Franz Schubert |

Franz schubert

Kuvimba, kutaura chokwadi, kusakwanisa kutengesa, kushamwaridzana, kutaura mune mufaro - ndiani aimuziva zvakasiyana? Kubva mundangariro dzeshamwari

F. Schubert ndiye wekutanga muimbi mukuru werudo. Rudo rwenhetembo nerufaro rwakachena rwehupenyu, kupererwa uye kutonhora kwekusurukirwa, kushuvira zvakanaka, nyota yekudzungaira uye kusava netariro yekudzungaira - zvese izvi zvakawana maungira mubasa remunyori, munziyo dzake dzechisikigo uye dzinoyerera. Kuzaruka kwemanzwiro erudo rwenyika, kukurumidza kwekutaura kwakasimudza rudzi rwerwiyo kusvika pakukwirira kusati kwamboitika kusvika panguva iyoyo: iyi yaimbove yechipiri mhando muSchubert yakava hwaro hwenyika yehunyanzvi. Murinhi renziyo, munyori anogona kutaura manzwiro akasiyana-siyana. Chipo chake chisingapedziki chekuimba chakamubvumira kuumba nziyo dzinoverengeka pazuva (kune zvinopfuura mazana matanhatu pamwero). Nziyo dzenziyo dzinopindawo mumimhanzi yezviridzwa, semuenzaniso, rwiyo "Wanderer" rwakashanda sechinhu chepiyano fungidziro yezita rimwe chete, uye "Trout" - yequintet, nezvimwe.

Schubert akaberekerwa mumhuri yemudzidzisi wechikoro. Mukomana akaratidza kunoshamisa mano emimhanzi kare kare uye akatumirwa kunodzidza ari musungwa (1808-13). Ikoko akaimba mukwaya, akadzidza dzidziso yemimhanzi achitungamirirwa naA. Salieri, akaridza muchikwata chevadzidzi uye akachiitisa.

Mumhuri yeSchubert (pamwe chete neGermany burgher environment in general) vaida mimhanzi, asi vaibvumira chete sechido; basa remuimbi raionekwa serisina kukudzwa. Muimbi wenyanzvi aifanira kutevera tsoka dzababa vake. Kwemakore anoverengeka (1814-18) basa rechikoro rakavhiringidza Schubert kubva pakugadzira, uye zvakadaro anonyora yakawanda zvikuru. Kana mumimhanzi yezviridzwa kutsamira pamaitiro eViennese classics (kunyanya WA ​​Mozart) kuchiri kuoneka, saka murudzi rwenziyo, munyori atove nemakore gumi nemanomwe anogadzira mabasa anonyatso ratidza hunhu hwake. Nhetembo dzeJW Goethe dzakakurudzira Schubert kugadzira hunyanzvi hwakadai saGretchen paWheel Spinning, The Forest King, nziyo dzakabva kuna Wilhelm Meister, etc. Schubert akanyorawo nziyo dzakawanda kumazwi eimwe classic yezvinyorwa zveGerman, F. Schiller.

Achida kuzvipira zvachose kumumhanzi, Schubert akasiya basa pachikoro (izvi zvakakonzera kuputsa ukama nababa vake) uye akatamira kuVienna (1818). Pachine nzvimbo dzisina kujeka dzekurarama sezvidzidzo zvepachivande uye kuburitswa kwezvinyorwa. Asingave ari virtuoso pianist, Schubert aisagona nyore (kufanana naF. Chopin kana F. Liszt) azviwanire zita rake munyika yemimhanzi uye nokudaro anokurudzira mukurumbira wemimhanzi yake. Chimiro chemunyori hachina kugovera kune izvi zvakare, kunyudzwa kwake kwakakwana mukunyora mimhanzi, kuzvininipisa uye, panguva imwecheteyo, kutendeseka kwepamusoro-soro, izvo zvisingabvumiri kukanganisa. Asi akawana kunzwisisa netsigiro pakati peshamwari. Denderedzwa revechidiki rekugadzira rakaiswa zvakapoteredza Schubert, mumwe nomumwe ane nhengo anofanira kunge ane tarenda reunyanzvi (Chii chaanogona kuita? - mutsva wese akakwaziswa nemubvunzo wakadaro). Vatori vechikamu veSchubertiads vakava vateereri vekutanga, uye kazhinji vanyori pamwe chete (I. Mayrhofer, I. Zenn, F. Grillparzer) yenziyo dzakajeka dzemusoro wedenderedzwa ravo. Hurukuro nemakakatanwa akapisa pamusoro pehunyanzvi, huzivi, zvematongerwo enyika zvakachinjana nekutamba, izvo Schubert akanyora mimhanzi yakawanda, uye kazhinji aingozvivandudza. Maminitsi, ecossaises, polonaises, landnders, polkas, gallops - akadai denderedzwa remhando dzekutamba, asi waltzes anokwira pamusoro pezvese - haasisiri matambiro chete, asi kuti madiki enziyo. Psychologying yekutamba, kuishandura kuva mufananidzo wenhetembo wemafungiro, Schubert anotarisira mawaltzes aF. Chopin, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, S. Prokofiev. Imwe nhengo yedenderedzwa, muimbi ane mukurumbira M. Vogl, akakurudzira nziyo dzaSchubert pamutambo wekonti uye, pamwe chete nemunyori, vakashanyira maguta eAustria.

Hunyanzvi hwaSchubert hwakakura kubva mutsika refu yemimhanzi muVienna. Chikoro chekirasi (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven), ngano dzemarudzi akawanda, umo maitiro evaHungarian, maSlavs, maItalian akaiswa pamusoro peAustro-German hwaro, uye pakupedzisira, kufanotaura kwakakosha kweViennese yekutamba, kugadzira mimhanzi yepamba. - zvose izvi zvakasarudza kuonekwa kwebasa raSchubert.

The heyday yekugadzira kwaSchubert - ma20s. Panguva ino, mabasa akanakisa ezviridzwa akagadzirwa: rwiyo-runoshamisa "Unfinished" symphony (1822) uye epic, hupenyu hunosimbisa symphony muC huru (yekupedzisira, Yepfumbamwe mumutsara). Zvose ma symphonies akanga asingazivikanwi kwenguva yakareba: C huru yakawanikwa naR. Schumann muna 1838, uye iyo Unfinished yakawanikwa chete muna 1865. Zvose symphonies zvakakonzera vanyori vehafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechiXNUMX, vachitsanangura nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzerudo symphonism. Schubert haana kumbonzwa chero symphonies yake yakaitwa nehunyanzvi.

Paiva nematambudziko akawanda uye kukundikana nekugadzirwa kweopera. Pasinei neizvi, Schubert aigara achinyorera theatre (anenge makumi maviri anoshanda muhuwandu) - operas, singspiel, mimhanzi yekutamba naV. Chesi "Rosamund". Anogadzirawo mabasa emweya (kusanganisira 20 misa). Zvinoshamisa mukudzika uye kukanganisa, mimhanzi yakanyorwa naSchubert mumhando dzekamuri (2 piano sonatas, 22 quartets, anenge makumi mana mamwe ensembles). Yake impromptu (22) uye nguva dzemimhanzi (40) zvakaratidza kutanga kwepiyano yerudo diki. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinoonekwawo mukunyora kwenziyo. 8 vocal cycles kumavhesi naW. Muller – 6 nhanho dzenzira yehupenyu hwemunhu.

Wekutanga wavo - "The Beautiful Miller's Woman" (1823) - imhando ye "novel munziyo", yakafukidzwa nechikamu chimwe chete. Murume wechidiki, azere nesimba netariro, anoenda kune mufaro. Chisikwa chechirimo, rukova runobhuya - zvese zvinogadzira mafaro ekufara. Kuvimba kunozotsiviwa nemubvunzo werudo, iyo languor yeasingazivikanwe: kupi? Asi zvino rukova runosvitsa jaya kuguyo. Kuda mwanasikana wemiller, nguva dzake dzinofadza dzinotsiviwa nekuzvidya mwoyo, marwadzo egodo uye kutsamwa kwekutengesa. Mukugunun'una kunyoro, hova dzinotsvedza dzerukova, gamba rinowana runyararo nekunyaradzwa.

Yechipiri kutenderera - "Winter Way" (1827) - inoteedzana yekuchema yendangariro dzemudzungairi ari ega nezve rudo rusina kufanira, pfungwa dzinosuruvarisa, chete apo neapo dzinopindirana nezviroto zvinopenya. Murwiyo rwekupedzisira, "The Organ Grinder", mufananidzo wemuimbi anodzungaira wakasikwa, nekusingaperi uye achipuruzira hurdy-gurdy yake uye hapana kwekuwana chero mhinduro kana mhedzisiro. Uyu ndiwo munhu wenzira yaSchubert pachake, atove achirwara zvakanyanya, aneta nekushaiwa nguva dzose, kushanda zvakanyanya uye kusava nehanya nebasa rake. Munyori pachake akadana nziyo dze "Winter Way" "dzinotyisa".

Korona yekugadzira mazwi - "Swan Song" - muunganidzwa wenziyo kumashoko evadetembi vakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira G. Heine, uyo akazova pedyo ne "anonoka" Schubert, uyo akanzwa "kupatsanurwa kwenyika" zvakanyanya. zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kurwadza. Panguva imwecheteyo, Schubert haana kumbobvira, kunyange mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, akazvivharira mumatambudziko ekuchema ("marwadzo anorodza kufunga uye anotsamwisa manzwiro," akanyora mubhuku rake redhayari). Kufananidzira uye manzwiro akasiyana-siyana emashoko aSchubert haana magumo - anopindura kune zvose zvinofadza chero munhu upi zvake, nepo kupinza kwekusiyanisa mairi kunoramba kuchiwedzera (iyo inosuruvarisa monologue "Double" uye pedyo nayo - iyo yakakurumbira "Serenade"). Schubert anowana manzwiro ekuwedzera ekugadzira mumhanzi waBeethoven, uyo, akazivawo mamwe emabasa emudiki wake uye akaakoshesa zvikuru. Asi kuzvininipisa uye kunyara hazvina kubvumira Schubert kuti asangane nechifananidzo chake (rimwe zuva akadzokera pamusuwo chaiwo weimba yaBeethoven).

Kubudirira kwekonzati yekutanga (uye chete) yemunyori, yakarongwa mwedzi mishoma asati afa, pakupedzisira yakakwezva kutarisisa kwenharaunda yemimhanzi. Mimhanzi yake, kunyanya nziyo, inotanga kupararira nokukurumidza muEurope yose, ichiwana nzira shomanana yemwoyo yevateereri. Ane pesvedzero huru paVaimbi veRomantic vezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Pasina kuwanikwa kwakaitwa naSchubert, hazvibviri kufungidzira Schumann, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Mahler. Akazadza mumhanzi wacho nekudziya uye nekukasira kwemazwi enziyo, akazivisa nyika yemweya isingapere yemunhu.

K. Zenkin

• Hupenyu nebasa raSchubert →
• Nziyo dzaSchubert →
• Piano yaSchubert inoshanda →
• Symphonic mabasa eSchubert →
• Chamber-instrumental kugadzirwa kweSchubert →
• Basa rekwaya raSchubert →
• Mimhanzi yedariro →
• Rondedzero yemabasa naSchubert →

Hupenyu hwekugadzira hwaSchubert hunofungidzirwa pamakore gumi nemanomwe chete. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyora zvose zvaakanyora kwakatooma kudarika kunyora mabhuku aMozart, ane nzira yokusika yakanga yakareba. Kungofanana naMozart, Schubert haana kupfuura chero nzvimbo yeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. Imwe yenhaka yake (kunyanya mabasa ekushanda uye emweya) yakasundirwa parutivi nenguva pachayo. Asi murwiyo kana symphony, mupiyano diki kana mukamuri ensemble, akanakisa maficha ehungwaru hwaSchubert, kukurumidza kunoshamisa uye shungu dzekufunga kwerudo, kudziya kwerwiyo uye kuda kwemunhu anofunga wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX zvakaonekwa.

Munzvimbo idzi dzekugadzira mimhanzi, Schubert's innovation yakazviratidza neushingi hukuru uye chiyero. Ndiye muvambi werwiyo diki diki, iyo yerudo symphony - lyrical-inoshamisa uye epic. Schubert anoshandura zvakanyanya izvo zvekufananidzira mumhando huru dzemumhanzi wekamuri: mupiyano sonatas, tambo quartets. Pakupedzisira, iyo yechokwadi brainchild yeSchubert rwiyo, kusikwa kwacho kusingaparadzanisi kubva kune zita rake chairo.

Mimhanzi yaSchubert yakaumbwa pavhu reViennese, rakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi hwaHaydn, Mozart, Gluck, Beethoven. Asi Vienna haisi yekirasi chete inomiririrwa nemwenje wayo, asiwo hupenyu hwakapfuma hwemimhanzi yemazuva ese. Tsika yemimhanzi yeguta guru rehumambo hwemarudzi akawanda yakagara iri pasi pesimba rinobatika rehuwandu hwayo hwemarudzi akawanda uye mitauro yakawanda. Kuyambuka uye kupindirana kweAustrian, Hungarian, Germany, Slavic folklore nemazana emakore ekusadzikira kusingadzikire kweItaly melos kwakatungamira mukuumbwa kweiyo chaiyo mimhanzi yeViennese. Lyrical nyore uye kureruka, kunzwisisika uye nyasha, kufara kwehunhu uye masimba ehupenyu hwemumugwagwa hune hupenyu, kuseka-kwehunhu uye kusununguka kwekutamba kwekutamba kwakasiya chimiro pamimhanzi yemazuva ese yeVienna.

Democratism yemumhanzi wevanhu vekuAustria, mimhanzi yeVienna, yakasimudzira basa raHaydn naMozart, Beethoven akawanawo pesvedzero yayo, sekureva kwaSchubert - mwana wetsika iyi. Nokuda kwekuzvipira kwake kwaari, aitofanira kuteerera kunyombwa kweshamwari. Nziyo dzaSchubert “dzimwe nguva dzinonzwikawo sedzemumba more Austrian, - anonyora Bauernfeld, - akafanana nenziyo dzechivanhu, kamutinhiro kakati kaderera uye mutinhimira wakashata usina hwaro hwakakwana hwokupinda murwiyo rwenhetembo. Kurudzi urwu rwokutsoropodza, Schubert akapindura, kuti: “Munonzwisisei? Izvi ndizvo zvazvinofanira kuva!” Zvechokwadi, Schubert anotaura mutauro wemhando yemimhanzi, inofunga mumifananidzo yayo; kubva kwavari kukura mabasa emhando yepamusoro yeunyanzvi hwehurongwa hwakasiyana-siyana. Mukuwanda kwakawanda kwenziyo dzenziyo dzenziyo dzakakura muhupenyu hwemazuva ese hwemumhanzi, munzvimbo yedemocracy yeguta nenzvimbo dzaro - nyika yekusika kwaSchubert. Iyo lyrical-dramatic "Unfinished" symphony inoitika parwiyo uye kutamba. Shanduko yemhando yezvinhu inogona kunzwika mune epic canvas ye "Great" symphony muC-dur uye mune yepedyo lyrical miniature kana chiridzwa ensemble.

Chinhu cherwiyo chakapinda munzvimbo dzese dzebasa rake. Mutsindo wenziyo unoumba hwaro hwemusoro wezviridzwa zveSchubert. Semuenzaniso, mupiyano fungidziro padingindira rerwiyo "Wanderer", mupiyano quintet "Trout", apo rwiyo rwerwiyo rwezita rimwe chete runoshanda sedingindira rekusiyana kwekupedzisira, mu d-moll. quartet, uko rwiyo "Rufu neMusikana" runotangwa. Asi mune mamwe mabasa asina kubatana nemadingindira enziyo dzakananga - mu sonatas, mune symphonies - rwiyo rwekuchengetedza thematism inosarudza zvimiro zvechimiro, nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu.

Saka, ndezvemuzvarirwo, kuti kunyangwe kutanga kwegwara rekugadzira raSchubert kwakaratidzwa nehupamhi hunoshamisa hwemazano ekugadzira ayo akakurudzira kuyedza munzvimbo dzese dzeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, akazviwana iye wekutanga pane zvese murwiyo. Yaiva mairi, mberi kwezvimwe zvose, kuti zvikamu zvetarenda rake renziyo zvaipenya nekutamba kunoshamisa.

"Pakati pemimhanzi kwete yetheatre, kwete yechechi, kwete yekonzati, pane dhipatimendi rinoshamisa - dzerudo nenziyo dzezwi rimwe nepiyano. Kubva murumbo rwakapfava, ruviri rwerwiyo, rudzi urwu rwakakura kuita diki diki diki-monologues, zvichibvumira kuda kwese nekudzika kwemutambo wemweya. Rudzi urwu rwenziyo rwakaratidzirwa zvakaisvonaka muGermany, muunyanzvi hwaFranz Schubert,” akanyora kudaro AN Serov.

Schubert ndiye "nightingale uye swan yerwiyo" (BV Asafiev). Rwiyo urwu rune zvese zvake zvekusika. Ndirwo rwiyo rweSchubert rwuri rudzi rwemuganho unoparadzanisa mimhanzi yerudo kubva kumumhanzi we classicism. Nguva yerwiyo, yerudo, iyo yakatanga kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, chiitiko chepan-European, icho "chinogona kudanwa nezita remukuru wenziyo yedhorobha redemocracy Schubert - Schubertianism" (BV. Asafiev). Nzvimbo yerwiyo mubasa raSchubert yakaenzana nechinzvimbo chefugue muBach kana sonata muBeethoven. Maererano naBV Asafiev, Schubert akaita mumunda wenziyo zvakaitwa naBeethoven mumunda we symphony. Beethoven akapfupikisa pfungwa dzehugamba dzenguva yake; Schubert, kune rumwe rutivi, akanga ari muimbi we "pfungwa dzakapfava dzechisikigo uye hunhu hwakadzama." Kuburikidza nenyika yemanzwiro enziyo anoratidzwa murwiyo, anoratidza mafungiro ake kune hupenyu, vanhu, chokwadi chakapoteredza.

Lyricism ndiyo musimboti wekusika kwaSchubert. Mutsara wemadingindira enziyo mubasa rake wakapamhama zvikuru. Dingindira rerudo, nekupfuma kwese kwenhetembo dzayo, dzimwe nguva kufara, dzimwe nguva kusuruvara, inopindirana nedingindira rekudzungaira, kudzungaira, kusurukirwa, kupindirana nehunyanzvi hwese hwerudo, ine dingindira rezvisikwa. Zvisikwa mubasa raSchubert haisi nhoroondo chete iyo imwe rondedzero inoitika kana zvimwe zviitiko zvinoitika: "inoita vanhu", uye kupenya kwemanzwiro evanhu, zvichienderana nehupenyu hwavo, mavara emifananidzo yezvisikwa, anovapa izvi kana kuti mafungiro. uye mavara anoenderana.

Mazwi aSchubert akave nekushanduka-shanduka. Nekufamba kwemakore, kusazvibata kwepwere, maonero asina kunaka ehupenyu nemasikirwo akadzikira pasati padiwa muimbi akura kuratidza kupokana kwechokwadi kwepasirese. Kushanduka kwakadaro kwakakonzera kukura kwemaitiro epfungwa mumhanzi waSchubert, kuwedzera kwemutambo uye kunzwisa tsitsi.

Nokudaro, kusiyana kwerima nechiedza kwakasimuka, kuchinja nguva dzose kubva pakuora mwoyo kuenda kune tariro, kubva pakuora mwoyo kuenda kune kunakidzwa kwemoyo, kubva pamifananidzo inoshamisa kusvika kune yakajeka, yekufungisisa. Anenge panguva imwe chete, Schubert akashanda pane rwiyo-runotyisa "Unfinished" symphony uye nziyo dzinofara dzevechidiki dze "The Beautiful Miller's Woman". Chinotonyanya kushamisa kuswededzwa kwe "nziyo dzinotyisa" dze "The Winter Road" nerunako rwakanaka rwekupedzisira piyano impromptu.

Zvakangodaro, vavariro dzekusuwa uye kupererwa nenhamo, dzakanangidzirwa munziyo dzekupedzisira ("Winter Way", dzimwe nziyo kumashoko aHeine), haigoni kufukidza simba guru rekusimbisa hupenyu, kuwirirana kukuru uko mimhanzi yaSchubert inotakura mukati mayo.

V. Galatskaya

Schubert naBeethoven. Schubert - wekutanga weViennese ane rudo

Schubert aive mudiki akararama panguva yaBeethoven. Kweanenge makore gumi nemashanu, vese vakagara muVienna, vachigadzira panguva imwechete mabasa avo akakosha. Schubert's "Marguerite at the Spinning Wheel" uye "The Tsar of the Forest" "zera rimwechete" seBeethoven's Seventh uye Eighth Symphonies. Panguva imwe chete neNinth Symphony naBeethoven's Solemn Mass, Schubert akagadzira iyo Unfinished Symphony uye rwiyo rwekutenderera Musikana Wakanaka Miller.

Asi kuenzanisa uku chete kunotibvumira kuona kuti tiri kutaura nezvemabasa emhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi. Kusiyana naBeethoven, Schubert akauya pamberi semuimbi kwete mumakore ekumukira kwechimurenga, asi panguva iyoyo yakaoma apo nguva yemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika yakauya kuzomutsiva. Schubert akasiyanisa hukuru uye simba remimhanzi yaBeethoven, gwara rayo reshanduko uye huzivi hwehuzivi nemadiki enziyo, mapikicha ehupenyu hwegutsaruzhinji - hwepamusha, hwepedyo, munzira dzakawanda dzinoyeuchidza kuvandudzwa kwakarekodhwa kana peji redetembo redayari. Mabasa aBeethoven naSchubert, akabatana nekufamba kwenguva, anosiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe nenzira imwechete iyo mafambiro epfungwa epamusoro enguva mbiri dzakasiyana aifanira kunge akasiyana - nguva yeChimurenga cheFrance uye nguva yeCongress yeVienna. Beethoven akapedza kukura kwezana remakore remimhanzi classicism. Schubert aive wekutanga Viennese Romantic muimbi.

Unyanzvi hwaSchubert hune hukama neWeber's. Iro romanticism yevaviri maartist ine mabviro akafanana. Nziyo dzaWeber “Magic Shooter” nedzaSchubert dzaive zvakaenzana chibereko chekukwira kwegutsaruzhinji kwakatsvaira Germany neAustria munguva yehondo dzerusununguko. Schubert, kufanana naWeber, akaratidzira zvimiro zvikurusa zvendangariro zvounyanzvi zvavanhu vake. Uyezve, akanga ari mumiririri akajeka weViennese folk-National tsika yenguva ino. Mumhanzi wake wakaita semwana wedemocracy Vienna semawaltzes aLanner naStrauss-baba anoitwa mumakofi, semitambo yengano dzechinyakare uye makomedhi naFerdinand Raimund, semitambo yevanhu muPrater park. Unyanzvi hwaSchubert hahuna kungoimba nhetembo dzehupenyu hwevanhu, kazhinji dzakabva ipapo. Uye yakanga iri mumhando dzevanhu kuti nyanzvi yeViennese romanticism yakazviratidza pachayo kutanga kune zvose.

Panguva imwecheteyo, Schubert akapedza nguva yose yekukura kwake muMetternich's Vienna. Uye ichi chiitiko kusvika pamwero mukuru chakasarudza chimiro cheunyanzvi hwake.

MuAustria, kukwidziridzwa kwenyika-kwenyika hakuna kumbove nekutaura kunoshanda senge kuGermany kana Italy, uye maitiro akaitika muEurope yese mushure mekunge Congress yeVienna yatora hunhu hwakanyanya kusuruvara ipapo. Mamiriro ezvinhu euranda hwepfungwa ne“rusaruro rwakadzikama” zvakashorwa nepfungwa dzakanakisisa dzenguva yedu. Asi pasi pemamiriro ehudzvanyiriri, kushamwaridzana kwakavhurika kwaive kusingafungidzike. Simba revanhu rakanga rakasungwa uye harina kuwana maitiro akakodzera ekutaura.

Schubert aigona kupikisa chokwadi chehutsinye chete nehupfumi hwenyika yemukati ye "murume mudiki". Mubasa rake hapana "The Magic Shooter", kana "William Tell", kana "Pebbles" - ndiko kuti, mabasa akadzika munhoroondo sevatori vechikamu zvakananga mukurwisana kwevanhu uye kuda nyika. Mumakore apo Ivan Susanin akaberekwa muRussia, chinyorwa cherudo chekusurukirwa chakanzwika mubasa raSchubert.

Zvakadaro, Schubert anoita seanoenderera mberi netsika dzeBeethoven dzegutsaruzhinji mune imwe nhoroondo yekumisikidza. Sezvo aratidza mumhanzi hupfumi hwemanzwiro emoyo mumhando dzese dzenhetembo, Schubert akapindura kune zvikumbiro zvepfungwa zvevanhu vanofambira mberi vezera rake. Semunyori wenziyo, akawana hudzamu hwepfungwa uye simba rehunyanzvi rakakodzera hunyanzvi hwaBeethoven. Schubert anotanga lyric-romantic era mumimhanzi.

Mhedzisiro yenhaka yeSchubert

Mushure mekufa kwaSchubert, kubudiswa kwakanyanya kwenziyo dzake kwakatanga. Vakapinda kumativi ose enyika yetsika. Izvo zvinotaridzika kuti muRussia, zvakare, nziyo dzaSchubert dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya pakati peRussia democratic intelligentsia nguva refu vasati vashanyira vaenzi vevaenzi, vachiita ne virtuoso instrumental transcriptions, vakazviita fashoni yezuva. Mazita evatambi vekutanga veSchubert ndivo vanonyanya kupenya mutsika yeRussia mu30s uye 40s. Pakati pavo pane AI Herzen, VG Belinsky, NV Stankevich, AV Koltsov, VF Odoevsky, M. Yu. Lermontov nevamwe.

Sezvineiwo zvinoshamisa, mazhinji emabasa echiridzwa aSchubert, akagadzirwa mukutanga kwerudo, akanzwika panhandare yekonzati kubva muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Makore gumi mushure mekufa kwemunyori, rimwe remabasa ake echiridzwa (yeNinth Symphony yakawanikwa naSchumann) yakamuunza kuruzhinji rwepasirese semuimbi wesymphonist. Mukutanga 50s, C huru quintet yakadhindwa, uye gare gare octet. Muna Zvita 1865, iyo "Unfinished Symphony" yakawanikwa uye yakaitwa. Uye makore maviri gare gare, mudzimba dzepasi dzeimba yekutsikisa yeViennese, vateveri vaSchubert "vakachera" angangoita mamwe manyoro akakanganwa (kusanganisira symphonies mashanu, "Rosamund" uye mamwe maopera, akawanda akawanda, mabasa ekamuri, akawanda madiki piyano zvidimbu. uye zverudo). Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, nhaka yeSchubert yave chikamu chakakosha chetsika dzepasirese.

V. Konen

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