Classicism |

Classicism (kubva ku lat. classicus - muenzaniso) - unyanzvi. dzidziso uye chimiro muunyanzvi hwezana remakore rechi17-18. K. yakanga yakavakirwa pakutenda mufungo wokuva, mukuvapo kwenhevedzano imwe, yepasi rose inotonga nzira yezvinhu muchisiko noupenyu, uye kutsinhirana kwohunhu hwomunhu. Aesthetic yako. vamiririri veK. vakanhonga chakanakira mumienzaniso yekare. mhosva uye mune chikuru. Zvirongwa zveAristotle's Poetics. Iro zita chairo "K." inobva mukukwezva kune yekare. yekare seyepamusoro-soro yeaesthetics. kukwana. Aesthetics K., inobva kune rationalistic. prerequisites, normative. Iine huwandu hwemitemo inosungirwa yakasimba, iyo iyo hunyanzvi hunofanirwa kutevedzera. shanda. Chinonyanya kukosha chazvo ndizvo zvinodiwa pakuenzanisa kwerunako nechokwadi, kujeka kunonzwisisika kwepfungwa, kuwirirana nekukwana kwekuumbwa, uye musiyano wakajeka pakati pemhando.

Mukuvandudzwa kweK. kune mbiri huru dzenhoroondo. nhanho: 1) K. 17th yezana, iyo yakakura kubva muunyanzvi hweRenaissance pamwe chete nebaroque uye yakagadziridzwa muchikamu mukurwira, pamwe mukudyidzana neyokupedzisira; 2) yedzidzo K. yezana remakore rechi18, yakabatana nepre-revolutionary. ideological movement muFrance uye simba rayo pane unyanzvi hweimwe yeEurope. nyika. Nekuwanda kwemisimboti yeaesthetics, aya matanho maviri anoratidzirwa nehuwandu hwemisiyano yakakosha. MuWestern Europe. art history, izwi rekuti "K." kazhinji inoshandiswa kune unyanzvi chete. nhungamiro yezana ramakore rechi 18, nepo chirevo chezana ramakore rechi 17 - kutanga. 18th yezana inoonekwa sebaroque. Kusiyana nemaonero aya, anotangira pakunzwisisa kwemaitiro sematanho ekuchinja kwemuchina, dzidziso yeMarxist-Leninist yemataera akagadzirwa muUSSR inofunga nezve hutsika hunopesana hunopokana uye hunopindirana munhoroondo yega yega. nguva.

K. zana remakore rechi17, richiva nenzira dzakawanda kupesana kwebaroque, yakakura kubva munhoroondo imwe chete. midzi, kuratidzira nenzira yakasiyana kupesana kwepanguva yekuchinja, inoratidzirwa nekuchinja kukuru kwevanhu, kukurumidza kukura kwesayenzi. ruzivo uye kusimbisa panguva imwe cheteyo yechitendero-feudal reaction. Kunyanya kuenderana uye kuzere kutaura kweK. 17th century. yakagamuchira muFrance zuva guru rehumambo hwakakwana. Mumumhanzi, mumiriri wake ane mukurumbira aive JB Lully, mugadziri werudzi rwe "lyrical tragedy", iyo, maererano nenyaya yayo uye yakakosha. stylistic misimboti yaive padyo nedambudziko rekare raP. Corneille naJ. Racine. Mukupesana neItalian baruch opera ine "Shakespearean" rusununguko rwekuita, misiyano isingatarisirwe, kusangana kwakashinga kweanokudzwa neanoseka, "nhamo yerwiyo" yaLully yaive nekubatana uye kuenderana kwehunhu, pfungwa yakasimba yekuvaka. Humambo hwake hwaive hugamba hwepamusoro, hwakasimba, zvishuwo zvevanhu vanokwira pamusoro pechinhanho chakajairwa. Zvinoshamisa kutaura kwemimhanzi yaLully kwakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwezvakajairwa. marevolutions, ayo akashanda kutamisa decomp. kufamba kwemanzwiro uye manzwiro - maererano nedzidziso yezvinokanganisa (ona. Affect theory), iyo inoisa pasi aesthetics yeK. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro eBaroque akanga ari mukati mebasa raLully, akaratidzwa mukubwinya kunoshamisa kwemitambo yake, kukura. basa remusimboti wenyama. Musanganiswa wakafanana webaroque uye classical element unoonekwawo muItari, muma opera nevanyori vechikoro cheNeapolitan mushure memutambo. kuvandudzwa kwakaitwa naA. Zeno pamuenzaniso weFrench. classic tragedy. Iyo heroic opera yakatevedzana yakawana rudzi uye inovaka kubatana, mhando uye dramaturgy zvakadzorwa. mabasa akasiyana. mafomu emimhanzi. Asi kazhinji kubatana uku kwakava kwepamutemo, kupenga kunosetsa uye virtuoso wok zvakauya pamberi. unyanzvi hwevaimbi-vanoimba. Kufanana neItaly. opera seria, uye basa revateveri veFrance vaLully rakapupurira kuderera kunozivikanwa kwaK.

Iyo nguva itsva yakabudirira yekarati muChiedza yakabatana kwete chete neshanduko yemafungiro ayo, asiwo nekuvandudzwa kwechikamu chemafomu ayo chaiwo, kukunda mamwe edzidziso. zvikamu zve classical aesthetics. Mumienzaniso yayo yepamusorosoro, kuvhenekerwa K. yezana ramakore rechi 18. inosimuka pakuzivisa pachena kwechimurenga. ideals. France ichiri nzvimbo huru yekuvandudzwa kwemafungiro aK, asi ivo vanowana ruzha rwakakura mukunaka. pfungwa uye unyanzvi. okugadzira Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia nedzimwe nyika. Mumhanzi Basa rinokosha mune aesthetics yetsika inotambidzwa nedzidziso yekutevedzera, iyo yakagadzirwa muFrance naCh. Batte, JJ Rousseau, and d'Alembert; -aesthetic pfungwa yezana remakore rechi18 dzidziso iyi yaibatanidzwa nekunzwisisa kweinzwi. chimiro chemimhanzi, icho chakatungamirira kuchokwadi. mutarise. Rousseau akasimbisa kuti chinhu chekutevedzera mumhanzi hachifanirwe kunge chiri manzwi ezvisikwa zvisina hupenyu, asi matauriro ekutaura kwevanhu, ayo anoshanda seakanyanya kutendeka uye akananga kutaura kwemanzwiro. Pakati pe muz.-aesthetic. kukakavara muzana remakore rechi18. kwaiva ne opera. Franz. encyclopedist vakazviona semhando, umo iyo yekutanga kubatana kwehunyanzvi, yaivepo muanti-tich, inofanira kudzorerwa. t-re uye yakatyorwa munguva inotevera. Iyi pfungwa yakagadzira hwaro hwekuchinja kwekushanda kweKV Gluck, iyo yakatangwa naye muVienna muma60s. uye yakapedzwa mune pre-revolutionary atmosphere. Paris mumakore ekuma70 Gluck's akura, anochinja opera, achitsigirwa zvine mutsindo nemaencyclopedist, akanyatso ratidza zvemhando yepamusoro. kunaka kwehugamba hwakanyanya. art-va, inosiyaniswa nehukuru hwezvishuvo, hukuru. nyore uye kuomarara kwemaitiro.

Sezvo muzana remakore rechi17, panguva yeChiedza, K. stylistic maitiro, aesthetic. nature to-rykh dzimwe nguva yaipesana neyake huru. nheyo. Saka, iyo crystallization yemhando itsva dzekirasi. instr. mimhanzi inotanga kare mu2nd quarter. 18th century, mukati megadziriro ye gallant style (kana kuti Rococo style), iyo inotevedzana yakabatana nezvose zviri zviviri K. 17th century neBaroque. Zvinhu zvezvitsva pakati pevanyori vakarongerwa segallant style (F. Couperin muFrance, GF Telemann naR. Kaiser muGermany, G. Sammartini, chikamu cheD. Scarlatti muItaly) zvakapindirana nemaitiro emhando ye baroque. Panguva imwecheteyo, monumentalism uye zvishuvo zvebaroque zvine simba zvinotsiviwa nekunyorova, kwakanatswa kunzwisisika, kushamwaridzana kwemifananidzo, kunatswa kwekudhirowa.

Yakapararira sentimentalist maitiro pakati. Zana remakore rechi18 rakatungamirira kukufambira mberi kwemhando dzenziyo muFrance, Germany, Russia, kubuda kwaDec. nat. mhando dze opera dzinopokana neyakaomesesa chimiro che classicist njodzi ine mifananidzo yakapusa uye manzwiro e "vanhu vadiki" kubva kuvanhu, zviitiko zvemazuva ese ehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, isingaremekedzi melodism yemimhanzi padyo nemazuva ese masosi. Mumunda we instr. mimhanzi sentimentalism yakaratidzwa muOp. Vanyori veCzech vanobatana nechikoro cheMannheim (J. Stamitz nevamwe), KFE Bach, ane basa raive rine chekuita nemwenje. kufamba "Storm and onslaught". Inherent in this movement, chishuvo chekusagumira. rusununguko uye nekukasira kwechiitiko chega chega chinoratidzwa mune rwiyo rwekusimudzira. nzira dzemumhanzi weCFE Bach, improvisational whimsicality, inopinza, isingatarisirwi kutaura. misiyano. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabasa e "Berlin" kana "Hamburg" Bach, vamiririri vechikoro cheMannheim, uye mamwe maitiro akafanana nenzira dzakawanda akagadzirira zvakananga danho repamusoro mukugadzirwa kwemimhanzi. K., yakabatana nemazita aJ. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. Beethoven (ona Vienna Classical School). Aya masters makuru akapfupisa zvakawanikwa muna Zvita. masitaera emimhanzi uye zvikoro zvenyika, kugadzira rudzi rutsva rwemumhanzi wechinyakare, wakapfumiswa zvakanyanya uye wakasunungurwa kubva kumakongiresi hunhu hwematanho apfuura echinyakare chimiro mumimhanzi. Inherent K. quality harmonich. kujeka kwekufunga, kuenzana kwemitemo yepanyama uye yehungwaru inosanganiswa nehupamhi uye hupfumi hwechokwadi. kunzwisisa kwenyika, nyika yakadzika uye democracy. Mubasa ravo, vanokunda dzidziso uye metaphysics yeclassicist aesthetics, iyo kusvika pamwero wakati yakazviratidza kunyangwe muGluck. Iyo inonyanya kukosha nhoroondo kubudirira kwechinhanho ichi kwaive kugadzwa kwesymphonism senzira yekuratidza chokwadi musimba, kusimudzira uye kurukana kwakaoma kwekupokana. Iyo symphonism yeViennese classics inosanganisira zvimwe zvinhu zve operatic drama, inosanganisa hombe, yakadzama ideological pfungwa uye zvinoshamisa. kunetsana. Kune rimwe divi, misimboti yekufunga kwe symphonic inopinda kwete muna dec chete. instr. marudzi (sonata, quartet, nezvimwewo), asiwo mune opera uye kugadzira. cantata-oratorio mhando.

MuFrance mune con. 18th century K. inovandudzwa zvakare muOp. vateveri vaGluck, akaenderera mberi netsika dzake mu opera (A. Sacchini, A. Salieri). Kupindura zvakananga kune zviitiko zveGreat French. Revolution F. Gossec, E. Megyul, L. Cherubini - vanyori ve operas uye monumental wok.-instr. mabasa akagadzirirwa kuita kwevazhinji, akazadzwa nepamusoro pehurumende uye kuda nyika. pathos. K. maitiro anowanikwa muRussia. vanyori vezana remakore rechi18 MS Berezovsky, DS Bortnyansky, VA Pashkevich, IE Khandoshkin, EI Fomin. Asi mumhanzi weRussia K. hauna kukura kuita gwara rakabatana. Inozviratidza muvanyori ava pamwe chete nemanzwiro, genre-specific realism. kufananidzira uye zvinhu zvekutanga romanticism (semuenzaniso, muOA Kozlovsky).

References: Livanova T., Mimhanzi classics yezana ramakore reXVIII, M.-L., 1939; yake, Ari munzira kubva kuRenaissance kuenda kuKuvhenekerwa kwezana ramakore rechi 1963, muunganidzwa: Kubva paRenaissance kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 1966, M., 264; iye, Dambudziko rechimiro mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi89, muunganidzwa: Renaissance. Baroque. Classicism, M., 245, p. 63-1968; Vipper BR, Art yezana ramakore re1973 uye dambudziko reiyo Baroque maitiro, ibid., p. 3-1915; Konen V., Theater and Symphony, M., 1925; Keldysh Yu., Dambudziko rezvitaera mumimhanzi yeRussia yezana ramakore re1926-1927, "SM", 1934, Nha 8; Fischer W., Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Wiener klassischen Stils, “StZMw”, Jahrg. III, 1930; Becking G., Klassik und Romantik, in: Bericht über den I. Musikwissenschaftlichen KongreЯ… in Leipzig… 1931, Lpz., 432; Bücken E., Die Musik des Rokokos und der Klassik, Wildpark-Potsdam, 43 (muchikamu chinoti “Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft” chakapepetwa naye; dudziro yechiRussian: Mimhanzi yeRococo uye Classicism, M., 1949); Mies R. Zu Musikauffassung und Stil der Klassik, “ZfMw”, Jahrg. XIII, H. XNUMX, XNUMX/XNUMX, s. XNUMX-XNUMX; Gerber R., Klassischei Stil in der Musik, "Die Sammlung", Jahrg. IV, XNUMX.

Yu.V. Keldysh

Classicism (kubva ku lat. classicus - muenzaniso), chimiro cheunyanzvi chaivepo mu17 - kutanga. 19th mazana emakore muEurope mabhuku uye art. Kubuda kwayo kwakabatana nekubuda kweabsolutist state, yenguva pfupi yemagariro kuenzanisa pakati pe feudal uye bourgeois zvinhu. Kukumbira ruregerero kwechikonzero kwakamuka panguva iyoyo uye maitiro echinyakare aesthetics akakura kubva pairi yakavakirwa pamitemo yekuravira kwakanaka, iyo yainzi isingaperi, yakasununguka kubva kumunhu uye inopesana nekuzvida kwemunyori, kufemerwa kwake uye manzwiro. K. akawana maitiro ekunaka kwakanaka kubva kune zvakasikwa, umo akaona muenzaniso wekuwirirana. Naizvozvo, K. akadana kutevedzera zvisikwa, aida kuvimbika. Yakanzwisiswa setsamba kune yakanakira, inoenderana nepfungwa yepfungwa yechokwadi. Mundima yaK. yekuona, kwaingova nezviratidzo zvemunhu. Zvose zvakanga zvisingaenderani nechikonzero, zvose zvakashata zvaifanira kuonekwa muunyanzvi hweK. Izvi zvaibatanidzwa nepfungwa yeunyanzvi hwekare semuenzaniso. Rationalism yakatungamira kune yakajairwa pfungwa yevatambi uye hukuru hweabstract makakatanwa (kupikisa pakati pebasa uye kunzwa, nezvimwewo). Zvikuru zvichibva pamafungiro eRenaissance, K., kusiyana naye, akaratidza kufarira kwete zvakanyanya mumunhu mukusiyana kwake kwose, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu umo munhu anozviwana. Nokudaro, kazhinji kufarira hakusi mumunhu, asi mune izvo zvezvimiro zvake zvinofumura mamiriro aya. Rationalism ye k. zvakaunza izvo zvinodikanwa zvepfungwa uye nyore, pamwe nekurongeka kwehunyanzvi. zvinoreva (kupatsanurwa mumhando dzakakwirira uye dzakaderera, stylistic purism, nezvimwewo).

Pamuballet, izvi zvinodiwa zvakaratidza kuva nezvibereko. Kudhumhana kwakagadzirwa naK. - kupikisa kwekufunga uye manzwiro, mamiriro emunhu, nezvimwewo - zvakaratidzwa zvizere mudramaturgy. Kubata kwemutambo waK. kwakadzamisa zviri mubhareti ndokuzadza kutamba. mifananidzo ye semantic kukosha. Mumakomedi-maballet ("Iyo Boring", 1661, "Muchato zvisingaite", 1664, nezvimwewo), Moliere akatsvaga kuzadzisa zano rekunzwisisa kwe ballet kuisa. Zvimedu zveballet mu "The Tradesman in the Nobility" ("Turkish Ceremony", 1670) uye mu "The Imaginary Sick" ("Kuzvitsaurira kuna Chiremba", 1673) zvaisava zvinopindirana chete, asi organic. chikamu chekuita. Zviitiko zvakafanana zvakaitika kwete chete mufarcical-zuva nezuva, asiwo mufundisi-ngano. zvinomiririra. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti ballet yakanga ichiri kuratidzwa nezvakawanda zvemhando yeBaroque uye yaive ichiri chikamu chekugadzira. kuita, zvirimo zvakawedzerwa. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nebasa idzva remunyori wemitambo anotarisira munyori wenziyo uye munyori.

Kunyanya zvishoma nezvishoma kukunda baroque variegation uye kurema, ballet yaK., yakasara kumashure kwemabhuku uye humwe hunyanzvi, yakarwirawo kudzorwa. Zvikamu zvemhando zvakawedzera kusiyanisa, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, kutamba kwakawedzera kuomesa uye kurongeka. unyanzvi. Ballet. P. Beauchamp, zvichibva pamusimboti weeversion, akagadzira zvinzvimbo zvishanu zvemakumbo (ona Nzvimbo) - hwaro hwekurongeka kwekutamba kwekirasi. Kutamba kwechinyakare uku kwakanangana nekare. masampuli akadhindwa mumamonuments acharatidza. art. Mafambiro ese, akatokweretwa kubva kuNar. kutamba, kwakapfuura sechinyakare uye kunyorerwa sechinyakare. Ballet inyanzvi uye akaenda mhiri kwedenderedzwa remuzinda. Vanoda kutamba kubva pakati pevashandi muzana remakore rechi17. akachinja Prof. vanyori, varume vokutanga, uye pakupera kwezana remakore, vakadzi. Kwakanga kune kukura kunokurumidza kweunyanzvi hwekuita. Muna 1661, Royal Academy of Dance yakavambwa muParis, ichitungamirwa naBeauchamp, uye muna 1671, Royal Academy of Music, inotungamirwa naJB Lully (yakazotevera Paris Opera). Lully akaita basa rinokosha mukusimudzirwa kweballet K. Achiita semutambi uye choreographer pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaMolière (gare gare semunyori), akasika muses. lyric genre. dambudziko, umo mapurasitiki nekutamba zvakatamba inotungamira semantic basa. Tsika yaLully yakaenderera mberi naJB Rameau mune opera-ballet "Gallant India" (1735), "Castor naPollux" (1737). Panyaya yenzvimbo yavo mune izvi zvichiri zvinomiririra zvinomiririra, zvimedu zveballet zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nemisimboti yemhando yemhando yepamusoro (dzimwe nguva kuchengetedza baroque maitiro). Pakutanga. Muzana remakore rechi18 kwete chete manzwiro, asiwo kunzwisisa kunonzwisisika kwepurasitiki. zviono zvakaita kuti vazviparadzanise; muna 1708 bhareti rekutanga rakazvimirira rakabuda padingindira raibva kuCorneille's Horatii nemimhanzi yaJJ Mouret. Kubva panguva iyoyo, ballet yakazvisimbisa semhando yakakosha yehunyanzvi. Yakanga yakadzorwa nekutamba kwedivertissement, kutamba-nyika uye kusajeka kwayo kwemanzwiro kwakabatsira mukunzwisisa. kugadzira kuita. Iyo semantic gesture yakapararira, asi preim. conditional.

Nekuderera kwemutambo, kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji kwakatanga kudzvanyirira munyori wemitambo. Tanga. Munhu anotungamirira munhandare ye ballet ndiye virtuoso dancer (L. Dupre, M. Camargo, nevamwe), avo vaiwanzoregedza choreographer, uye kunyanya munyori uye munyori wemitambo, kumashure. Panguva imwecheteyo, kufamba kutsva kwakashandiswa zvakanyanya, ndicho chikonzero chekutanga kwekugadzirisa zvipfeko.

Ballet. Encyclopedia, SE, 1981