Key |

French clef, kiyi yechirungu, germ. Schlussel

Chiratidzo patsvimbo yemimhanzi inosarudza zita nekukwirira (kweimwe kana imwe octave) yezwi pane imwe yemitsara yayo; inoseta mhedziso yekukoshera kwese manzwi akarekodhwa padanda. K. inonamirwa nenzira yekuti mumwe wemitsetse mishanu yetsvimbo inoipindira pakati. Akaiswa panotangira bango rimwe nerimwe; muchiitiko chekuchinja kubva kune imwe K. kuenda kune imwe, K itsva inonyorwa kunze munzvimbo inowirirana yedanda. Zvitatu zvakasiyana zvinoshandiswa. kiyi: G (munyu), F (fa) uye C (ita); mazita avo uye zvinyorwa zvinobva kune lat. mavara anoratidza manzwi ehurefu hunoenderana (ona Mimhanzi Alphabet). NeChitatu. mazana emakore akatanga kushandisa mitsetse, mumwe nomumwe wairatidza kureba kwerimwe ruzha; vaiita kuti kuverenga kusingawirirane mumhanzi notation, iyo yaimbove yakagadzirisa makwiriro erwiyo (ona Nevmas). Guido d'Arezzo pakutanga 11th c. yakavandudza hurongwa uhu, huchiunza huwandu hwemitsara kune ina. Mutsara mutsvuku wezasi wairatidza pitch F, yechitatu yero mutsara wairatidza pitch C. Pakutanga kwemitsetse iyi, mavara C uye F akaiswa, ayo akaita mabasa eK. Gare gare, kushandiswa kwemavara ane mavara kwakasiiwa. uye kukosha kwakakwana kwenzwi kwakagoverwa kune manotsi. tsamba chete. Pakutanga, dzakanyorwa dzinoverengeka (kusvika kunhatu) padanda rimwe nerimwe, ipapo nhamba yavo yakaderedzwa kuva danda rimwe. Pamabhii emazita enzwi, G, F, uye C ainyanya kushandiswa saK. Maonerwo emabhii aya akachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kutozosvikira awana azvino uno. graphic mafomu. Kiyi G (sol), kana treble, inoratidza nzvimbo yemunyu unonzwika weoctave yekutanga; iri pamutsetse wechipiri wetsvimbo. Imwe mhando yeK. munyu, iyo inonzi. chekare chiFrench, chakaiswa pamutsetse wekutanga, wemazuva ano. haishandiswi nevanyori, zvisinei, kana kudhindazve mabasa kwayakashandiswa kare, iyi code inochengetedzwa. Kiyi F (fa), kana bass, inoratidza nzvimbo yeruzha fa rweoctave diki; inoiswa pamutsetse wechina wevashandi. Mumhanzi wekare, K. fa inowanikwawo muchimiro chebass-profundo K. (kubva muchiLatin profundo - yakadzika), iyo yakashandiswa kune yakaderera rejista yechikamu chebass uye yakaiswa pamutsetse wechishanu, uye baritone. K. - pamutsetse wechitatu. Key C (do) inoratidza nzvimbo yekurira kusvika kune yekutanga octave; mazuva ano Kiyi C inoshandiswa mumhando mbiri: alto - pamutsetse wechitatu uye tenor - pamutsetse wechina. Muzvibodzwa zvekare zvekwaya, kiyi C yemhando shanu yakashandiswa, ndiko kuti, pamitsetse yese yetsvimbo; kuwedzera kune zvakataurwa pamusoro apa, zvinotevera zvakashandiswa: soprano K. - pamutsara wekutanga, mezzo-soprano - pamutsara wechipiri, uye baritone - pamutsetse wechishanu.

Mazuva ano kwaya zvibodzwa zvinorekodhwa muviolin uye bass k., asi vaimbi nekwaya. maconductor anogara achisangana neclef C pakuita mabasa ekare. Tenor part yakanyorwa ne treble K., asi inoverengwa octave yakaderera pane yakanyorwa, iyo dzimwe nguva inoratidzwa nenhamba 8 pazasi pekiyi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, violin kaviri K. muchirevo chimwe chete inoshandiswa kune chikamu chetenor.

Zvinorehwa nekushandiswa kwesekete. K. inosanganisirwa nekunzvenga sezvinobvira nhamba huru yemitsara yakawedzerwa mukunyorwa kwemazwi uye nokudaro zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga manotsi. Alto K. inoshandiswa kucherekedza chikamu che bowed viola uye viol d'amour; tenor - yekucherekedza yetenor trombone chikamu uye chikamu cello (mune repamusoro rerejista).

Mune inonzi. "Kyiv banner" (square musical notation), iyo yakapararira muUkraine neRussia muzana remakore rechi17, zvakasiyana-siyana. mhando dzeC kiyi, kusanganisira iyo cefaut K., iyo yakawana kukosha kwakakosha pakurekodha nziyo dzemazuva ese dze monophonic. Zita rekuti cefaut K. rinobva kune rinoshandiswa muchechi. mimhanzi tsika yehexachordal system ye solmization, zvinoenderana neinonzwika kuita (C), inotorwa sehwaro hweiyo kiyi notation, yakaverengerwa mazita fa uye ut.

Iyo hexachord system yekunyungudutsa sekushandiswa kune chechikero. Iyo yakazara vhoriyamu yechiyero, notation yayo mune cefout kiyi uye solmisa mazita ematanho.

Nerubatsiro rwecefaut K., manzwi ese echechi yakazara akarekodhwa. chiyero chaienderana nehuwandu hwemazwi echirume (ona Chikero cheZuva rega rega); gare gare, pakuenda kuchechi. Vakomana, uyezve vakadzi, vakatanga kukwezvwa nokuimba, cefaut K. yaishandiswawo mumapati avo, ayo akaitwa octave yakakwirira kupfuura yevarume. Nemifananidzo, iyo cefaut K. imhando yeskweya note ine kudzikama; inoiswa pamutsara wechitatu wetsvimbo, ichipa iyo nzvimbo yechina nhanho yekereke. chiyero - kusvika kune yekutanga octave. Yekutanga kudhindwa edition, umo iyo cefaut kuimba kwakatsanangurwa, yaive Iyo ABC yeChinyore Mimhanzi Kuimba Maererano neCefaut Key (4). Iine monophonic mharidzo yemitambo yemazuva ose, cefaut K. inochengetedza kukosha kwayo kusvikira nhasi.

References: Razumovsky DV, Kuimba kweChechi muRussia (Chiitiko chenhoroondo uye yehunyanzvi mharidzo) ..., vol. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Metallov VM, Nyaya yenhoroondo yekuimba kwechechi yeOrthodox muRussia, Saratov, 1893, M., 1915; Smolensky SV, On Old Russian kuimba notations St. Petersburg, 1901; Sposobin IV, Elementary theory yemimhanzi, M., 1951, posl. ed., M., 1967; Gruber R., Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, vol. 1, chikamu 1, M.-L., 1941; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; Ehrmann R., Die Schlüsselkombinationen im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, “AMw”, Jahrg. XI, 1924; Wagner P., Aus der Frühzeit des Liniensystems, “AfMw”, Jahrg. VIII, 1926; Smits van Waesberghe J., The musical notation of Guido of Arezzo, "Musica Disciplina", v. V, 1951; Arel W., Die Notation der Polyphonen Music, 900-1600, Lpz., 1962; Federshofer H., Hohe und tiefe Schlüsselung im 16. Jahrhundert, mu: Festschrift Fr. Blume…, Kassel, 1963.

VA Vakhromeev