György Ligeti |

György Ligeti

Nyika inonzwika yeLigeti, yakavhurwa senge feni, manzwiro emimhanzi yake, isinganyatso kutsanangurwa mumashoko, simba rekudenga, richiratidza njodzi dzinotyisa kwenguva imwe kana mbiri, inopa zvakadzika uye zvakadzika zvemukati kumabasa ake kunyangwe, pakutanga kutarisa. , vari kure nechero chii kana chiitiko. M. Pandey

D. Ligeti ndomumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira vekuWestern Europe vehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Mhemberero nemakongiresi, zvidzidzo zvakawanda pasi rose zvakatsaurirwa kubasa rake. Ligeti ndiye muridzi wemazita akawanda ekuremekedza uye mibairo.

Muimbi akadzidza paBudapest High School of Music (1945-49). Kubva 1956 anga achigara kuMadokero, achidzidzisa munyika dzakasiyana, kubva 1973 anga achigara achishanda paHamburg School of Music. Ligeti akatanga basa rake seBartokian akasimba ane ruzivo rwakakwana rwemimhanzi yekirasi. Aigara achipa mutero kuna Bartok, uye muna 1977 akagadzira rudzi rwemimhanzi yemunyori mumutambo we "Monument" (Zvikamu zvitatu zvepiyano mbiri).

Muma50s. Ligeti akashanda paCologne electronic studio - akazodaidza kuyedza kwake kwekutanga "finger gymnastics", uye nguva pfupi yadarika akati: "Handife ndakashanda nekombuta." Ligeti ndiye aive wekutanga kutsoropodza mamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi hwekunyora, akajairika muma50s. kuMadokero (serialism, aleatorics), yakazvipira tsvakurudzo kumimhanzi yaA. Webern, P. Boulez nevamwe. Nekutanga kwema60s. Ligeti akasarudza nzira yakazvimirira, achizivisa kudzoka kunovhura mimhanzi kutaura, ichisimbisa kukosha kwekurira uye ruvara. Mu "non-impressionistic" orchestral nziyo "Visions" (1958-59), "Atmospheres" (1961), iyo yakamuunzira mukurumbira pasi rose, Ligeti akawana timbre-ruvara, spatial orchestral mhinduro zvichibva pakunzwisisa kwepakutanga kwe polyphonic nzira, iyo. munyori anonzi "micropolyphony". Madzimai epfungwa yaLigeti ari mumhanzi waC. Debussy naR. Wagner, B. Bartok naA. Schoenberg. Muimbi akatsanangura micropolyphony sezvizvi: "polyphony yakaumbwa uye yakamisikidzwa muchiratidzo, izvo zvisingafanirwe kunzwika, hatinzwi polyphony, asi izvo zvinoburitsa ... ini ndichapa muenzaniso: chikamu chidiki chete chechando chinoonekwa, mazhinji. zvahwo zvakavanzwa pasi pemvura. Asi kuti iyi iceberg inoratidzika sei, inofamba sei, kuti inoshambidzwa sei nemhepo yakasiyana-siyana mugungwa - izvi zvose zvinoshanda kwete kune zvinoonekwa chete, asiwo kune chikamu chayo chisingaoneki. Ndosaka ndichiti: zvinyorwa zvangu uye nzira yekurekodha haina mari, inoparadza. Ini ndinoratidza zvakawanda zvakawanda zvisinganzwike zvega. Asi chokwadi chekuti izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakakosha kune fungidziro yakazara ... "

Ini zvino ndafunga nezvechivako chihombe, chine zvakawanda zvisingaoneki. Nekudaro, ivo vanoita basa mune zvese, mukugadzira iyo yakazara fungidziro. Ligeti's static nziyo dzinobva pakuchinja mukuwanda kwechinhu chinonzwika, kuchinjana kwemavhoriyamu ane mavara, ndege, makwapa nemazhinji, pakuchinja-chinja pakati pezvinonzwika neruzha mhedzisiro: sekureva kwemunyori, "pfungwa dzekutanga dzaive dzema labyrinths ane matavi akazadzwa ne. ruzha uye ruzha runyoro." Kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye kamwe kamwe, shanduko yenzvimbo inova chinhu chikuru mukurongeka kwenziyo (nguva - saturation kana kureruka, density kana sparseness, kusafamba kana kumhanya kwekuyerera kwayo zvinoenderana zvakananga nekushandurwa kwe "musical labyrinths". ye60s inobatanidzwawo nemakore ane ruzha-ruvara: zvikamu zvakasiyana zveRequiem yake (1963-65), iyo ochestra "Lontano" (1967), iyo inoramba dzimwe pfungwa dze "romanticism nhasi." Dzinoratidza kuwedzera kushamwaridzana, kumiganhu. pane synesthesia, inherent muna tenzi.

Danho rinotevera mubasa raLigeti rakaratidza shanduko zvishoma nezvishoma kuenda kumasimba. Mutambo wekutsvaga wakabatana nemimhanzi isingazorore zvachose muAdventures uye New Adventures (1962-65) - nziyo dzevanoimba uye ensemble yezviridzwa. Zviitiko izvi munhandare isina musoro zvakagadzira nzira yemhando huru dzechinyakare. Kubudirira kwakanyanya kukosha kweiyi nguva yaive Requiem, kusanganisa pfungwa dzeiyo static uye ine simba kuumbwa uye dramaturgy.

Muchikamu chechipiri che60s. Ligeti inotanga kushanda ne "yakanyanya kujeka uye isina kusimba polyphony", ichikwevera kune kureruka kukuru uye hukama hwepedyo hwekutaura. Iyi nguva inosanganisira Mapazi etambo orchestra kana gumi nevaviri vanoimba (12-1968), Melodies for orchestra (69), Chamber Concerto (1971-1969), Double Concerto yenyere, oboe uye orchestra (70). Panguva ino, munyori wacho akafadzwa nemimhanzi yaC. Ligeti anofunga zvakanyanya uye achida kutaura nezvematambudziko epolystylistics uye mumhanzi collage. Iyo collage tekinoroji inoita kunge isingazivikanwe kwaari - Ligeti pachake anofarira "kufungidzira, kwete makotesheni, zvirevo, kwete makotesheni." Mhedzisiro yeiyi opera The Great Dead Man (1972), yakabudirira muStockholm, Hamburg, Bologna, Paris, uye London.

Mabasa ema80s anoona nzira dzakasiyana: Trio yeviolin, horn and piano (1982) - rudzi rwekuzvipira kuna I. Brahms, zvisina kunanga nedingindira rerudo Mafungiro matatu pamavhesi naF. Hölderlin kwekwaya ine manzwi gumi nematanhatu a cappella (1982), kuvimbika kune tsika dzemimhanzi yeHungary inotsigirwa ne "Hungarian etudes" kumavhesi naCh. Veresh yekwaya yakasanganiswa gumi nematanhatu-izwi cappella (1982).

Maonero matsva epiyano anoratidzwa nepiyano etudes (First Notebook – 1985, etudes No. 7 and No. 8 – 1988), refracting different ideas – from impressionistic pianism to African music, and the Piano Concerto (1985-88).

Kufungidzira kweLigeti kwekugadzira kunotsigirwa nemimhanzi kubva kune akawanda eras netsika. Masangano asingadzivisiki, kusangana kwepfungwa dziri kure uye pfungwa ndidzo hwaro hwezvinyorwa zvake, kubatanidza manyepo uye hunhu hwenyama.

M. Lobanova