabhadharwa kumimhanzi muchiRussia. periodic pre-revolutionary press makore. Pamwe chete nemadhipatimendi echigarire emimhanzi mumapepanhau makuru uye mune mamwe akawanda. mamagazini erudzi rwese anogadzirwa akakosha. music periodicals. Kana zvichimuka nguva nenguva muzana remakore rechi19. mimhanzi magazini akanga, sekutonga, kwenguva pfupi, ipapo Russian Musical Newspaper, yakatangwa naHP Findeisen muna 1894, yakabudiswa nguva dzose kusvika 1918. Muna 1910-16 magazini yakabudiswa muMoscow. "Music" (ed.-muparidzi Derzhanovsky), pamapeji avo vakawana hupenyu uye tsitsi. mhinduro kuzviitiko zvitsva mumunda wemimhanzi. kusika. Zvimwe zvedzidzo mugwara re "A Musical Contemporary" (rakabudiswa muPetrograd pasi pekupepeta kweAN Rimsky-Korsakov, 1915-17) rakapa zvarinoreva. homeland attention. classics, asi ivo pachavo. mabhuku anonyorwa e“Chronicles of the magazine” Musical Contemporary “” akafukidza zvikuru zviitiko zvenziyo dzazvino uno. hupenyu. Nyanzvi. magazini emimhanzi akabudiswawo mune mamwe maguta ari munharaunda yeRussia.

Panguva imwecheteyo, nzanga pathos K. m. mukuenzanisa ne60-70s. 19th century inonetesa, ideological uye aesthetic. Nhaka yeRussia. MaDemocrats-enlighteners dzimwe nguva anoongororwa pachena, pane tsika yekuparadzanisa zvirevo kubva munharaunda. hupenyu, kutaura kwe "mukati" zvinoreva.

Marxist capitalism yakanga ichangotanga kubuda. Zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa pamusoro pemimhanzi yakaonekwa muBolshevik party press yakatevera Ch. arr. enlighten. mabasa. Vakasimbisa kudikanwa kweparadziro yakapararira yekirasi. mimhanzi nhaka pakati pevazhinji vanoshanda, mabasa ehurumende muses akashoropodzwa. masangano uye t-ditch. AV Lunacharsky, zvichireva dec. musical phenomena. yapfuura neyazvino, vakaedza kuona kubatana kwavo nehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu, vakapikisa mafungiro epamutemo. kunzwisisa kwemumhanzi uye kushata kwakashata, akashora pesvedzero yakaipa pahunyanzvi hwemweya webourgeois. entrepreneurship.

Mazizi. K. m., kugara nhaka tsika dzakanakisisa dzedemocracy. kutsoropodza kwekare, kunosiyaniswa nevanoziva bato kutungamirwa uye kunobva mumitongo yaro pasainzi yakasimba. misimboti yeMarxist-Leninist methodology. Kukosha kwehunyanzvi. kutsoropodza kwakasimbiswa kakawanda mumagwaro ebato rinotungamirira. Sarudzo yeCentral Committee yeRCP (b) yaChikumi 18, 1925, "Pamutemo weBato mundima yeFiction" yakataura kuti kushoropodza "chimwe chezvishandiso zvekudzidzisa zviri mumaoko eBato." Panguva imwecheteyo, kudiwa kwakaiswa pamberi pekuchenjera kukuru uye kushivirira maererano na dec. kugadzira mafungu, kufunga uye kungwarira maitiro ekuongorora kwavo. Chisarudzo chakanyevera nezvengozi yehurumende. vachishevedzera uye vachirayira mudare kuti: “Ipapo bedzi, uku kutsoropodza, kuchava noukoshi hwakadzama hwedzidzo pahuchatsamira pahukuru hwahwo hwepfungwa.” Mabasa ekutsoropodza muchikamu chemazuva ano anotsanangurwa mukugadzirisa kweCentral Committee yeCPSU "Pakunyora uye Kutsoropodza Kwenyanzvi", publ. Jan 25 1972. Kutsoropodza kunofanira, sezvakataurwa mugwaro rino, "kunyatsoongorora zviitiko, maitiro uye mitemo yemazuva ano unyanzvi, ita zvose zvinogoneka kusimbisa mitemo yeLeninist yepati uye yenyika, kurwira hukuru hwepfungwa uye hutsika hwepamusoro. Soviet art, uye nguva dzose vanopikisa bourgeois ideology. Kutsoropodza kwekunyora uye kwehunyanzvi kwakagadzirirwa kubatsira kuwedzera maonero enyanzvi uye kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwake. Kuvandudza tsika dzeMarxist-Leninist aesthetics, kutsoropodza kweSoviet zvinyorwa uye zvehunyanzvi kunofanirwa kusanganisa kurongeka kweongororo yemafungiro, kudzika kwekuongorora kwesocial nehunyanzvi hwekushongedza, kungwarira maitiro kune tarenda, uye nekubudirira kutsvaga kwekugadzira.

Mazizi. K.m. zvishoma nezvishoma akaziva nzira yeMarxist-Leninist yekuongorora yeunyanzvi. zviitiko uye kugadzirisa matambudziko matsva, to-rye akaiswa pamberi pedare. Oct. revolution uye kuvaka socialism. Pave paine kukanganisa uye kusanzwisisa munzira. Kuma20s. K.m. vane ruzivo nzira. pesvedzero yehuro hwemagariro evanhu, izvo zvakakonzera kusakoshesa, uye dzimwe nguva kurambwa kwakakwana kwehukuru hukuru hweiyo classical. nhaka, kusashivirira kune vazhinji vane mukurumbira vatenzi vemazi. mimhanzi, iyo yakapfuura nenguva yakaoma, inowanzopokana kutsvaga, pfungwa yehurombo uye yakamanikana yehunyanzvi, inodiwa uye padyo neiyo proletariat, kuderera kweiyo nhanho yehunyanzvi. unyanzvi. Izvi zvinorambwa. maitiro akagamuchira kunyanya kujeka kutaura muzviitiko zveRussian Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM) uye zvakafanana. masangano mune mamwe marepublic emubatanidzwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, gadziriro dzakadudzirwa zvisina kufanira dzedzidziso yokudisa zvinhu zvenhau dzakashandiswa navatsoropodzi vechimiro chechimiro. mazano ekuparadzanisa mimhanzi kubva kune pfungwa. Maitiro ekuumba mumhanzi akaonekwa nemakanika nekugadzira, hunyanzvi hwemaindasitiri, uye hunyanzvi hwepamutemo. zvitsva zvakaziviswa kubatana. chirevo chemazuva ano uye kufambira mberi kwemuses. inoshanda, zvisinei nemafungiro avo.

Munguva ino, zvinyorwa uye hurukuro dzeAV Lunacharsky pamibvunzo yemimhanzi zvinowana kukosha kwakanyanya. Kubva padzidziso yaLenin pamusoro penhaka yetsika, Lunacharsky akasimbisa kudikanwa kwechimiro chokungwarira kumimhanzi. pfuma yakagarwa nhaka kubva kare, uye yakacherechedzwa mubasa re otd. Vaimbi zvinhu zviri pedyo uye zvinopindirana nemazizi. rechimurenga chokwadi. Achidzivirira manzwisisiro emumhanzi wekirasi yeMarxist, panguva imwe cheteyo akatsoropodza zvikuru kuti “nguva isati yakwana isinganzwisisike”, iyo “hainei nechokuita nepfungwa yechokwadi yesainzi, uye, chokwadi, neMarxism chaiyo.” Akanyatsocherechedza uye netsitsi akacherechedza yekutanga, kunyange ichiri isina kukwana uye isina kukwana inogutsa, kuedza kudzinga chimurenga chitsva. madingindira mumimhanzi.

Zvisina kujairika zvakafara muhukuru uye zvirimo zvaive mimhanzi-yakakosha. Zviitwa zveAsafiev muma20s. Kupindura noushamwari kune zvose zvinoreva chero chinhu. zviitiko muhupenyu hwemumhanzi weSoviet, akataura kubva pakuona kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro. tsika uye aesthetics. exactnessness. Asafiev aifarira kwete chete muzviitiko zvemuses. kusika, chiitiko conc. masangano uye opera uye ballet theatre, asiwo yakakura, yakasiyana siyana yemimhanzi yakawanda. hupenyu. Akaramba achisimbisa kuti zvaive muhurongwa hutsva hwemass muses. mutauro wakaberekwa neshanduko, vanyori vachakwanisa kuwana tsime rechokwadi rekuvandudzwa kwebasa ravo. Kutsvaga kwemakaro kwechimwe chinhu chitsva kwakatungamira Asafiev dzimwe nguva kune yakawedzera ongororo yezvenguva pfupi zviitiko zvezarub. mhosva uye isiri-inotsoropodza. kuda kwekunze kwepamutemo "leftism". Asi uku kwaingova kutsauka kwechinguvana. Zvizhinji zvezvirevo zveAsafiev zvaive zvakavakirwa pakuda kwekubatana kwakadzama pakati pemamusi. kusika nehupenyu, nezvinodiwa neruzhinji rwevateereri. Panyaya iyi, nyaya dzake dzinoti “Dambudziko Rokusika Pamunhu” uye “Vanyori, Kurumidzai!” (1924), izvo zvakakonzera mhinduro muSov. mimhanzi yakadhindwa panguva iyoyo.

Kune vanoshingaira vatsoropodzi ve20s. vaiva veNM Strelnikov, NP Malkov, VM Belyaev, VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky, SA Bugoslavsky, nevamwe.

Chirevo cheCentral Committee yeAll-Union Communist Party yeBolsheviks yaApril 23. 1932 "Pakugadziriswazve kwemasangano ezvinyorwa uye zvehunyanzvi", izvo zvakabvisa kusabatana kwemapoka uye kuparadzaniswa kwedenderedzwa mumunda wezvinyorwa uye hunyanzvi, kwakave nemhedzisiro inobatsira kuvandudzwa kwe K.m. Zvakabatsira mukukunda vulgar sociological. uye zvimwe zvikanganiso, zvakamanikidza nzira ine chinangwa uye inofungisisa yekuongorora zvakaitwa nemazizi. music. Muses. vatsoropodzi vakanga vakabatana nevanyori mumibatanidzwa yemazizi. vanyori, vakagadzirirwa kuunganidza zvese zvekugadzira. vashandi "vanotsigira chikuva chesimba reSoviet uye vachiedza kutora chikamu mukuvaka kwesocialist." Imwe magazini yakabudiswa kubvira 1933. "Soviet Music", iyo yakava huru. muviri wemazizi. K.m. Special music. magazini kana madhipatimendi emimhanzi mumajenari akajairika ezveunyanzvi aripo mune akati wandei emubatanidzwa republic. Pakati pevatsoropodzi ndiII Sollertinsky, AI Shaverdyan, VM Gorodinsky, GN Khubov.

Iyo yakakosha theoretical uye kugadzira. dambudziko, rakatarisana naK.m. mu30s, yaive mubvunzo wenzira yesocialist. chokwadi uye nezve nzira dzechokwadi nehunyanzvi. kuratidzwa kwakazara kwemazuva ano. zizi. chokwadi mumimhanzi. Zvakanyatsoenderana neizvi inyaya dzehunyanzvi, aesthetic. kunaka, kukosha kwekusika kwega. chipo. Muma30s. hurukuro dzakawanda dzekugadzira, dzakatsaurirwa semitemo yakawanda uye nzira dzekuvandudza mazizi. mimhanzi, pamwe nemhando dzekugadzira mimhanzi. Zvakadai, kunyanya, nhaurirano nezve symphonism uye nezve opera. Mukupedzisira kwayo, mibvunzo yakabvunzwa yaipfuura miganhu yemhando yeoperatic chete uye yaive yakakosha zvakanyanya kumazizi. kugadzirwa kwemimhanzi panguva iyoyo: nezve kupfava uye kuomarara, nezvekusatenderwa kwekutsiva kureruka kwechokwadi kwepamusoro muunyanzvi neflat primitivism, nezve maitiro ekunaka. kufungidzira, to-rymi inofanira kutungamirirwa nemazizi. kushoropodzwa.

Mumakore aya, matambudziko ekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika anowedzera. mimhanzi tsika. Mumakore makumi matatu. vanhu veSoviet Union vakatora nhanho dzekutanga kusimudzira mafomu matsva kwavari Prof. mhanzi mhosva. Izvi zvakaisa pamberi pemibvunzo yakaoma yaida dzidziso. kururamisa. K.m. mibvunzo yakakurukurwa zvakanyanya pamusoro pemafungiro evanyori kune zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa, pamusoro pekuti mafomu uye nzira dzekusimudzira dzakagara dzakagadzirwa mumimhanzi yevakawanda vekuEurope. nyika, inogona kusanganiswa nezwi. mavambo e nat. tsika. Pahwaro hwenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa nyaya idzi, nhaurirano dzakamuka, dzakaratidzwa mumapepanhau.

Kukura kwakabudirira kweK.m. muma30s. zvakakanganisa maitiro edzidziso, anoratidzwa mukuongorora kusina kururama kwevamwe vane zvipo uye naizvozvo. mabasa emazizi. mimhanzi, dudziro yakamanikana uye yedivi rimwe chete yemibvunzo yakakosha yemazizi. mhosva, semubvunzo wemafungiro kune classic. nhaka, dambudziko retsika uye hunyanzvi.

Maitiro aya akawedzera kunyanya mumazizi. K.m. mu con. 40s Rectilinear-schematic. kubvunza mubvunzo wekurwisa ndeyechokwadi. uye formalistic. Mafambiro aiwanzoita kuti mazizi ayambuke. mimhanzi uye kutsigirwa kwezvigadzirwa, umo misoro yakakosha yenguva yedu yairatidzwa mune yakapfava uye yakaderedzwa fomu. Aya maitiro akasimba akashorwa neCentral Committee yeCPSU mumutemo waMay 28, 1958. Kusimbisa kusakanganiswa kwemisimboti yemweya wepati, pfungwa uye nyika yezizi. zvichemo, zvakaumbwa mumagwaro ebato apfuura panyaya dzepfungwa, sarudzo iyi yainongedzera kuwongororo isina kunaka uye isina kururama yebasa remazizi akawanda ane tarenda akanga atora nzvimbo. vanyori.

Muma50s. mumazizi K. m. zvikanganiso zvenguva yapfuura zviri kubviswa. Hurukuro yakatevera pamusoro pemibvunzo yakati wandei yakakosha yeminyuziyamu. kusika, munguva iyo kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenheyo dzesocialist yakawanikwa. realism, maonero akarurama ekubudirira kukuru kwemazizi akaiswa. mimhanzi inoumba "golden fund" yayo. Zvisinei, pamberi mazizi. Kune nyaya dzakawanda dzisina kugadziriswa muunyanzvi hwehupfumi, uye izvo zvezvikanganiso zvayo, izvo kugadziriswa kweCentral Committee yeCPSU "Pamusoro peMabhuku uye Kutsoropodza Kutsoropodza" kunonyatsoratidza, haisati yabviswa zvachose. Kuongorora kwakadzama kwekugadzira. maitiro, anobva pamitemo yeMarxist-Leninist aesthetics, inowanzotsiviwa nekutsanangurwa kwepamusoro; kukwana kwakakwana hakuratidzwi nguva dzose mukurwisana nemazizi amweni. hunyanzvi hwemaitiro emazuva ano, mukudzivirira nekusimudzira hwaro hwesocialism realism.

CPSU, inosimbisa basa rinokura remabhuku uye unyanzvi mukukura kwemweya kwemunhu weSoviet, mukuumba maonero ake enyika uye kutenda kwetsika, inocherechedza mabasa anokosha anotarisana nekutsoropodza. Mirayiridzo iri muzvisarudzo zvepati inosarudza dzimwe nzira dzekuvandudza mazizi. K.m. uye kuwedzera basa rayo mukuvakwa kwesocialist. mimhanzi tsika yeUSSR.

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Yu.V. Keldysh