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Greek armonia, lat. modulatio, modus, French uye Chirungu. mode, ital. modo, germ. Tongeschlecht; mbiri. kuwirirana - kuwirirana, rugare, kuwirirana, kurongeka

Mukati:

I. Tsanangudzo yemaitiro II. Etymology III. Essence yemodhi IV. Iyo intonation yemhando yezvinhu zvinonzwika zveiyo modhi V. Iwo makuru mapoka uye marudzi eiyo modal system, yavo genesis VI. Organism uye dialectics VII. Kushungurudzika kuumbwa kwemaitiro VIII. Fret classification IX. Fret nhoroondo X. Nhoroondo yeDzidziso paModhi

I. Tsanangudzo yemaitiro. 1) L. mune aesthetic. pfungwa - inobvumirana nenzeve kuenderana pakati pemanzwi epitch system (kureva, muchidimbu, zvakafanana nekunzwanana mumhanzi-aesthetic pfungwa); 2) L. mumhanzi-theoretical pfungwa - maitiro ehurongwa hwekubatana kwepamusoro-soro, yakabatanidzwa nezwi repakati kana consonance, pamwe chete nezwi rakati rinoribatanidza (kazhinji muchimiro chechikero). Saka, zvinogoneka kutaura nezve L. sechero nzira yakarairwa zviri nyore, uye nezve modhi senge yakaparadzana. masisitimu akadaro. Izwi rokuti "L". rinoshandiswawo kureva chikuru kana chidiki (zvikuru kana diki (kunyanya, kurerekera), kureva chikero chakafanana nehurongwa hwemanzwi (zvakanyanya, chiyero). Aesthetic uye mimhanzi-theoretical. zvikamu zvinoumba mativi maviri epfungwa imwe yeL., uye aesthetic. nguva iri kutungamirira mukubatana uku. Mupfungwa yakafara yeshoko rokuti “L.” uye “kuwirirana” zviri pedyo zvikuru. Kunyanya, kuwirirana kunowanzobatanidzwa nemakonzonenzi uye kutevedzana kwadzo (kunyanya neiyo yakatwasuka chikamu chepitch system), uye mutsara nekudyidzana uye musiyano we semantic wemanzwi ehurongwa (kureva, kunyanya neyakachinjika chikamu). Russian zvikamu. pfungwa ye "L." pindura chiGiriki chiri pamusoro apa, chiLat., chiFrench, chiRungu, chiItalian, chiGerman. mazwi, uyewo mazwi akadai se "tonality", "scale" uye mamwe mamwe.

II. Etymology yezwi rokuti "L." haina kujeka zvachose. Czech mukomana - kurongeka; Mukomana wechiPolish - kuwirirana, kurongeka; Ukrainian L. - mvumo, kurongeka. Related Russian. "tora pamwe", "zvakanaka", "zvakanaka", mamwe Russian. "laditi" - kuyananisa; "Lada" - murume (mukadzi), uyewo anodiwa (mudiwa). Zvichida izwi iri rinobatanidzwa nemashoko okuti "lagoda" (rugare, kurongeka, kuronga, kugadzirisa), Czech. lahoda (kufadza, kukwezva), imwe Russian. lagoditi (to do something nice). Zvinorehwa nezwi rokuti “L” zvakaoma kunzwisisa. pedyo neGreek armonia (kutsanya, kubatana; kuwirirana, rugare, kurongeka; kurongeka, kuwirirana; kubatana; kuwirirana, kuwirirana); maererano naizvozvo, vaviri vanoumbwa ne“kuwirirana” (kugadzirisa, kupinza, kuronga, kumisa chiridzwa chenziyo; kugara murugare, kubvumirana) uye armozo, armotto (kukodzera, kutsanya, kugadzirisa, kugadzirisa, kunyatsokodzera, kuroora). Rus. pfungwa ye "L." inosanganisirawo chiGiriki. chikamu "genus" (genos), semuenzaniso. diatonic, chromatic, "enharmonic" genera (uye mapoka avo anoenderana, hunhu hwemodhi).

III. Hunhu hwekuwirirana. L. sechibvumirano pakati pemanzwi ndeechinyakare aesthetic. mapoka emimhanzi, anopindirana mupfungwa iyi nepfungwa ye "kuwirirana" (German: Harmonie; mukupesana neHarmonik neHarmonielehre). Chero mumhanzi. basa, zvisinei nezvarinotaura, rinofanira kutanga riri mimhanzi, kureva kupindirana kwemanzwi; zvakafanana aesthetic. chirevo chechikamu L. (uye kuwirirana) chinosanganisirwa sechikamu chakakosha mune pfungwa yemimhanzi seyakanaka (mimhanzi haisi seyakavakwa inonzwika, asi serudzi rwekubatana kunofadza nzeve). L. seaesthetic. chikamu ("kuwirirana") ndiyo hwaro hwekubuda nekubatanidzwa muvanhu. consciousness defined. hukama hwehurongwa pakati pemanzwi. "Kupenya kwekurongeka" (divi rinonzwisisika raL.) rinoratidzwa nemanzwi aL. rinoreva nzira huru yekunaka kwake. impact. Nokudaro, L. mune chimwe chigadzirwa. nguva dzose inomiririra kutarisa kwemimhanzi. Simba relexicon (zvichitevera, maitiro ayo ekunakisa) rakabatana nehunyanzvi hwaro hwekushongedza "mbishi" inonzwika, semhedzisiro inoshanduka kuita inowirirana mafomu e "konsonanti ruzha". Sezvizere, L. inoratidzwa mukuzara kwechimiro, ichivhara iyo yose yakaoma yezvikamu zvayo - kubva kune inonzwika zvinhu kuburikidza nemusoro. kurongeka kwezvinhu kuti crystallization kunyanya aesthetic. hukama hwehurongwa hwechiyero, kuenzana, kuwirirana (mupfungwa yakakura - symmetry). Chakakoshawo kuumbwa kweimwe L. mune yakapihwa kuumbwa, kuburitsa hupfumi hwezvainogoneka uye nekungo budira pachena kuva yakakura modal kuvaka. Kubva pane aesthetic essence ye L. inotevera denderedzwa rekutanga theoretical matambudziko: embodiment ye L. mukuvaka inzwi; fret chimiro nemhando dzayo; zvine musoro uye nhoroondo kubatana kwavo nemumwe; dambudziko rekubatana kwe modal evolution; kushanda kweL. sechinhu uye hwaro hunonzwika hwemamuses. nziyo. Nzira yekutanga yekumisikidzwa kwehukama hwemodal mukunzwika kwekongiri yemimhanzi ndeye melodic. vavariro (mukutaura kunonzwika - chikero chakachinjika) - nguva dzose inoramba iri mharidzo yakapfava (uye naizvozvo inokosha zvikurusa, inokosha) yehwaro hwaL. Ndosaka chirevo chaicho cheshoko rokuti “L.” yakabatana ne melodic. zvikero, izvo zvinowanzonzi frets.

IV. Iyo intonation yemhando yezvinhu zvinonzwika zveiyo modhi. Iyo inonzwika iyo iyo mwenje inovakwa yakakosha kune chero yezvimiro zvayo uye kune chero rudzi rwemwenje. d1-c1, d1-e1, f1-e1, zvichingodaro) uye consonance (kunyanya c1-e1-g1 sepakati), ine hunhu hwayo ("ethos"), kutaura, kukara, uye humwe hunhu hwekunaka.

Zvakare, iyo inonzwika zvinhu inotsanangurwa nekongiri yenhoroondo. mamiriro ezvinhu ekuvapo kwemimhanzi, zvinyorwa zvayo, maitiro akatemerwa nemagariro ekugadzira mimhanzi. Rudzi rwe "kuberekwa" kwaL. (ndiko kuti, nguva yekuchinja kwemimhanzi sechiitiko chemanzwiro muchimiro chayo chezwi) yakafukidzwa nemafungiro ezwi (zvakare mazwi) akaunzwa naBV Asafiev. Kuve "borderline" muchidimbu (kumira panzvimbo yekubatana kwakananga pakati pehupenyu hwechisikigo nehunyanzvi uye mimhanzi), iyo pfungwa ye "intonation" nekudaro inobata pesvedzero yemagariro-nhoroondo. zvinhu pamusoro pekushanduka kwezvinhu zvinonzwika - intonation. complexes uye mafomu e modal sangano rinoenderana navo. Saka dudziro yemafomula emumhanzi semucherechedzo wezvakatemerwa zvemumhanzi: “mabviro uye kuvapo kwe… manzwisisiro emarudzi anokonzereswa nemabasa azvo emagariro,” nokudaro, hurongwa hwenyika (uye modal) hweimwe nhoroondo. nguva inotemerwa ne "chimiro cheiyi nzanga yemagariro" (BV Asafiev). Saka, ine intonation mu embryo. nharaunda yenguva yake, chimiro cheL. yakaoma yakabatana nekuona kwenyika yenguva yayo (semuenzaniso, Middle Ages. frets pakupedzisira - chiratidzo chekuziva kwenguva yefeudal nekuzviparadzanisa kwayo, kuoma kwayo; iyo dur-moll system chiratidzo chesimba reiyo. ruzivo rwemimhanzi yeinonzi nguva yeEurope yemazuva ano etc.). Mupfungwa iyi, iyo modal formula ndiyo yakanyanya kupfupika modhi yenyika mukumiririra kwayo nguva, rudzi rwe "genetic code yemimhanzi". Sekureva kwaAsafiev, L. i "sangano rematoni anoumba sisitimu yemimhanzi yakapihwa nenguva mukubatana kwavo," uye "iyi sisitimu haina kumbokwana zvachose," asi "inogara iri mumamiriro ekuumbwa uye shanduko. ”; L. inogadzirisa uye inogadzirisa "intonation duramazwi yenguva" maitiro enhoroondo yega yega, nguva ("huwandu hwemimhanzi yakanyatsogadzikana mukuziva kwevanhu" - Asafiev). Izvi zvinotsanangurawo "matambudziko eintonation", ayo anowedzera kana zvishoma anovandudza zvese zviri zviviri inzwi. zvinhu, saka, kutevera izvi, uye chimiro chakazara chenyika (kunyanya pamakona enguva huru, semuenzaniso, pakupera kwezana remakore rechi16-17 kana rechi19-20). Semuyenzaniso, iyo yaifarirwa kwazvo yekusimbisa yerudo yekusawirirana kwakasimba-sekunzwana (L.'s sound material) mumabasa akazotevera aScriabin yakapa mhedzisiro yemhando itsva uye yakatungamira kugadziridzwa kwakadzama kwese L. system mumimhanzi yake. Chokwadi chenhoroondo - shanduko yemafomula emodal - saka, ndeyekunze (yakagadziriswa muzvirongwa zvedzidziso) kutaura kwemaitiro akadzama ekushanduka kwemitauro sehupenyu hunoenderera uye hunoenderera mberi hwemataurirwo ezwi. mienzaniso yenyika.

V. Iwo makuru mapoka uye marudzi e modal system, genesis yavo. Zvikamu zvikuru uye marudzi emimhanzi anoumbwa pasi pesimba rekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. consciousness (chikamu chemaitiro akajairika ekufambira mberi kwekuziva, pakupedzisira pasi pesimba rezviitwa zvemagariro evanhu mukukura kwenyika). Chimiro chakakosha chekurira ndiko kurongeka kwe "mvumo" yemanzwi (rudzi rwekuita kurira kweinonzwika nguva dzose) ine inofambira mberi (pazere) kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuzha uye miganhu yakafukidzwa nayo. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikodzere kusangana. mapoinzi makuru mukushanduka kwechinjo dzemhando yepamusoro mumhando dzekuvapo kweL. uye zvinogadzira mukana wekubuda kwemhando nyowani dzemodal zvimiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, maererano nechinhu cheL. muzvikamu zvayo zvitatu zvikuru - inzwi (intonation), zvinonzwisisika (kubatana) uye aesthetic (kuwirirana, kunaka) - kune mukati. perestroika (chaizvoizvo, utatu uhwu chinhu chimwe chete uye chinhu chimwe chete chisingaoneki: mvumo, L., asi inongofungidzirwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana). Nguva yekutyaira ndeye kuvandudzwa kweizwi. system (kusvika ku "dambudziko remazwi" ari pasi peL.), izvo zvinoita kuti dzimwe shanduko dzidikanwe. Kunyanya, mhando nemhando dzemafoniki dzinoonekwa semasisitimu enguva uye mitsara yakachinjika uye mapoka akatwasuka (chords) anoumbwa nawo (ona Inzwi system). "Modhi kuratidzwa kwese kuratidzwa kwemaimbo enguva, yakaderedzwa kuita hurongwa hwenguva uye zviyero" (Asafiev). L. seimwe inzwi hurongwa inoumbwa pahwaro hwekushandiswa kwemuviri. (acoustic) zvimiro zvezvinonzwika, chekutanga, hukama hwehukama hwehukama huri mairi, hunoratidzwa kuburikidza nepakati. Nekudaro, nguva, melodic-scale, uye humwe hukama haushande semasvomhu chete. kana muviri. yakapiwa, asi se "quintessence" ye "sound statements" yemunhu akagadziriswa navo (Asafiev). (Nokudaro kusarongeka kwakakosha maererano neL. iyo inonzi chaiyo, kureva, kuyera kwehuwandu, nzira, "kuyera-kuyera".)

Yekutanga yematanho akanyanya kukosha mukushanduka kwezvikamu zvemitsetse - kuumbwa kwenheyo mukati meiyo yekutanga "ecmelic" (kureva, pasina imwe nhanho) kubhururuka. Kushingirira sechikamu chekufunga kwemodal ndiko kutanga kugadzwa kwechokwadi chemutsara mukukwirira (inzwi rinotonga sechinhu chinorongeka chepakati) uye nekufamba kwenguva (kuzivikanwa kwekushingirira kwacho, kuchengetedzwa kunyangwe kuyerera kwenguva kudzokera kune imwe toni yakasara mundangariro); nekuuya kwechikamu chenheyo, pfungwa chaiyo yeL. semhando yechimiro chenzwi inomuka. Historical L.'s type - kuimba inzwi (rinoenderana ne "danho rekugadzikana" mukushanduka kweL.) rinowanikwa mumarudzi. mapoka ari padanho rakaderera rebudiriro. Inotevera (zvine musoro uye nhoroondo) mhando yenziyo ndeye monodic lyricism ine yakagadziridzwa uye yakananga melodic maitiro. mutsara wekurira (modal type, modal system) yakajairika kunziyo dzekare dzeEurope. vanhu, kusanganisira. uye Russian, Middle Ages. European chorale, imwe Russian. chanter mhosva; inowanikwawo mungano dzevakawanda vasiri vekuEurope. peoples. Mhando ye "kuimba inzwi", sezviri pachena, iri pedyo ne modal (sezvo iriwo monodic). A special modal type ndiyo inonzi. accordion h. tonality europ. mimhanzi yenguva itsva. Mazita enyanzvi huru dzemimhanzi yenyika anobatanidzwa nayo. harmonic iyo tonality inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva papolyphony yebhegi kana heterophonic warehouse (pakati pevanhu vekare, muvanhu, extra-European music). Muzana remakore rechi20 (kunyanya munyika dzeEurope tsika) mhando dzepamusoro-soro zvivako zvakasiyana kubva kune zvose zvakapfuura (mu serial, sonorous, electronic music) zvakapararira. Mukana chaiwo wokuvaisa muboka saL. inyaya yenharo; dambudziko iri richiri kure nekugadziriswa. Pamusoro pemhando huru dzeL., kune akawanda epakati, akagadzikana uye akazvimirira marudzi (semuenzaniso, modal kuwirirana kweEuropean Renaissance, kunyanya 15-16th mazana emakore).

VI. Organism uye dialectics yemaitiro ekushanduka kwemodhi. Maitiro ekushanduka kwechiitiko uye pfungwa ye "L." organic uye, zvakare, ine dialectic. hunhu. Iyo organic chimiro chegadziriro iri mukuchengetedza uye kusimudzira mamwe ekutanga mapoka emutsara, kubuda kwemamwe mapoka pahwaro hwawo. zvikamu uye kukura kwavo sekuzvimiririra, zvichiisa mhindumupindu yese kumisimboti yakafanana. Chinonyanya kukosha chazvo kukura (nhamba. kuwedzera, eg. kukura kwechiyero kubva kune tetrachord kuenda kune hexachord), kukanganiswa kwemafomu ekubvumirana, shanduko yehuwandu. shanduko muhunhu, imwe-inongedzo yekushanduka kwese. Nokudaro, kuimba kwezwi rinotsanangurwa, rinogara richivandudzwa, richipararira kune boka revamwe. tones (kukura), kunoda maitiro matsva ekubatanidza - kuparadzaniswa kwematoni ari pedyo uye kusarudzwa kweiyo melodic iri pedyo senheyo yechipiri. consonances (kukanganisika kwemafomu echibvumirano; ona. Consonance); mune inoguma yakakwira mhando L. matoni ese (yaimbova mhando) anoshanduka kuve anotsanangurwa zvine hunyoro uye nguva nenguva anovandudzwa; zvisinei, kuzvimirira kwevakawanda vavo kunogumira pakutonga kweimwe, dzimwe nguva maviri kana matatu (unhu hutsva). Kusimbiswa kwe quart kana quint, sematoni e-single-functional ye-fret rod, kuibva mukati megadziriro yemaitiro, inoita kuti zvikwanise kushandura aya akajeka consonances kuva akatwasuka. Nhoroondo, izvi zvinoenderana neMiddle Ages. Hongu, muna V. Oddington (ca. 1300) kuenzana kwemakonzonenzi akachinjika uye akatwasuka sezvikamu zveL. yakagadziriswa mutsanangudzo yavo neshoko rimwechete rokuti "kuwirirana" (harmonia simplex uye harmonia multiplex). Chirevo che consonance sechiratidziro chekushanda chiziviso chinoenderera mberi kune inotevera yakaoma yakaoma nguva - chetatu (kukura); nokudaro kurongwa patsva kwehurongwa hwese hweL. (kukanganisa kwemafomu ekubvumirana). Ku20 in. danho idzva rinotorwa nenzira imwe chete: boka rinotevera rezvikamu rinopinzwa mudenderedzwa reaesthetically optimal intervals - masekondi, manomwe uye tritones (kukura), uye kushandiswa kwemazwi matsva anobatanidzwawo neizvi (sonorally akadudzirwa consonances. , nhevedzano yeimwe kana imwe yenguva yekuumbwa, nezvimwewo) uye inoenderana shanduko mumafomu ekuenderana kwezvinhu zvinonzwika kune mumwe nemumwe. Iyo dialectic ye evolution L. inosanganisira mukuti iyo genetically inotevera, yepamusoro mhando ye modal sangano, mukupedzisira kuongororwa, haisi chinhu kunze kweiyo yapfuura, yakagadzirwa mumamiriro matsva. Saka, modality ndeye, sekunge, "kuimba" kwepamusoro-soro: iyo yekutanga toni-kugara yakashongedzwa nekufamba kuburikidza neimwe. toni, to-rye, zvakare, inogona kududzirwa senheyo; mukuwirirana. Masisitimu akati wandei anoita basa rakafanana mukunzwika (pamatanho akasiyana echimiro chemodhi): iyo referensi chord toni uye manzwi ari pedyo (anobatsira), tonic uye asiri tonic chords, local ch. tonality nekutsauka, general ch. tonality uye subordinate tonalities. Uyezve, mafomu emhando yepamusoro anoramba ari magadzirirwo echimiro chimwe chete, chine melodic muchimiro chepakutanga - mataurirwo ezwi ("musimboti weinzwi ndeye melodic" - Asafiev). Iyo chord zvakare inopindirana (consonance, inoumbwa seyekumira kwechikamu chenguva pfupi, inochengeta hunhu hwayo hwepakutanga mu "rakapetwa" fomu - melodic. kufamba), uye timbre-sonor yakaoma (kwete "yakaiswa" senge chord, asi yakadudzirwa pahwaro hwechirungu mumhando yayo itsva). Izvi zvakafanana kune zvimwe zvikamu zveL. Saka iyo dialectical main metamorphosis. chikamu L.

RESISTANCE: - chikuru. basic sound. main interval conson. main chord. diss. chord series - finalis tonic centre. inzwi kana konsonanti – toni (= modhi) tonality imwe matauriro. sphere - main key matauriro. sphere

Saka iyo dialectic yepfungwa ye "L." (inotora uye ine mukati mayo, seakasiyana semantic akaturikidzana, iyo nhoroondo yese yemazana emakore-ekare kuumbwa-kuiswa):

1) chiyero chekugadzikana uye kusagadzikana (kubva padanho re "kuimba inzwi"; saka tsika yekumiririra L. ch. inzwi, somuenzaniso, "IV chechi toni", kureva toni Mi),

2) melodic-sound system yehutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwehukama hwematoni (kubva padanho remaitiro; nokudaro tsika yekumiririra ruzha kunyanya muchimiro chetafura yechikero, kusiyanisa pakati pemanzwi maviri nenzwi rimwe chete rekutanga, kureva toni chaiyo uye tonality) ,

3) kugoverwa kune chikamu L. yezvirongwa uye harmonic-chord rudzi, kwete hazvo kusiyanisa maererano nekujeka kwechiyero uye kusanzwisisika kweiyo huru. tones (somuenzaniso, mumabasa akazotevera eScriabin; akaenzanisirwa pane harmonic tonality). Maumbirwo emazwi anomiririra L. anoshandukawo semataurirwo emutauro. Iyo prototype (yakanyanya primitive) ndiyo yepakati toni-inomira, yakakomberedzwa ne melismatic. jira ("kusiyana" kwenzwi). Nheyo yekare yenziyo-modhiyo (mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana: nom, raga, poppies, patet, zvichingodaro; kuimba kwechiRussian vowel) inofanira kutorwa semuenzaniso chaiwo weL.. nzira (India, Soviet East, Middle East region). In harmonic. tonality - chiyero chekufamba, chinogadziriswa pakati. triad (yakazarurwa mumabasa aG. Schenker). Iyo dodecaphone yakatevedzana, iyo inosarudza iyo innation, inogona kutariswa seanalogue. chimiro uye chimiro chechimiro cheiyo serial kuumbwa (ona Dodecaphony, Series).

VII. Nzira yekugadzira fret. Iyo nzira yekuita zvezvinhu zvinoumba L. haina kufanana mukuora. zvirongwa. Nheyo yakajairika yekugadzira fret inogona kumiririrwa sekushandiswa kwekusika. kuita nenzira dzepamusoro-soro, uchishandisa zvingangoitika zvekuraira zviri muinzwi iri, matauriro. zvinhu. Kubva tech. Nekune rumwe rutivi, chinangwa ndechekuwana kuwirirana kunonzwisisika kwemanzwi, ayo anonzwika sechinhu chinopindirana mumhanzi, kureva L. Nheyo yekare yekuumbwa kweL. inobva pane zvinhu zvekonsonanti yekutanga - unison (1) : 1; kuumbwa kweabutment uye kuimba kwayo kunofadza). Mukare melodic L. chinhu chikuru muhutano, sekutonga, zvakare inova inotevera nguva dzakareruka. Pane vaya vanopa manzwi emhando yakasiyana, ava ndivo vechishanu (3:2) uye chechina (4:3); nekuda kwekubatana neiyo linear melodic. nguva dzose vanochinja nzvimbo; somugumisiro, yechina inova yakakosha kupfuura yechishanu. Quarte (pamwe neyechishanu) kurongeka kwematoni kunoronga chiyero; inogadzirisawo kugadzwa uye kugadziriswa kwemamwe mareferensi toni eL. (yakajairika kune dzakawanda nziyo dzevanhu). Nokudaro diatonic chimiro chakafanana neL. Inzwi rekutaura rinogona kugara, asiwo kuchinja (modal variability), iyo inokonzerwa nemhando yemhando yenziyo. Kuvapo kweizwi rekutaura uye kudzokorora kwayo ndiyo musimboti mukuru weL.; yechina-quint diatonic iratidziro yeiyo yakapfava modal yekubatanidza yechimiro chese.

"Opekalovskaya" manyoro (zana remakore rechi17?). “Uya tifadze Josefa.”

Chimira – ruzha g1; a1 - padyo neg1 uye ine hukama zvakanyanya nayo kuburikidza ned1 (g:d=d:a). Kupfuurirazve, a1 uye g1 inoburitsa tetrachord a1-g1-f1-e1 uye yechipiri, yakaderera kuimba ruzha f1 (rutsigiro rwenzvimbo). Kuenderera mberi kwemutsara we gamma kunopa tetrachord f1-e1-d1-c1 ine nzvimbo yekumira d1. Kudyidzana kwenheyo g1-d1 inoumba hurongwa hweL. Pakupera kwemuenzaniso ndiyo hurongwa hwese L. ye stichera yose (iyo chete 1/50 yechikamu chayo inopiwa pano). Iyo chaiyo yeiyo modal chimiro chiri mu "inoyangarara" hunhu, kusavapo kwesimba rekufamba uye giravhiti (kusavapo kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi hakuregi mutsara, sezvo kuvepo kwekugadzikana uye simba rinokwevera ndiro pfuma huru yeese marudzi ese. mutsara).

L. yemhando huru-duku inobva paukama kwete ye "troika" (3: 2, 4: 3), asi ye "vashanu" (5: 4, 6: 5). Imwe nhanho pachiyero chehukama hwehuzha (mushure mekota-quint, iyo tert ndiyo iri padyo) zvinoreva, zvisinei, mutsauko mukuru muchimiro uye matauriro aL., shanduko yemimhanzi-nhoroondo. epochs. Sezvakangoita toni imwe neimwe yakare L. yaidzorwa nehukama hwemakonzonendi hwakakwana, pano inodzorwa nehukama hwemakonzonendi husina kukwana (ona muenzaniso uri pasi apa; n iri kupfuura, c itsinhiro rebetsero).

Mumumhanzi weViennese classics, hukama uhwu hunosimbiswa zvakare nekugara kweiyo rhythms. kushanduka uye symmetry yezvinyorwa (bar 2 uye kuwirirana kwayo D - nguva yakaoma, 4th - yayo T - kaviri yakaoma).

(T|D¦D|T) |1+1| |1 1|

Chaiyo modal zviyero saka inotaura nezve predominance ye tonic. kuwirirana pamusoro pekutonga. (Panyaya iyi, hapana S; nokuda kweViennese classics, zvinowanzoitika kudzivisa nhanho dzeparutivi dzinopfumisa L., asi panguva imwechete inoidzivisa kufamba.) Iyo peculiarity yeL. - inopedza. centralization, dynamics, kunyatsoshanda; yakanyatsotsanangurwa uye yakasimba giravhiti; iyo multilayered chimiro chegadziriro (somuenzaniso, muchikamu chimwe chete chord yakapihwa yakagadzikana maererano neruzha runopinda mairi; mune imwe, haina kugadzikana, iyo pachayo ichikwevera kune yemuno tonic, nezvimwewo).

WA Mozart. The Magic Flute, Papageno's aria.

Mumhanzi wemazuva ano, pane katsika kekureva kuti L. Mukupesana neakajairwa modal mafomula (melody-modhi mukare L., yaifananidzirwa melodic kana chord sequences muMiddle Ages L., mune yekirasi huru-diki modal system), munhu mumwechete-modhiyo inotorwa sehwaro, dzimwe nguva zvachose. kutsiva yechinyakare . zvinhu zveL., kunyangwe pakati pevanyori vanowanzoomerera kune tonal musimboti. Nenzira iyi, zvimiro zvemodal zvinoumbwa zvinosanganisa chero modal zvinhu mune chero chikamu (semuenzaniso, hombe modhi + yakazara-toni zviyero + zvinyoro-nyoro dissonant chord mafambiro kunze kweiyo huru-diki system). Zvimiro zvakadaro sese zvinogona kuverengerwa sepolymodal (kwete chete panguva imwe chete, asiwo mukutevedzana uye mukubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvavo zvinoumba).

Chimiro chega chechidimbu hachipiwi nehutatu T C-dur, asi nechord cgh-(d)-f (enzanisa ne 1st chord yemusoro mukuru: chdfgc, nhamba 3). Kusarudzwa kwemakonzonendi chete nehwaro hukuru uye nemadissonance akapinza, pamwe chete nesonorant (timbre-coloristic) mavara emakonzonenzi achiteedzera rwiyo, zvinoita kuti pave neimwe mhedzisiro, asi yakasarudzika kune ichi chidimbu - chakanyanya uye chakarodzwa. chikuru, apo mumvuri wakajeka weruzha rwuri mukati mehombe unounzwa mukupenya kunopenya.

WA Mozart. The Magic Flute, Papageno's aria.

VIII. Kurongeka kwemamodhi kwakaoma zvakanyanya. Zvinhu zvaro zvinosarudza ndezvi: genetic stage yekukura kwe modal kufunga; interval kuoma kwechimiro; dzinza, nhoroondo, tsika, maitiro maitiro. Chete pane iyo yose uye mukuongorora kwekupedzisira iyo mutsara wekushanduka kweL. unoshanduka kuva unidirectional. Mienzaniso yakawanda yekuti sei shanduko kuenda kune yakakwirira mune general genetic. nhanho panguva imwechete zvinoreva kurasikirwa kwechikamu chehunhu hweiyo yapfuura uye, mupfungwa iyi, kufamba kumashure. Saka, kukundwa kwepolyphony yeWestern Europe. budiriro ndiyo nhanho huru kumberi, asi yakaperekedzwa (kwemakore 1000-1500) nekurasikirwa kwehupfumi chromatic. uye "enarmonic." genera ye monodic antique. fret system. Kuoma kwebasa racho kunokonzerwawo nokuti mapoka akawanda anoshanduka kuva ane hukama hwepedyo, asingagoneki kupedza kuparadzana: L., tonality (tonal system), sound system, scale, nezvimwewo. ichiratidza mhando dzakanyanya kukosha dzemodal masisitimu semapoinzi ekusangana kweiyo huru. maitiro e fret kuumbwa: ecmelica; anhemitonics; diatonic; chromaticity; microchromatic; special types; masisitimu akasanganiswa (kukamurwa mumhando idzi kunoenderana nekusiyaniswa kwegenera, Greek genn).

Ekmelika (kubva kuGreek exmelns - extra-melodic; hurongwa hwekuti manzwi asina matauriro chaiwo) sehurongwa mupfungwa chaiyo yeizwi inenge isati yawanikwa. Inoshandiswa chete sehunyanzvi mukati meimwe yakagadziridzwa sisitimu (kutsvedza inzwi, zvinhu zvekutaura kwezwi, maitiro akasarudzika). Ekmelik inosanganisirawo melismatic (altitude indefinite) kuimba kwenzwi rakanyatsogadziriswa - upstoi (maererano naYu. N. Tyulin, mukuimba kwevaKurds vekuArmenian "inzwi rimwechete ... rakaputirwa nenyasha dzakasiyana-siyana dzakazadzwa nesimba rinoshamisa rerhythmic" hazvibviri; ”).

Anhemitonics (kunyanya, anhemitonic pentatonics), hunhu hwevakawanda. kune tsika dzekare dzeAsia, Africa neEurope, sezviri pachena, inoumba nhanho yakajairika mukuvandudzwa kwekufunga kwe modal. Nheyo inovaka yeanhemitonics kutaurirana kuburikidza nemakonzonenzi akareruka. Muganho wekuumbwa ndeye semitone (saka muganhu wematanho mashanu mune octave). Inzwi remataurirwo ezwi rinonzi trichord (eg ega). Anhemitonics inogona kunge isina kukwana (3-4, dzimwe nguva kunyange 2 nhanho), yakakwana (matanho mashanu), inoshanduka (semuenzaniso, shanduko kubva ku cdega kuenda ku cdfga). Semitone pentatonic (somuenzaniso, mhando hcefg) inoronga shanduko yefomu kune diatonic. Muenzaniso weanhemitonics rwiyo "Paradhiso, Paradhiso" ("5 nziyo dzevanhu veRussia" naAK Lyadov).

Diatonic (muchimiro chayo chakachena - 7-step system, apo toni dzinogona kurongwa mumaawa echishanu) - inonyanya kukosha uye yakajairika system yeL. Muganhu wekugadzirisa ndeye chromatism (2 semitones mumutsara). Mitemo yekugadzira yakasiyana; iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeyechishanu (Pythagorean) diatonic (chinhu chechimiro chikamu chechishanu chakachena kana quart) uye triadic (chinhu chechimiro ishoko rechitatu rekonzonendi), mienzaniso ndiyo nzira dzekare dzechiGiriki, medieval modes, European modes. nar. mimhanzi (uyewo vamwe vanhu vakawanda vasiri veEurope); church polyphonic L. europ. mimhanzi yeRenaissance, L. huru-diki system (isina chromatization). Mazwi akajairika ndee tetrachord, pentachord, hexachord, achizadza mikaha pakati pe toni dze tertian chords, etc. Diatonic yakapfuma mumhando. Inogona kunge isina kukwana (matanho matatu-3; ona, semuenzaniso, guidon hexachords, folk uye Greek tetrachords; muenzaniso we6-nhanho diatonic irwiyo "Ut queant laxis"), yakakwana (6-nhanho hcdefga mhando kana octave cdefgahc; mienzaniso isingaverengeki), kuchinjika (semuenzaniso kuchinjika kwe ahcd ne dcba muzwi rechechi yekutanga), muumbi (semuenzaniso Russian yemazuva ese L.: GAHcdefgab-c7-d1), ine zvimiso (semuenzaniso "hemiol" inoshushikana nekuwedzera kwechipiri - harmonic minor uye huru, "Hungarian" scale, nezvimwewo; "Podgalian scale": gah-cis-defg; melodic minor uye huru, nezvimwewo), polydiatonic (somuenzaniso, chidimbu chaB. Bartok "Mumutauro weRussia" mumutauro weRussia. muunganidzwa "Microcosmos", No 1). Mamwe matambudziko anotungamira kune chromatics.

Chromatics. Chiratidzo chakananga - kutevedzana kwemasemitone maviri kana anopfuura mumutsara. Muganho wekuumbwa ndeye microchromatics. Mitemo yekugadzira yakasiyana; chinonyanya kukosha - melodic. chromatic (semuenzaniso, kuEast monody), chord-harmonic (kushandurwa, divi D uye S, chords ine chromatic linear tones muEuropean major-diki system), enharmonic. Chromatics muEurope (uye mberi mune dzisiri dzeEuropean) mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20. zvichibva pahunhu hwakaenzana. Chromatics inogona kunge isina kukwana (Greek chromatic; shanduko mukuwirirana kweEurope; L. symmetrical structure, kureva kupatsanura gumi nemaviri semitones yeoctave muzvikamu zvakaenzana) uye yakakwana (complementary polydiatonic, mamwe marudzi echromatic tonality, dodecaphonic, microserial uye serial structures).

Microchromatic (microinterval, ultrachromatic). Chiratidzo - kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvishoma pane semitone. Inonyanya kushandiswa sechikamu cheL. chemaitiro matatu apfuura; inogona kusangana ne ecmelica. Yakajairika microchromatic - Greek. enharmonic genus (somuenzaniso, mumatoni - 2, 1/4, 1/4), Indian shruti. Mumimhanzi yemazuva ano inoshandiswa pane imwe nheyo (kunyanya naA. Khaba; uyewo naV. Lutoslavsky, SM Slonimsky, nevamwe).

Semuenzaniso, East Asian slindro uye pylog (zvichienderana - 5- uye 7-nhanho, yakaenzana kupatsanurwa kwe octave) inogona kuverengerwa kune yakakosha L.. Chero chero modal masisitimu (kunyanya anhemitonic, diatonic uye chromatic) inogona kusanganiswa pamwe chete. , zvose panguva imwe chete uye mukutevedzana (mukati mekuvaka kwakafanana).

IX. Nhoroondo yemamodhi pakupedzisira kuburitswa kunotevedzana kwemikana ye "chibvumirano" ("L.") pakati pemanzwi; Chaizvoizvo nhoroondo haisi kungochinjana kwekuora. masisitimu eL., uye kuvharika zvishoma nezvishoma kweakawanda uye ari kure uye akaoma kunzwisisa hukama. Nechekare muna Dr. nyika yakasimuka (uye kune imwe nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa) modal systems yenyika dzeEast: China, India, Persia, Egypt, Babylonia, etc. (ona zvinyorwa zvinoenderana). Non-semitone pentatonic scales (China, Japan, dzimwe nyika dzeFar East, chikamu cheIndia), 7-nhanho (diatonic uye isiri-diatonic) phonics yakapararira; nokuti tsika dzakawanda dzakananga kuna L. nekuwedzera. chechipiri (mimhanzi yechiArabhu), microchromatic (India, nyika dzeArab dzekuMabvazuva). Kuratidzira kwemamodhi kwakazivikanwa sesimba rechisikigo (kufanana pakati pemazita ematoni uye mitumbi yekudenga, zvinhu zvakasikwa, mwaka, nhengo dzemuviri wemunhu, hutsika hwemweya, nezvimwewo); kukasika kwekukanganisa kwaL. pamweya wemunhu kwakasimbiswa, L. yega yega yakapihwa kumwe kutaura. zvinoreva (semumhanzi wemazuva ano - mukuru uye muduku). A. Jami (hafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 2) akanyora, kuti: “Imwe neimwe yegumi nembiri (maqam), imwe neimwe avaze uye shu’be ine muuyo wayo chaiwo (pavateereri), mukuwedzera kupfuma inowanikwa kwavari vose. ipa mufaro.” Matanho akanyanya kukosha munhoroondo yeEuropean linguistics ndiyo yekare modal system (isina kunyanya kuEurope seMedithera; kusvika pakati pe15st millennium) uye "chaizvo European" modal system ye1th-9th century, munhoroondo netsika. typological mazwi. pfungwa - "Western" system, German. abendländische, yakakamurwa kuva kutanga Middle Ages. modal system (miganho yenhoroondo haiperi: yakatanga munziyo dzekereke yekutanga yechiKristu, yakadzikwa muzana ramakore rechinomwe nepfumbamwe, ikazokura zvishoma nezvishoma ikava kuwirirana kweRenaissance; typologically, imwe yeRussia modal system ndeyayowo pano). cf. iyo modal system ye20th-7th century, iyo Renaissance system (yakagadzika 9th-9th century), iyo tonal (huru-diki) system (13th-14th century; nenzira yakagadziridzwa inoshandiswawo muzana ramakore rechi16), iyo itsva yehurefu system ye17. (Ona zvinyorwa Key, Natural modes, Symmetrical modes).

Antich. iyo modal system yakavakirwa pane tetrachords, kubva mukusanganiswa kwayo neimwe octave Ls inoumbwa. Pakati pematoni equart, mitoni yakasiyana-siyana pakureba inogoneka (mhando nhatu dzetetrachords: diatone, chromium, "enarmony"). MuL., simba ravo rakananga-sensory rinokosheswa (maererano neizvi kana kuti "ethos"), kusiyana-siyana, kusiyanisa kwemarudzi ose anogoneka eL. (muenzaniso: Skoliya Seikila).

L. kutanga kumadokero-Europe. Middle Ages nekuda kwezvakaitika kare zvenguva yakauya kwatiri Ch. arr. maererano nekereke. music. Sekuratidzwa kweimwe nzira yeinzwi, ivo vanoratidzirwa nekusimba (kusvika kune asceticism) diatonicism uye vanoita sevasina ruvara uye nemanzwiro kune rimwe divi kana vachienzaniswa nekuzara kwenyama kwevakare. Panguva imwecheteyo, Middle Ages. L. inosiyaniswa nekutarisa kukuru pane yemukati nguva (pakutanga, kunyange kukuvadza kweiyo chaiyo artic side yehunyanzvi, maererano nemirairo yechechi). Wed-century. L. kuratidza kumwe kuomarara kwechimiro cheiyo diatonic. L. (guidonian hexachord pachinzvimbo chetetrachord yekare; West-European harmonic polyphony inoburitsa hunhu hwakasiyana chaizvo mukuenzanisa neyekare heterophony). Mimhanzi yerudzi uye yekunyika yeMiddle Ages, sezviri pachena, yaisiyaniswa neyakasiyana chimiro uye kutaura kwaL.

Zvakafanana app. Wed-century. chorale tsika dzimwe-rus. chanter art-va inosanganisirawo zvimwe zvekare zvekare modal components (quart extra-octave of the "everday scale"; pesvedzero yakasimba yemusimboti wechinyakare wenziyo-modhi iri munziyo, manzwi).

MuMiddle Ages (9th-13th mazana emakore), imwe nyowani (ichienzaniswa neyekare) polyphony yakamuka uye yakabudirira, iyo yakanyanya kupesvedzera modal system nemapoka ayo, uye yakagadzirira nhoroondo. mhando yakasiyana zvachose. L. (L. se polyphonic structure).

Iyo modal sisitimu yeRenaissance, ichiri kuchengetedza zvakawanda kubva kuhurongwa hweMiddle Ages, inosiyaniswa nemanzwiro akazara-neropa akakura pahwaro hutsva, kudziya kwevanhu, uye budiriro yakapfuma yezvakananga. maitiro eL. (kunyanya maitiro: lush polyphony, introductory tone, kutonga kwematatu).

Munguva yezvinonzi. nguva itsva (17-19 mazana emakore), iyo huru-diki modal system, iyo yakatanga muRenaissance, inosvika pakutonga. Aesthetically, iyo yakapfuma mukuenzanisa neyekutanga (pasinei nekuganhurirwa neiyo shoma nhamba yemafoniki) huru-diki sisitimu rudzi rwakasiyana rwerwiyo, uko polyphony, chord haisi yekungoratidzira, asi chinhu chakakosha cheli. . musimboti weiyo huru-diki system, senge L., ishanduko dzakasiyana mu "micro-modes," kana chords. Chaizvoizvo, "harmonic tonality" inoshanduka kuve yakakosha shanduko yechikamu L., "single modhi" (Asafiev) ine maviri moods (makuru uye madiki).

Zvichienderana nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kweharmonic tonality mu19th uye 20th mazana emakore. kune rumutsiriro semunhu akazvimirira. chikamu uye L. melodic. type. Kubva pakuwedzera nekugadzirisa huru-diki tonal system, yakakosha diatonic L. (yakatotsanangurwa naMozart naBeethoven, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mu19th uye kutanga kwe20th mazana emakore nevanodanana uye vanyori vezvikoro zvitsva zvenyika - F. Chopin, E. Grieg, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky nevamwe), pamwe chete neanhemitone pentatonic scale (naF. Liszt, R. Wagner, Grieg, AP Borodin, mumabasa ekutanga eStravinsky, nezvimwewo). Kuwedzera kwechromatization yeL. kunokurudzira kukura kwe symmetrical L., chiyero chinoparadzanisa 12 semitones ye octave muzvikamu zvehukuru hwakaenzana; izvi zvinopa tonic yose, yakaenzana-thermal uye tritone systems (muChopin, Liszt, Wagner, K. Debussy, O. Messiaen, MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin, Stravinsky, AN Cherepnin nevamwe. )

Mumimhanzi yeEurope yezana remakore rechi20 marudzi ose emhando dzeL. uye masisitimu anobatana uye anosanganiswa kusvika kune microchromatic (A. Haba), kushandiswa kwevasiri vekuEurope. maitiro (Messian, J. Cage).

X. Nhoroondo yedzidziso nezve modhi. Dzidziso yeL., inoratidza nhoroondo yavo, ndiyo nyaya yekare kwazvo yekutsvagisa mumhanzi. sainzi. Dambudziko reL. inopinda mudzidziso yokutsinhirana uye pamwe pacho inopindirana nechinetso chokutsinhirana. Naizvozvo, kudzidza kwedambudziko raL. pakutanga yakaitwa sechidzidzo chedambudziko rekuwirirana (armonia, harmonie). Tsananguro yekutanga yesainzi L. (kuwirirana) muEurope. musicology ndeyechikoro chePythagorean (6-4 mazana emakore BC). BC.). Kutsanangura kuwirirana uye L. zvichibva padzidziso yenhamba, vaPythagoreans vakasimbisa kukosha kwehukama hwakareruka hwekurira (mukati meicho chinonzi. tetrad) sechinhu chinodzora kuumbwa kwechando (kuratidzwa mune dzidziso yeL. chiitiko che tetrachords uye "yakagadzikana" manzwi echina konsonanti). Sainzi yePythagorean yakadudzirwa naL. uye mimhanzi. kuwirirana semucherechedzo wekuwirirana kwenyika, pasina izvo nyika yaizoparara (kureva chaizvo akatarisa L. semuenzaniso wenyika - microcosm). Kubva pano yakagadziridzwa gare gare (muBoethius, Kepler) cosmological. идеи mimhanzi yenyika uye mimhanzi yevanhu. Iyo cosmos pachayo (maererano nePythagoras naPlato) yakagadziridzwa neimwe nzira (mitumbi yemudenga yakafananidzwa nematoni echiGiriki. Dorian modhi: e1-d1-c1-hagfe). Sayenzi yechiGiriki (Pythagoreans, Aristoxen, Euclid, Bacchius, Cleonides, nezvimwewo) yakagadzira uye yakagadzira mimhanzi. dzidziso L. uye maitiro chaiwo. Akagadzira pfungwa dzakanyanya kukosha dzeL. - tetrachord, octave row (armonia), nheyo (nstotes), pakati (pakati) toni (mesn), dynamis (dunamis), ecmelika (nzvimbo yenguva dzine hukama hwakaoma, pamwe chete nemanzwi asina imwe inzwi), nezvimwewo. Kutaura idi, dzidziso yose yechiGiriki yokutsinhirana yakanga iri rondedzero yaL. uye frets se monophonic high-pitched structures. Mumhanzi. sayenzi yepakutanga kweMiddle Ages yakagadzirisa zvekare zvekare pane imwe nheyo itsva. (Pythagorean, Platonic, Neoplatonic) mazano pamusoro pekuwirirana uye L. sezvikamu zvekunaka. Dudziro itsva yakabatana neyechiKristu-dzidziso yebhaibheri. dudziro yetsinhirano yechisiko chapose pose. Middle Ages yakagadzira dzidziso itsva yefrets. Kuonekwa kwekutanga mumabhuku aAlcuin, Aurelian weReome naRegino wePrüm, vakatanga kunyorwa nemazvo mumhanzi notation nemunyori asingazivikanwe wechinyorwa "Alia musica" (c. 9th century). Yakakweretwa kubva muchiGiriki dzidziso yezita L. (Dorian, Phrygian, nezvimwewo), muzana remakore repakati. sainzi yaiti zvakaitwa kune zvimwe zvikero (shanduro yeubiquitous; zvisinei, imwe pfungwa yemaonero yakataurwawo; ona. basa raM. Dabo-Peranycha, 1959). Nechimiro cheMiddle Ages. L. mabviro emazwi okuti “finalis”, “repercussion” (tenor, tuba; kubva muzana ramakore rechi 17 kusvika zvakare “anotonga”), “ambitus”, ayo akachengeta kukosha kwawo kune akazotevera monophonic L. Mukufambirana nedzidziso ye octaves L. kubva muzana ramakore rechi 11 (kubva kuGuido d'Arezzo) yakagadziridzwa inoshanda. iyo solmisation system yakavakirwa pane hombe hexachord seyakarongeka unit mune modal system (ona. Solmization, Hexachord). Chiitiko chekugadzirisa (chaivepo kusvika 18th c. uye akasiya mucherechedzo unooneka muchirevo chedzidziso yaL.) akagadzira mamwe mapoka enhoroondo achitevera maitiro eMiddle Ages uye Renaissance yehombe-diki modal system. Muchinyorwa chaGlarean "Dodecachord" (1547), maviri L. - Ionian neAeolian (nemhando dzavo dzeplagal). Kubva muzana remakore rechi17 rinotungamirirwa naL. hombe-diki tonal-inoshanda system. Yekutanga inogoneka yakarongeka tsananguro yechimiro chevakuru nevadiki sekudaro (mukupesana uye pamwe mukupesana nevakavatangira - chechi yeIonia neAeolian. tones) inopiwa mumabasa aJ. F. Rameau, kunyanya mu "Treatise on Harmony" (1722). New L. Europ.

hcdefga inonzwika ma toni makuru eGCCFCF. | – || – |

Modhi (modhi) ndiwo mutemo wenhevedzano yemanzwi, uye kurongeka kwekutevedzana kwawo.

Sechikamu chedzidziso yekubatana 18-19 mazana emakore. Dzidziso ye tonality yakagadziridzwa sedzidziso ye tonality ine pfungwa uye mazwi maitiro ayo (izwi rekuti "tonality" rakatanga kushandiswa naFAJ Castile-Blaz muna 1821).

New modal masisitimu (ese ari maviri asiri-diatonic uye diatonic) muWestern Europe. dzidziso dzakaratidzwa mumabasa aF. Busoni ("113 zviyero zvakasiyana", microchromatics), A. Schoenberg, J. Setaccioli, O. Messiaen, E. Lendvai, J. Vincent, A. Danielu, A. Khaba nevamwe.

Dzidziso yakadzama yaL. yakagadzirwa mukutsvakurudza Nar. mimhanzi V. F. Odoevsky A. N. Serova, P. AP Sokalsky A. C. Famitsyna, A. D. Kastalsky, B. M. Belyaeva X. C. Kushnareva, K. AT. Matikiti, nezvimwewo. MuRussia, rimwe remabasa ekutanga akafukidza zviitiko zveL. yaiva "Musician Ideagrammar ..." naN. AP Diletsky (2nd hafu. 17th century). Munyori anosimbisa kupatsanurwa kwenziyo katatu ("maererano nechirevo"): kuita "kufara" (zviri pachena kufanana nemazita emukuru akaunzwa naZarlino - harmonie "allegra"), "inonzwisa tsitsi" (inoenderana nediki; muTsarlino - "mesta"; mumuenzaniso wemimhanzi, Diletsky harmonic minor) uye "musanganiswa" (apo marudzi ese ari maviri anochinjana). Nheyo ye "merry music" ndeye "tone ut-mi-sol", "piful" - "tone re-fa-la". Mukutanga bonde. 19 in. M. D. Frisky (uyo, maererano naOdoevsky, "akagadza kekutanga mutauro wedu wemimhanzi wehunyanzvi") wakachengetedzwa munyika dzemadzibaba. ice terminology pachayo izwi rekuti "L". Kuvandudzwa kweiyo modal system yakabatana neRussia. chechi. mimhanzi muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20. vakaita D. AT. Razumovsky, I. Uye. Voznesensky, V. M. Metalov, M. AT. Brazhnikov, N. D. Uspensky. Razumovsky akaronga masisitimu ari kuitika eL. chechi. mimhanzi, yakatanga dzidziso yeRussia. chibvumirano maererano nezvikamu zve "dunhu", "mukuru" uye "yekupedzisira" manzwi (analogy of zap. "ambitus", "reperkusse" uye "finalis"). Metallov akasimbisa kukosha kwekuzara kwenziyo muchimiro chezwi. N. A. Lvov (1790) akakwevera pfungwa kune chaiyo honors aka L. kubva kuEuropean system. Odoevsky (1863, 1869) akadzidza maitiro ehunhu hwekushungurudzika kuumbwa muchiRussia. Nar (uye chechi) mimhanzi uye zvivakwa zvinozvisiyanisa kubva kuapp. melodics (kunzvenga kumwe kusvetuka, kusavapo kweyekutanga toni inokwevera pasi, yakasimba diatonicism), inokurudzirwa kushandisa izwi rekuti "glamour" (diatonic. heptachord) pachinzvimbo che "toni" yekumadokero. Nokuda kwekubatana mumweya weRussia. Frets Odoevsky akafunga akakodzera akachena matatu matatu, asina yechinomwe chords. Kusiyana pakati pekugadzirwa kwemapuranga. kuita uye "yakashata yakashata chiyero" fp. zvakamutungamirira kune pfungwa ye "kuronga piyano isingagadziriswi" (chiridzwa chaOdoevsky chakachengetedzwa). Serov, achidzidza rutivi rwemodal rweRus. Nziyo dzeNar “mukurwisana kwadzo nenziyo dzokuMadokero kweEurope” (1869-71), dzakashora “rusaruro” rwokuMadokero. masayendisiti anoona mimhanzi yese chete “kubva pakuona kwemakiyi maviri (kureva modes) - makuru uye madiki. Akaziva kuenzana kwemhando mbiri dze "grouping" (chimiro) chechiyero - octave uye chechina (zvichienderana nedzidziso yechiGiriki. L.). Rus. kunaka kweL. iye (saOdoevsky) akafunga zvakasimba diatonicism - kusiyana ne zap. chikuru uye chidiki (nechinyorwa chayo chinonzwisisika), kushaikwa kwemodulation ("Rwiyo rweRussia haruzivi chikuru kana chidiki, uye harumbogadzirisi"). Chimiro cheL. akaturikira seclutch (“zvisumbu”) zvetetrachords; pachinzvimbo chekushandura, akatenda "kurasa pachena tetrachords." Mukuwiriranisa nziyo nekuda kwekuona chiRussian. hunhu, akapokana nekushandiswa kwe tonic, inotonga uye yakadzikama chords (kureva I, V uye IV nhanho), ichikurudzira divi ("madiki") matatu matatu (muhombe - II, III, VI nhanho). Famintsyn (1889) akadzidza zvisaririra zvezvinyorwa zvekare zvikuru (zvichiri zvechihedheni) muNar. mimhanzi uye magadzirirwo emhando (pamwe kutarisira mune izvi mamwe mazano aB. Bartoka uye Z. Kodaya). Akaisa mberi dzidziso ye "matanho" matatu munhoroondo inovandudza hurongwa hwekushungurudzika - "yekare" - pentatonic, "itsva" - 7-nhanho diatonic, uye "itsva" - huru uye diki. Kastalsky (1923) akaratidza "mavambo uye kuzvimirira kwehurongwa hweRussia. Nar polyphony kubva kumitemo uye dzidziso dzeEurope. Zvirongwa.

BL Yavorskii akapa yakakosha kusimudzira kwesainzi kweiyo pfungwa uye dzidziso yemutsara. Kukodzera kwake kwaive kusarudzwa kwechikamu L. seyakazvimirira. Muses. basa, maererano naYavorsky, harisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuburitswa kwerhythm nenguva (zita repfungwa yaYavorsky "Theory of Modal Rhythm"; ona Modal Rhythm). Kusiyana nemaitiro echinyakare maviri eEuropean Muchikuru-chidiki system, Yavorsky akasimbisa kuwanda kweL. (yakawedzera, cheni, inoshanduka, yakaderera, yakakura kaviri, kaviri diki, kaviri yakawedzerwa, X-modes, nezvimwewo). Kubva padzidziso ye modal rhythm kunouya tsika yeRussia. musicology haifanire kuverengera masisitimu epitch akadarika makuru uye madiki kune rumwe rudzi rwe "atonalism" isina kurongeka, asi vatsanangure semamodhi akakosha. Yavorsky akakamura pfungwa dzemutsara uye tonality (chaiyo yepamusoro-soro sangano uye chinzvimbo chayo pane imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira-yepamusoro). BV Asafiev akataura akati wandei pfungwa dzakadzama pamusoro peL. muzvinyorwa zvake. Kubatanidza chimiro cheL. nezwi. chimiro chemimhanzi, iye akasika musimboti wepakutanga uye chibereko chepfungwa L. (onawo zvikamu zvekutanga zvechinyorwa chino).

Asafiev akagadzirawo matambudziko ekuunza tonality muEurope. L., kushanduka-shanduka kwake; zvakakosha mudzidziso. maererano nekuzivisa kwake kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeGlinka's Ruslan naLyudmila, dudziro yaAsafiev ye12-nhanho L., kunzwisisa kweL. sechinhu chakaoma chemazwi. Means. mupiro wekudzidza kwezvinetso zveL. wakaitwa nebasa remamwe mazizi. theoreticians - Belyaev (pfungwa yegumi-nhanho rhythm, systematization yemamodhi emimhanzi yekumabvazuva), Yu. seconds; dzidziso ye modal variable function, etc.),

AS Ogolevets (kuzvimirira - "diatonicity" - 12 inonzwika ye tonal system; semantics yematanho; dzidziso ye modal genesis), IV Sposobina (kudzidza kwekuita basa rekuita modal tonal functionality, kurongeka kwakarongeka kwemamodhi mukuwedzera kune makuru uye maduku, kududzira rhythm uye mita sezvikonzero zvekuumbwa kwechando), VO Berkova (systematics yehuwandu hwezviitiko zvekuumbwa kwechando). Dambudziko reL. rakatsaurirwa. mabasa (uye zvikamu zvemabasa) naAN Dolzhansky, MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HF Tiftikidi nevamwe.

References: Odoevsky V. F., tsamba kuna V. F. Odoevsky kune muparidzi nezve primordial Great Russian mimhanzi, muna Sat: Kuyambuka Kaliki. akagara. nhetembo uye tsvakurudzo naP. Bessonova, h. 2, kwete. 5, Moscow, 1863; yake pachake, rwiyo rweMirskaya, rwakanyorwa nemanzwi masere ane zvikorekedzo zvine mabhii ecinnabar, muunganidzwa: Proceedings of the first archaeological congress in Moscow, 1869, vol. 2, M., 1871; yake, ("Russian commoner"). Fragment, 1860s, mubhuku: B. F. Odoevsky. Nhaka yemimhanzi uye yezvinyorwa, M., 1956 (inosanganisira kudhindwazve kwezvinyorwa zvataurwa pamusoro apa); Razumovsky D. V., Kuimba kweChechi muRussia, vol. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Serov A. N., rwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia sechidzidzo chesainzi, "Musical Season", 1869-71, zvakafanana, Izbr. zvinyorwa, nezvimwewo. 1, M., 1950; Sokalsky P. P., mimhanzi yerudzi rwechiRussia…, Har., 1888; Famintsyn A. S., Ancient Indochinese gamma muAsia neEurope …, St. Petersburg, 1889; Metalov V. M., Osmoglasie znamenny chant, M., 1899; Yavorsky B. L., Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi. Zvishandiso uye zvinyorwa, kwete. 1-3, M., 1908; Kastalskiy A. D., Zvimiro zvevanhu-Russian musical system, M.-P., 1923, M., 1961; Rimsky-Korsakov G. M., Kururamiswa kwekota-tone musical system, mubhuku: De Musica, vol. 1, L., 1925; Nikolsky A., Ruzha rwenziyo dzechivanhu, mubhuku: Kuunganidzwa kwemabasa echikamu che ethnographic cheHYMN, vol. 1, M., 1926; Asafiev B. V., Mumhanzi fomu senzira, bhuku. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; yake, Preface. kuRussia pa. bhuku: Kurt E., Fundamentals of linear counterpoint, M., 1931; yake pachake, Glinka, M., 1947, M., 1950; Mazel L. A., Ryzhkin I. Ya., Essays panhoroondo ye theoretical musicology, vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1934-39; Tyulin Yu. N., Dzidziso yekuwirirana, vol. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; yake pachake, Natural and alteration modes, M., 1971; Gruber R. I., Nhoroondo yetsika dzemimhanzi, vol. 1, h. 1, M., 1941; Ogolevets A. S., Nhanganyaya yekufunga kwemimhanzi yemazuva ano, M.-L., 1946; Dolzhansky A. N., Panheyo ye modal yezvinyorwa zvaShostakovich, "SM", 1947, Nha 4; Kushnarev X. S., Mibvunzo yenhoroondo uye dzidziso yeArmenian monodic music, L., 1958; Belyaev V. M., Comments, mubhuku: Jami Abdurakhman, Treatise on Music, trans. kubva kuPezhiya, mupepeti. uye nemacomments. AT. M. Belyaeva, Tash., 1960; yake, Essays panhoroondo yemimhanzi yevanhu veUSSR, vol. 1-2, Moscow, 1962-63; Berkov V. O., Harmony, h. 1-3, M., 1962-1966, M., 1970; Slonimsky S. M., Prokofiev's Symphonies, M.-L., 1964; Kholopov Yu. N., Anenge matatu ekunze masisitimu ekuwirirana, mu: Mimhanzi uye Mazuva ano, vol. 4, M., 1966; Tiftikidi H. F., Chromatic system, mu: Musicology, vol. 3, A.-A., 1967; Skoryk M. M., Ladovaya system S. Prokofieva, K., 1969; Sposobin I. V., Hurukuro pamusoro penzira yetsinhirano, M., 1969; Alekseev E., Pachimiro chesimba cheiyo modhi, "SM", 1969, No 11; Matambudziko ekutambudzika, Sat. Art., M., 1972; Tarakanov M. E., New tonality mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mu: Matambudziko eMumhanzi Sayenzi, vol. 1, M., 1972; Tikiti K. V., Esq. mabasa, kureva 1-2, M., 1971-73; Harlap M. G., Folk-Russian musical system uye dambudziko: mavambo emimhanzi, muunganidzwa: Early forms of art, M., 1972; Silenok L., muimbi weRussia-theorist M. D. Rezvoy, "muimbi weSoviet", 1974, April 30; cm.

Yu. N. Kholopov