Alt |

Alto (German Alt, Italian alto, kubva kuLatin altus - yakakwirira).

1) Izwi rechipiri repamusoro-soro mumimhanzi yezvikamu zvina. Mupfungwa iyi, izwi rokuti "A." yakashandiswa kubva muzana remakore rechi15. Kare, mukuratidzira kwemazwi matatu, inzwi rainzwika pamusoro, uye dzimwe nguva pasi petenari, rainzi countertenor. Neshanduko kuenda ku4-izwi, vakatanga kusiyanisa pakati pecountertenor alto uye countertenor bass, yakazodaidzwa kungoti alto uye bass. Mukutanga-zvikamu zvina zvinyorwa cappella (pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 15), chikamu che viola chaiitwa nevarume. Mukwaya ine zvikamu zvitatu. zvibodzwa uye munguva dzakazotevera (mazana emakore 16-17), chikamu chealto dzimwe nguva chaiiswa kune vagadziri.

2) Chikamu mukwaya kana wok. ensemble, inoitwa nevana vakaderera kana manzwi echikadzi akaderera (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 mune opera kwaya. zvibodzwa muItaly, uye gare gare muFrance (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), chikamu chevakadzi vakaderera. manzwi anonzi mezzo-soprano, kana kuti soprano yepakati. Kubva panguva iyoyo, mapato mumadzimai ane homogeneous. makwaya akatanga kudanwa nezita racho. manzwi echikadzi: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. In wok.-symp. nziyo (kunze kweBerlioz's Requiem, Rossini's Stabat mater, nezvimwewo) uye mumakwaya ecappella, zita rekare, viola, rakachengetedzwa.

3) Munyika dzayo. zita remutauro contralto.

4) Manzwi evana akaderera. Pakutanga, manzwi evakomana vaiimba chikamu chaA. mukwaya aidaidzwa kudaro, gare gare – chero inzwi revana rakaderera rokuimba (vose vakomana nevasikana), uwandu hwaro – (g) a – es2 (e2).

5) Bowed instrument (Italian viola, French alto, German Bratsche) yemhuri yeviolin, iyo inotora nzvimbo yepakati pakati peviolin uye cello. Nehukuru hwezvizhinji zvakakura pane violin (kureba kwemuviri 410 mm; mhizha dzekare dzakagadzira violas inosvika 460-470 mm kureba; muna 19 B. maviolin madiki akapararira - 380-390 mm kureba; mukusiyana nekufarira kwe naG. Ritter uye gare gare L. Tertis vakagadzira mhando hombe, dzisati dzasvika pakukura kwechinyakare A.). Vaka A. cheshanu pazasi peviolin (c, g, d1, a1); Chikamu cheA. chakaiswa mualto uye treble clef. Zvinotendwa kuti violin ndicho chiridzwa chekutanga cheboka reviolin (yakaonekwa mukupera kwe15th uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi16). Ruzha rwaA. rwunosiyana nerunyerekupe mukuwanda kwayo, toni yecontralto murejista yepasi uye nemhino yakati "oboe" timbre iri kumusoro. Ita paA. fast technical. ndima dzakaoma kupfuura pa violin. A. inoshandiswa mu kam. instr. ensembles (nguva dzose chikamu che bow quartet), symphony. orchestras, kashoma senge solo conc. tool. Conc. mitambo yeA. yakatanga kuoneka kubva muzana ramakore rechi18. (conc. symphony yeviolin uye viola ine orchestra naWA Mozart, makonsati aJ. Stamitz ehama K. naA. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, misiyano yeviolin uye viola naIE Khandoshkin nevamwe). Sonata weA. akanyora MI Glinka. Muzana remakore rechi20 concertos uye sonatas yeA. yakagadzirwa naB. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman , RS Bunin nevamwe; pane conc. inoridza A. uye mune mamwe marudzi. Varwi vemhirizhonga vakatanhamara: K. Uran (France), O. Nedbal (Czech Republic), P. Hindemith (Germany), L. Tertis (England), W. Primrose (USA), VR Bakaleinikov (Russia), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . Vamwe vevanonyanya kuzivikanwa veviolinists dzimwe nguva vaiita sevaridzi - N. Paganini, kubva kumazizi. maviolinists - DF Oistrakh.

6) Alto marudzi emamwe orcs. zviridzwa zvemhepo - flugelhorns (A., kana altohorn) uye saxhorns, clarinet (basset horn), oboe (alto oboe, kana Chirungu nyanga), trombone (alto trombone).

7) Alto zvakasiyana-siyana zve domra.

References: Struve BA, Maitiro ekuumbwa kwezviyo uye violin, M., 1959; Grinberg MM, mabhuku echiRussian viola, M., 1967; Straeten E. van der, The viola, “The Strad”, XXIII, 1912; Clarke R., Nhoroondo ye viola muQuartet kunyora, "ML", IV, 1923, No 1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. naShore B., The viola, L., 1946; Zeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raaben