Aesthetics, mimhanzi |

Mimhanzi aesthetics chirango chinodzidza zvemimhanzi sechimiro cheunyanzvi uye chikamu chefilosofi aesthetics (dzidziso yekunzwa-yekufananidzira, ideological-emotional assimilation yechokwadi nemunhu uye hunyanzvi semhando yepamusoro-soro yekufananidzwa kwakadaro). E. m. sechirango chakakosha chave chiripo kubva kumagumo. Muzana remakore rechi18 Shoko rokuti “E. m." yakatanga kushandiswa naKFD Schubart (1784) mushure mekusuma naA. Baumgarten (1750) yezwi rokuti "aesthetics" (kubva muchiGiriki aistntixos - sensual) kuratidza chikamu chakakosha chefilosofi. Pedyo nezwi rekuti "uzivi hwemimhanzi". Nyaya yeE.m. ndiyo dialectic yemitemo yakajairwa yekunzwa-yekufananidzira kufananidzwa kwechokwadi, iyo yakakosha mitemo yehunyanzvi. kusika uye munhu (kongiri) maitiro emimhanzi. mhosva. Naizvozvo, mapoka eE. m. zvingave zvakavakwa zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekutsanangurwa kweiyo general aesthetic. pfungwa (somuenzaniso, mufananidzo wemumhanzi), kana kupindirana nepfungwa dzemumhanzi dzinobatanidza mimhanzi yehuzivi uye yekongiri. kukosha (semuenzaniso kuwirirana). Nzira yeMarxist-Leninist E. m. dialectically inosanganisa zvakajairika (nheyo dzemethodological yedialectical uye nhoroondo yekuda zvinhu), iyo chaiyo (tioretical zviga zveMarxist-Leninist philosophy of art), uye munhu (mumhanzi nzira nekutarisa). E. m. yakabatana neyakajairwa aesthetics kuburikidza nedzidziso yemhando dzakasiyana dzehunyanzvi, inova imwe yezvikamu zvekupedzisira. kusika (artistic morphology) uye inosanganisira mune chaiyo (nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemumhanzi data) inoumba zvimwe zvikamu zvayo, kureva, dzidziso yenhoroondo, yemagariro, epistemological, ontological. uye axiological mitemo yemhosva. Chidzidzo chekudzidza cheE. m. ndiyo dialectic yezvizhinji, yakakosha uye yega mapatani emimhanzi uye nhoroondo. process; sociological mamiriro emimhanzi. creativity; arts. ruzivo (kuratidzwa) kwechokwadi mumimhanzi; kuratidzwa kwemimhanzi. mabasa; kukosha uye kuongororwa kwemimhanzi. mhosva.

The dialectic of general uye yega nhoroondo. maitiro emimhanzi. mhosva. Maitiro chaiwo enhoroondo yemimhanzi. zvichemo zvine chekuita nemajini uye zvine musoro nemitemo yakajairika yekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro enyama, panguva imwe chete iine rusununguko rwakati. Kupatsanurwa kwemimhanzi kubva ku syncretic chirevo chakabatana nekusasiyaniswa kwekunzwa kwemunhu kwakatemwa nekupatsanurwa kwebasa, panguva iyo kugona kwemunhu kwaiitwa uye, nekudaro, "chinhu chekunzwa" uye " chinhu cheziso” chakaumbwa ( K. Marx ). Kusimukira kwevanhu. mabasa kubva kumabasa asina hunyanzvi uye anonangana nekushandisa kuburikidza nekupatsanurwa uye kugoverwa kwakazvimirira. mhando dzezviitiko zvemweya kune zvepasirese uye zvemahara chiitiko pasi pemamiriro emakomunisti. maumbirwo (K. Marx naF. Engels, Soch., vol. 3, pp. 442-443) munhoroondo yemimhanzi (kunyanya tsika dzeEurope) inowana unhu hwakasiyana. chitarisiko: kubva ku "amateur" (RI Gruber) hunhu hwekugadzira mimhanzi yekare uye kusavapo kwekupatsanurwa kuva munyori-muiti-muteereri kuburikidza nekuparadzaniswa kwevaimbi kubva kune vateereri, kukudziridzwa kwemaitiro evanyori uye kupatsanurwa kwekuumbwa kubva pakuita. (kubvira muzana remakore rechi11, asi XG Eggebrecht) kusvika pakuumba pamwe chete kwemunyori - muiti - muteereri mukusika - kududzira - maonero emimhanzi yakasiyana-siyana. prod. (kubva muzana remakore rechi17-18, maererano naG. Besseler). Social revolution senzira yekuchinjira kune imwe nhanho yenzanga. kugadzirwa munhoroondo yemimhanzi kunopa kuvandudzwa kweiyo innational chimiro (BV Asafiev) - chinodiwa pakuvandudzwa kwese nzira dzekugadzira mimhanzi. Kufambira mberi inzira yezvakaitika kare. budiriro - mumimhanzi inoratidzwa mukubudirira zvishoma nezvishoma kwekuzvimirira kwayo. chimiro, kupatsanurwa mumhando nemhando, kudzamisa nzira dzekuratidzira chokwadi (kusvika kune realism uye socialist realism).

Kuzvimiririra kwehukama kwenhoroondo yemimhanzi kuri muchokwadi chekuti, chekutanga, shanduko yenguva dzayo inogona kunonoka kana pamberi pekuchinja kwemaitiro anowirirana ekugadzira zvinhu. Chechipiri, munguva yese pane muses. kusika kunokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinodaro. Chechitatu, imwe neimwe mimhanzi-nhoroondo. dariro harina kungopfuura chete, asiwo kukosha kwaro: nziyo dzakakwana dzakagadzirwa maererano nemisimboti yekugadzira mimhanzi yeimwe nguva hairasikirwe nekukosha kwayo pane dzimwe nguva, kunyangwe iyo misimboti iri payo pachayo inogona kusashanda nzira yekuzotevera kuvandudzwa kwema muses. mhosva.

Dialectics yemitemo yakajairwa uye yakapatsanurwa yekumisikidza magariro emamuses. kusika. Historical music kuunganidza. chirevo chemabasa emagariro evanhu (kutaurirana-basa, zvemashiripiti, hedonistic-kuvaraidza, dzidzo, nezvimwewo) zvinotungamirira kumazana emakore 18-19. ku offline arts. zvinoreva mimhanzi. Marxist-Leninist aesthetics anoona mimhanzi, yakagadzirirwa chete kuteerera, sechinhu chinoita basa rakakosha - kuumbwa kwenhengo yenzanga kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwayo hwekuita. Zvinoenderana nekuzarurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwe polyfunctionality yemimhanzi, hurongwa hwakaoma hwemasangano emagariro akaumbwa akaronga dzidzo, kusika, kugovera, kunzwisisa kwemimhanzi, uye manejimendi emuses. nzira uye rutsigiro rwayo rwemari. Zvichienderana nemabasa emagariro ehunyanzvi, sisitimu yemasangano emimhanzi inokanganisa hunyanzvi. maitiro emimhanzi (BV Asafiev, AV Lunacharsky, X. Eisler). Art ine simba rakakosha. maitiro ekugadzira mimhanzi nzira dzekupa mari (philanthropy, nyika kutenga zvigadzirwa), izvo zvine chekuita nenzvimbo dzese dzehupfumi. Saka, zvemagariro evanhu. izvo zvinotemerwa zvekugadzira mimhanzi zvinowedzera kune system iyo ine hupfumi. zvinhu zvinoshanduka kuva nhanho yemukuru (sarudza zvese zvehupenyu nzanga), chimiro chemagariro evateereri nehunyanzvi hwayo. zvikumbiro - mwero weiyo yakakosha (sarudza marudzi ese ehunyanzvi hwekuita), uye nzanga. sangano rekugadzira mimhanzi - pamwero wemunhu (unosarudza chaiwo maitiro ekugadzira mimhanzi).

Iyo dialectic ye general uye yega epistemological. maitiro emimhanzi. mhosva. Hunhu hwekuziva huri mukuberekana kwakanaka kwemaitiro anoshanda. basa revanhu, iro rinoratidzwa mumutauro uye rinopa "mufananidzo wechinangwa chenyika" (VI Lenin). Art inoita kubereka uku muunyanzvi. mifananidzo iyo dialectically inobatanidza kurarama kufungisisa uye abstract kufunga, zvakananga. kufungisisa uye typifying generalization, chokwadi chemunhu uye kuburitswa kwemaitiro enguva dzose echokwadi. Material-chinangwa kutaura kwehunyanzvi. mifananidzo yakasiyana mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvirevo, sezvo imwe neimwe yezvikumbiro ine yayo chaiyo. mutauro. Iyo chaiyo yemutauro wemanzwi iri mune yayo isiri-conceptual chimiro, iyo yakaumbwa nhoroondo. Mumhanzi wekare, wakabatana neshoko uye maitiro, art. mufananidzo wacho unofananidzwa nemafungiro uye nemaziso. Mitemo yerhetoric yakapesvedzera mimhanzi kwenguva yakareba, kusanganisira nguva yeBaroque, yakateya hukama husina kunanga pakati pemimhanzi nemutauro wekutaura (zvimwe zvikamu zve syntax zvayo zvakaratidzwa mumimhanzi). Classic ruzivo. nziyo dzakaratidza kuti mimhanzi inogona kusunungurwa kubva mukuita kwemabasa akaiswa, uye kubva mukunyorerwa kwerhetoric. mafomula uye kuswedera kune izwi, sezvo rakatozvimiririra. mutauro, kunyangwe uri werudzi rusiri rwepfungwa. Zvisinei, mumutauro usiri wepfungwa wemimhanzi "yakachena", matanho akapfuura ekuona-pfungwa anochengetwa muchimiro chehukama hwehupenyu hwakanyanya uye manzwiro ane chokuita nemhando dzemuses. kufamba, kuita matauriro ezvidzidzo, ratidza. mhedzisiro, phonism yenguva, nezvimwe. Izvo zvisiri zvepfungwa zvemumhanzi, izvo zvisingagoneki kune zvakakwana kutapurirana nemuromo, zvinoratidzwa kuburikidza nemimhanzi. logic yereshiyo yezvinhu prod. Pfungwa yekutumirwa kwe "sound-meaning" (BV Asafiev), yakadzidziswa nedzidziso yekuumbwa, inoratidzika semimhanzi chaiyo. kuberekana kwakakwana kwakaumbwa munharaunda. tsika yemagariro evanhu, kuongororwa, maonero, mazano pamusoro pemhando dzeunhu hwevanhu uye hukama hwevanhu, zvisikwa zvose. Saka, iyo chaiyo yemamuses. kuratidzwa kwechokwadi kuri muchokwadi chekuti art. mufananidzo wacho unobudiswa mumimhanzi yakawanikwa kare. mutauro wematauriro epfungwa uye isiri-conceptuality.

Dialectics yezvakajairwa uye yega ontological maitiro emuses. mhosva. Kuita kwevanhu "kunoomesa" muzvinhu; saka, ivo vane zvinhu zvechisikigo uye "chimiro chemunhu" chinochishandura (kurongeka kwemasimba ekusika emunhu). The intermediate layer of objectivity ndiyo inonzi. raw materials (K. Marx) - yakaumbwa kubva kuzvinhu zvechisikigo zvakatosefa nebasa rakapfuura (K. Marx naF. Engels, Soch., vol. 23, pp. 60-61). Muunyanzvi, ichi chimiro chakajairwa chekuona chakaiswa pamusoro pezvakajeka zvekwakabva zvinhu. Chimiro chezwi chinoratidzirwa, kune rumwe rutivi, nekukwirira (spatial) zvivakwa, uye, kune imwe, nemamiriro enguva, ese ari maviri akavakirwa pane zvemuviri-acoustic properties. sound properties. Matanho ekugadzirisa maitiro epamusoro-soro ezwi anoratidzwa munhoroondo yemamodhi (ona maitiro). Fret masisitimu ane hukama neacoustic. mitemo inoshanda se "chimiro chemunhu" chinoshanduka, chakavakirwa pamusoro pekusachinja kwechisikigo kwezwi. munhoroondo dzekare. tsika (pamwe nemumhanzi wechinyakare wekuMabvazuva yemazuva ano), uko musimboti wekudzokorora kwemaseru makuru emodal aitonga (RI Gruber), kuumbwa kwemodhi ndiyo chete. imprinting creativity. simba romuimbi. Nekudaro, maererano nekuzotevera, misimboti yakaoma yekugadzira mimhanzi (yakasiyana-siyana kutumirwa, akasiyana siyana, nezvimwewo), tonation-modal masisitimu anoita seachiri "raw material", quasi-natural mitemo yemimhanzi (hazvina tsaona, semuenzaniso, mumitemo yekare yeE. m. modal yaizivikanwa nemirairo yezvakasikwa, nzvimbo). Theoretically yakagadziriswa maitiro ekutungamira kwezwi, kuumba sangano, nezvimwewo zvakavakwa pamusoro pemaitiro e modal se "chimiro chemunhu" chitsva, uye maererano neakazobuda muEurope. tsika yekuumbwa kwemvumo yega yega zvakare kuita se "quasi-nature" yemimhanzi. Irreducible kwavari ndiko kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekufungidzira. pfungwa mune yakasarudzika chigadzirwa. inova "chimiro chemunhu" chekugadzira mimhanzi, chinangwa chayo chakakwana. Kuitwa kwezvinorehwa nemanzwi kwainyanya kugadzirwa mukunatsurudza, inova musimboti wekare wesangano remuses. kufamba. Sezvo mabasa akadzorwa emagariro akagoverwa kumimhanzi, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwayo kune zvinyorwa zvemashoko zvaive zvakadzorwa zvakajeka (mumukati uye chimiro), kuvandudzwa kwakapa nzira kune normative-genre dhizaini yemamuses. nguva.

Normative-genre chinangwa chakadzora muzana remakore rechi12-17. Zvisinei, kuvandudzwa kwakaramba kuripo mubasa remunyori uye muiti, asi mukati memiganhu yakatarwa nemhando. Sezvo mimhanzi yakasunungurwa kubva kumabasa akashandiswa, genre-normative objectivity, zvakare, yakashandurwa kuita "raw material", yakagadziriswa nemunyori kuitira kuti iite yakasarudzika ideological art. pfungwa. Genre objectivity yakatsiviwa nebasa remukati rakakwana, risingagone kudzikiswa kuita rudzi. Pfungwa yekuti mimhanzi iripo muchimiro chemabasa akapedzwa yakabatanidzwa mumazana emakore e15-16. Maonero emimhanzi sechigadzirwa, kuomarara kwemukati kunoda kurekodha kwakadzama, kwaimbove kusingasungirwe, kwakadzika midzi munguva yerudo zvekuti zvakatungamira kune musicology mu19-20 mazana emakore. uye mukuziva kwakajairika kweruzhinji mashandisirwo echikamu "Mumhanzi. basa” remimhanzi yedzimwe nguva nengano. Zvisinei, basa racho imhando yakazotevera yemimhanzi. kutarisisa, kusanganisira muchimiro chayo izvo zvakapfuura se "zvakasikwa" uye "mbishi" zvinhu.

Iyo dialectic ye general uye yega axiological. maitiro emimhanzi. mhosva. Masangano. hunhu hunoumbwa mukudyidzana: 1) "chaiyo" (kureva, chiitiko chakayananiswa) zvinodiwa; 2) basa racho pacharo, matanda ayo ari "abstract expendition yesimba remuviri uye basa rekugadzira rega"; 3) kuva nehanya kunosanganisira basa (K. Marx naF. Engels, Soch., vol. 23, pp. 46-61). Muchiitiko ichi, chero "chaiyo" inoda panguva imwe chete. zvinova izvo zvinodiwa zvekusimudzira nzanga. chiitiko, uye chero kukosha kwechokwadi hakusi kungopindura kune ichi kana icho chinodikanwa, asiwo chiratidzo che "simba rinokosha remunhu" (K. Marx). Aesthetic chimiro. kukosha - kana pasina utilitarian conditioning; izvo zvinosara zve "chaicho" chinodiwa inguva chete yekushanda-kusika kuburitswa kwemasimba evanhu, kureva, kudiwa kwekusafarira chiitiko. Muses. chiitiko chakave chakaumbwa kuita sisitimu inosanganisira mataurirwo emazwi, hunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye misimboti yekuvaka rimwe nerimwe rakasiyana basa, richiita sekuwedzeredza uye kutyora zvakajairwa (zvinokurudzirwa nemukati). Zvinhanho izvi zvinova mazinga echimiro chemisisi. prod. Chiyero chimwe nechimwe chine kukosha kwayo. Banal, "weathered" (BV Asafiev) manzwi, kana kuvapo kwavo kusiri nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwemunhu. pfungwa, inogona kudzikisira iyo yakanyanya kunaka maererano nehunyanzvi. Asi zvakare anoti kune yepakutanga, kutyora zvemukati. iyo logic yekuumbwa, inogonawo kutungamirira mukuderedzwa kwebasa.

Zvinofungidzirwa zvinowedzerwa zvichienderana nenharaunda. maitiro (ruzivo rwezvese rwezvinogutsa zvinodiwa) uye munhu, "asina basa" (maererano naMarx, mukufunga muchimiro chakanangwa) zvinodiwa. Sevanhu. kuziva zvine musoro uye epistemologically inotangira munhu, uye mimhanzi yekuongorora nzira inotungamira chaiyo kukosha kwekutonga, ichigadzira iyo yepfungwa. hwaro ndiko kuita kwemirangariro kwomuteereri nomutsoropodzi. Mhando dzenhoroondo dzekukosha kwekutonga pamusoro pemimhanzi dzaienderana nemamwe masisitimu emaitiro. Non-specialized ukoshi kutonga pamusoro mimhanzi kwakatemwa nekuita. miitiro yakajairika kumimhanzi. mhosva kwete chete nedzimwe mhosva, asiwo nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenzanga. hupenyu. Mune chimiro chayo chakachena, rudzi urwu rwekare rwekuongorora runoratidzwa mukare, uyewo muMiddle Ages. treatises. Yakasarudzika, yakanangana nehunyanzvi mimhanzi yekuongorora kutonga pakutanga yaivimba nemaitiro ekufananidza mamuses. zvimiro kumabasa anoitwa nemimhanzi. Gare gare pakabuda art.-aesthetic. mitongo pamusoro pemimhanzi. prod. zvaive zvichibva pamaitiro ekukwana kwakasiyana kwehunyanzvi nekudzika kwehunyanzvi. mufananidzo. Rudzi urwu rwekuongorora runotongawo muzana remakore rechi19 ne20. Around the 1950s muWestern Europe mimhanzi kushoropodzwa semhando yakakosha yakaisa mberi iyo inonzi. mitongo yenhoroondo yakavakirwa pamaitiro ehutsva hwetekinoroji. Kutonga uku kunoonekwa sechiratidzo chedambudziko remimhanzi uye runako. kuziva.

Munhoroondo yaE. m zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa matanho makuru, mukati meiyo typological. kufanana kwemafungiro kunokonzerwa nemhando dzose dzekuvapo kwemimhanzi, kana kuswedera kwezvido zvemagariro zvetsika zvinopa dzidziso dzehuzivi dzakafanana. Kune yekutanga nhoroondo-typological. Boka racho rinosanganisira pfungwa dzakamuka mutsika dzevaranda-varidzi uye maumbirwo echifeudal, apo muses. chiitiko chainyanya kukonzerwa nemabasa akashandiswa, uye zviitwa zvekushandisa (mhizha) zvaive nerunako. chimiro. E. m makare uye Middle Ages, zvichiratidza kushaikwa kwekuzvimirira kwemimhanzi uye kushaikwa kwekuzviparadzanisa kwehunyanzvi kubva kune mamwe mativi ekudzidzira. mabasa, akanga asiri dhipatimendi. nharaunda yemafungiro uye panguva imwechete yaingogumira kune axiological (yanga yatova tsika) uye ontological (yanga yatove cosmological) matambudziko. Mubvunzo wesimba remimhanzi pamunhu ndeweaxiological. Kukwira kuPythagoras muDr. Greece, kuna Confucius muna Dr. MuChina, pfungwa yekuporesa kuburikidza nemimhanzi inozozvarwa patsva seti yemazano nezve ethos yemimhanzi uye muses. kurera. Ethos yainzwisiswa sezvinhu zvezvinhu zvemimhanzi, zvakafanana nehunhu hwemweya uye hwemuviri wemunhu (Iamblichus, Aristides Quintilian, al-Farabi, Boethius; Guido d'Arezzo, uyo akapa zvakadzama maitiro ehunhu hwemedieval modes). Nepfungwa yemimhanzi. ethos inobatanidzwa nedimikira rakakura rinofananidza munhu uye nzanga yemamuses. chiridzwa kana ruzha system (muna Dr. MuChina, mararamiro evanhu akafananidzwa nematoni echiyero, muArab. nyika 4 mabasa emuviri emunhu - ane 4 lute tambo, mune imwe Russian. E. m., vachitevera vanyori veByzantine, mweya, pfungwa, rurimi nemuromo - nembira, muimbi, ngoma netambo). Ontologist. chikamu chemufananidzo uyu, kubva pakunzwisisa kwekusachinja kwenyika kurongeka, kwakaratidzwa mune pfungwa, kudzokera kuPythagoras, yakagadziriswa naBoethius uye yakagadziridzwa mukupera kweMiddle Ages, ye3 inowirirana "mimhanzi" - musica mundana (yekudenga, mimhanzi yenyika), musica humana (mimhanzi yevanhu, kuwirirana kwevanhu) uye musica instrumentalis (mimhanzi inorira, inzwi uye chiridzwa). Kune izvi zvikamu zve cosmological zvinowedzerwa, kutanga, kufanana kwehuzivi hwepanyama (mune chimwe chiGreek. E. m mazaya echando anofananidzwa nemadaro ari pakati pemapuraneti, ane zvinhu zvina uye chikuru. mifananidzo yejometri; muMiddle Ages. Arab. E. m 4 hwaro rhythms inoenderana nezviratidzo zveZodiac, mwaka, nhanho dzemwedzi, makadhi mapoinzi uye kupatsanurwa kwezuva; mune mamwe whale. E. m manzwi echikero - mwaka nezvinhu zvenyika), chechipiri, mifananidzo yezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri (Guido d'Arezzo akaenzanisa Testamende Yekare neItsva nemimhanzi yekudenga neyevanhu, Evhangeri 4 dzine tsvimbo mina yemimhanzi, nezvimwewo. ) P.). Tsanangudzo yeCosmological yemimhanzi yakabatana nedzidziso yenhamba sehwaro hwekuve, iyo yakamuka muEurope maererano nePythagoreanism uye kuFar East - mudenderedzwa reConfucianism. Pano nhamba dzainzwisiswa kwete zvisingaite, asi nekuona, zvichizivikanwa nemuviri. zvinhu uye geometry. Maonde. Nokudaro, mune chero hurongwa (cosmic, munhu, inzwi) vakaona nhamba. Plato, Augustine, uye Confucius vakatsanangura mimhanzi kuburikidza nenhamba. Mune chimwe chiGiriki. Mukuita, tsananguro idzi dzakasimbiswa nekuedzwa pazviridzwa zvakaita semonochord, ndosaka izwi rekuti instrumentalis rakaonekwa muzita remumhanzi chaiwo pamberi peizwi rekuti sonora (y waJacob weLiège). Tsanangudzo yenhamba yemimhanzi yakatungamira kune iyo inonzi primacy. Mr. theorist. mimhanzi (muz. sainzi) pamusoro pe "inoshanda" (kuumbwa uye kuita), iyo yakachengetwa kusvika panguva yeEuropean. baroque. Mumwe muuyo wechiono chenhamba chenziyo (seimwe yesayenzi nomwe “dzikasununguka” mugadziriro yedzidzo yomuMiddle Ages) yakanga iri revo yakafara zvikuru yeshoko rokuti “mimhanzi” imene (mune zvimwe zvinoitika raireva tsinhirano yechisiko chapose pose, kukwana. mumunhu uye zvinhu, pamwe nefilosofi, masvomhu - sayenzi yekubatana uye kukwana), pamwe chete nekushayikwa kwezita rinowanzozivikanwa re instr. uye wok. kuridza mimhanzi.

Ethical-cosmological. synthesis yakakonzera kuumbwa kwe epistemological. uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi matambudziko. Yokutanga ndeyedzidziso yezvinyorwa zvakagadziridzwa nevaGiriki. mimesis (kumiririrwa nezviito, kuratidzwa nekutamba), iyo yakabva mutsika yekutamba kwevapristi. Mimhanzi, iyo yakatora nzvimbo yepakati mujuxtaposition ye cosmos nemunhu, yakazova mufananidzo wavose (Aristide Quintilian). Mhinduro yekare zvikuru kumubvunzo wekwakabva mimhanzi yakaratidza kushanda. kutsamira kwemimhanzi (kunyanya nziyo dzebasa) pamashiripiti. tsika yakanangana nekuona rombo rakanaka muhondo, kuvhima, nezvimwewo. Pahwaro uhwu, kuMadokero nekuMabvazuva pasina zvisikwa. mutual pesvedzero, rudzi rwengano rwakaumbwa pamusoro pekurudziro youmwari yenziyo kumunhu, yakapfuudzwa mushanduro yechiKristu pakuvamba somuzana ramakore rechisere. (Bede the Venerable). Ngano iyi inozodzokororwa zvakare nedimikira kuEurope. nhetembo (Muses naApollo "vanokurudzira" muimbi), uye panzvimbo payo motif yekugadzirwa kwemimhanzi nevachenjeri inoiswa mberi. Panguva imwecheteyo, pfungwa yezvakasikwa inoratidzwa. mavambo emimhanzi (Democritus). Kazhinji, E. m. yekare uye Middle Ages ingano-dzidziso. synthesis, umo iyo general (inomiririra cosmos nemunhu) inokunda zvese pamusoro peiyo yakakosha (kujekeswa kweiyo chaiyo yehunyanzvi hwakazara), uye pamusoro pemunhu (kujekeswa kwezvakajeka zvemimhanzi). Iyo yakakosha uye yemunhu inosanganisirwa mune general kwete dialectically, asi sechikamu chehuwandu, chinopindirana nechinzvimbo chemuses. art-va, isati yaparadzaniswa kubva kune inoshanda-hupenyu sphere uye isina kushandurwa kuita yakazvimirira. mhando yeunyanzvi. kugona kwechokwadi.

Yechipiri yenhoroondo mhando yemimhanzi-aesthetic. pfungwa, hunhu zvinhu izvo pakupedzisira akaumbwa muna 17-18 remakore. muZap. Europe, muRussia - muzana remakore rechi18, yakatanga kubuda muE. m App. Europe muzana remakore rechi14-16. Mimhanzi yakawedzera kuzvimiririra, chiratidzo chekunze icho chaive chitarisiko padivi peE. m., iyo yakashanda sechikamu chemaonero euzivi uye echitendero (Nicholas Orem, Erasmus weRotterdam, Martin Luther, Cosimo Bartoli, nezvimwewo), E. m., yakanangana nemimhanzi-tioretical. mibvunzo. Mhedzisiro yenzvimbo yakazvimirira yemimhanzi munharaunda yaive yayo anthropological. kududzira (kusiyana neyokutanga, cosmological). Axiologist. matambudziko muzana remakore rechi14-16. saturated hedonistic. matauriro Kusimbisa kushandiswa (kureva. e., chekutanga, chitendero) basa remimhanzi (Adam Fulda, Luther, Zarlino), theorists yeArs nova uye Renaissance vakazivawo kukosha kwekuvaraidza kwemimhanzi (Marketto wePadua, Tinctoris, Salinas, Cosimo Bartoli, Lorenzo. Valla, Glarean, Castiglione). Kumwe kudzokororwa kwakaitika mumunda weontology. matambudziko. Kunyangwe vavariro dze "mimhanzi mitatu", nhamba uye hukuru hwe "mhanzi wedzidziso" yakabatana nayo yakaramba yakagadzikana kusvika muzana ramakore re18, zvakadaro, roll yakananga "inoshanda. mimhanzi” yakakurudzira kurangarirwa kwayo imene. ontology (panzvimbo yekududzira kwayo sechikamu chepasi rose), kureva e. hunhu hwayo. nzira dzekuva. Kuedza kwekutanga munzira iyi kwakaitwa naTinctoris, uyo akasiyanisa mimhanzi yakarekodhwa uye mimhanzi yakagadziridzwa. Mafungiro akafanana anogona kuwanikwa mumutsara waNikolai Listenia (1533), apo "musica practica" (performance) uye "musica poetica" zvakaparadzaniswa, uye kunyange mushure mekufa kwemunyori aripo sebasa rakakwana uye rakazara. Nokudaro, kuvapo kwemimhanzi kwaifungidzirwa nenzira yezvinyorwa zvakakwana zvemunyori, akanyorwa muzvinyorwa. Ku16 in. epistemological kumira. dambudziko E. m., yakabatana nedzidziso iri kubuda yezvinokanganisa (Tsarlino). Panguva yesayenzi ivhu zvishoma nezvishoma akava uye historiological. dambudziko E. m., iyo yaibatanidzwa nekubuda kwenhoroondo. kuziva kwevaimbi vakasangana munguva yeArs nova nekuvandudzwa kwakapinza kwemafomu emuses. tsika. Mabviro emimhanzi ari kuramba achiwedzera. tsananguro (maererano naZarlino, mimhanzi inobva pakunatswa kwekuda kwekutaurirana). Mumazana emakore 14-16. dambudziko rekuenderera mberi nekuvandudzwa kwekuumbwa kunoiswa mberi. Mumazana emakore 17-18. aya madingindira uye mazano eE. m yakagamuchira hwaro hutsva hwouzivi, hwakaumbwa nemifungo ine mufungo uye yedzidzo. Gnoseological inouya kumberi. matambudziko - dzidziso yekutevedzera hunhu uye affective chiito chemimhanzi. Sh. Batcho akazivisa kutevedzera kuve musimboti wezvese hunyanzvi. G. G. Rousseau akabatanidza mimhanzi. kutevedzera ne rhythm, iyo inofanana ne rhythm yekufamba kwevanhu uye kutaura. R. Descartes akawana maitiro e-causal-deterministic yemunhu kune kukurudzira kwenyika yekunze, iyo mimhanzi inotevedzera, ichigadzira zvinoenderana. MunaE. m matambudziko mamwe chete akakudziridzwa nenormative bias. Chinangwa chekugadzirwa kwemunyori ndiko kunakidzwa kwezvinokanganisa (Spies, Kircher). TO. Monteverdi akagovera masitaera ekunyora kumapoka ezvinokanganisa; UYE. Walter, J. Bononcini, I. Mattheson akabatanidza dzimwe nzira dzekunyora kwemunyori neimwe yezvinokanganisa. Zvikumbiro zvakakosha zvakaiswa pakuita (Quantz, Mersenne). Kutapurirana kwezvinokanganisa, maererano naKircher, kwaisangogumira pabasa remaoko, asi kwaive nemashiripiti. nzira (kunyanya, Monteverdi akadzidzawo mashiripiti), iyo yakanzwisiswa zvine musoro: pane "tsitsi" pakati pemunhu nemimhanzi, uye inogona kudzorwa zvine musoro. Mukumiririra uku, zvisaririra zvekuenzanisa zvinogona kuteverwa: nzvimbo - murume - mimhanzi. Kazhinji, E. m., iyo yakaitika muzana remakore rechi14-18, yakadudzira mimhanzi sechikamu chechinhu chakakosha - "chinofadza" (kureva, semuenzaniso. artic) mufananidzo we "chimiro chemunhu" uye haana kuomerera pane izvo zvemimhanzi mukuenzanisa nezvimwe. kuda iwe. Nekudaro, iyi yaive nhanho yekumberi kubva kuE.

Chimurenga. mhirizhonga con. 18 in. zvakakonzera kubuda kweseti ye muz.-aesthetic. pfungwa yerudzi rwechitatu, iyo ichiripo mune yakagadziridzwa fomu mukati me bourgeois. ideology. Munyori E. m (kubva G. Berlioz uye R. Schuman kuna A. Schoenberg uye K. Stockhausen). Panguva imwecheteyo, kune kugoverwa kwezvinetso uye nzira iyo isiri hunhu hwenguva dzakapfuura: yehuzivi E. m haishande nezvinhu zvemimhanzi; Mhedziso yemimhanzi E. m kuva chikamu chetioretical classification yezviitiko zvemimhanzi; munyori E. m pedyo nemimhanzi. kushoropodza. Chinjo dzinongoerekana dzaitika mumimhanzi. maitiro airatidzwa mukati mukati E. m kuunza pamberi pezvakaitika kare uye zvemagariro evanhu., uyewo, muzvisikwa. kufunga patsva, epistemological. matambudziko. Pamusoro pe epistemologist. pasi rinoiswa pane yekare ontological. dambudziko rekufanana kwenziyo nepasirese. Mimhanzi inoita se "equation yepasi rose" (Novalis), sezvo ichikwanisa kutora chero zvirimo (Hegel). Tichifunga nezvemimhanzi "epistemological." analogue yechisikigo, inoitwa kiyi yekunzwisisa humwe hunyanzvi (G. von Kleist, F. Schlegel), semuenzaniso zvivakwa (Schelling). Schopenhauer inotora pfungwa iyi kusvika kumagumo: zvose zvinorehwa zviri kune rumwe rutivi, mimhanzi kune imwe; ndiwo mufananidzo we "kuda kwekusika" pachayo. Mumumhanzi E. m X. Riemann akashandisa mhedziso yaSchopenhauer kune theoretical. systematization yezvinhu zvekuumbwa. Mubhiza. 19th-20th mazana emakore pane-epistemologist. kunamatwa kwemimhanzi kunyika kunodzikira. Kune rimwe divi, mimhanzi inoonekwa sekiyi kwete chete kune humwe hunyanzvi netsika, asiwo sekiyi yekunzwisisa budiriro seyakazara (Nietzsche, gare gare S. George, O. Spengler). Bhavhadhe rinofadza. Kune rimwe divi, mimhanzi inoonekwa senzira yehuzivi (R. Casner, S. Kierkegaard, E. Bloch, T. Adorno). Rutivi rwekumashure rwe "musicalization" yehuzivi uye tsika. kufunga kunoshanduka kuve "huzivi" hwekusika kwemunyori (R. Wagner), ichitungamira mukuratidzwa kwayo kwakanyanya kune kuwedzeredza kweiyo pfungwa yekuumbwa uye tsananguro yayo pamusoro pekuumbwa kwayo (K. Stockhausen), kuchinja munharaunda yemimhanzi. chimiro chinokwevera zvakanyanya kune kusasiyanisa, ndiko kuti, Mr. akazaruka, asina kupera zvivakwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti nditangezve iyo ontological dambudziko rechinangwa modhi yekuvapo kwemimhanzi. Pfungwa ye "zvikamu zvebasa", chimiro che 1st floor. 20 in. (G. Schenker, N. Hartmann, R. Ingarden), ipa nzira yekududzirwa kweiyo pfungwa yechigadzirwa. seyakakunda pfungwa yekirasi. uye zverudo. zvinyorwa (E. Karkoshka, T. Banga). Saka, dambudziko rose reontological E. m inonzi yakakundwa pane zvemazuva ano. danho (K. Dalhousie). Tsika. axiologist. dambudziko muE. m 19 in. zvakare yakagadzirwa ne epistemological. positions. Mubvunzo wekunaka mumimhanzi wakasarudzwa kunyanya maererano neHegelian kuenzanisa kwechimiro uye zvinyorwa. Iyo yakanaka yakaonekwa zvinoenderana nechimiro uye zvirimo (A. AT. Ambrose, A. Kullak, R. Vallašek et al.). Kunyorerana tsamba yaive mucherechedzo wemusiyano wehunhu pakati pechinyorwa chega nemaoko kana epigonism. Muzana remakore rechi20, kutanga nemabasa aG. Shenker uye X. Mersman (20-30s), muimbi. kukosha kwemimhanzi kunotsanangurwa kuburikidza nekuenzanisa yepakutanga uye diki, mutsauko uye kusakudziridzwa kwemaitiro ekunyora (N. Gartman, T. Adorno, K. Dahlhaus, W. Viora, X. G. Eggebrecht nevamwe). Kunyanya kutariswa kunopihwa pesvedzero pakukosha kwemimhanzi yenzira dzekuparadzira, kunyanya kutepfenyura (E. Doflein), maitiro e "avhareji" yemhando yemimhanzi mune yazvino "tsika tsika" (T.

Chaizvoizvo epistemological. matambudziko mune con. 18th yezana inopesvedzerwa neruzivo rwekuona kwemimhanzi isina Indaneti yakafungwazve. Zviri mukati memimhanzi, yakasunungurwa kubva pakushandiswa kushandiswa uye kuzviisa pasi kune izwi, inova dambudziko rakakosha. Maererano naHegel, mimhanzi "inonzwisisa mwoyo nemweya sechinhu chakareruka chakanyura chemunhu wese" ("Aesthetics", 1835). Mumumhanzi E. m., zvirevo zveHegelian zvinobatanidzwa neinonzi "emotional" dzidziso yekukanganisa (KFD Schubart uye FE Bach). aesthetics yekunzwa kana aesthetics yekutaura, iyo inotarisira kuti mimhanzi itaure manzwiro (anonzwisiswa mukongiri yehupenyu yekubatanidza) yemunyori kana mutambi (WG Wackenroder, KF Solger, KG Weisse, KL Seidel, G. Shilling). Aya ndiwo maitiro eiyo theoretical illusion nezve kuzivikanwa kwehupenyu uye muses. zviitiko, uye pamusoro pechikonzero ichi - kuzivikanwa kwemunyori uye muteereri, anotorwa se "moyo yakapfava" (Hegel). Pfungwa yekupikisa yakaiswa mberi naXG Negeli, uyo akatora senheyo yezvinyorwa zve I. Kant pamusoro pezvakanaka mumimhanzi se "chimiro chekutamba kwekunzwa". Mhedzisiro inogadzirisa pakugadzirwa kwemimhanzi uye aesthetic. Formalism yakapiwa naE. Hanslik ("On the Musically Beautiful", 1854), uyo akaona zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi mu "kufambisa mafomu ezwi". Vateveri vake ndiR. Zimmerman, O. Gostinskiy nevamwe. Kutarisana nemafungiro emanzwiro uye maitiro emuses. zvemukati zvakare hunhu hwemazuva ano. bourgeois E. m. Vokutanga vakazvarwa patsva mune inonzi. psychological hermeneutics (G. Krechmar, A. Wellek) - dzidziso uye tsika yekududzira nemashoko emimhanzi (nerubatsiro rwemadimikira enhetembo uye kusarudzwa kwemanzwiro); yechipiri - mukuongorora kwemaitiro nematavi ayo (A. Halm, I. Bengtsson, K. Hubig). Muma1970 pfungwa ye“mimetic” yerevo yenziyo inomuka, yakavakirwa pakuenzanisa kwenziyo uye pantomime: pantomime i“shoko rakaenda mukunyarara”; mimhanzi pantomime yapinda muzwi (R. Bitner).

Muzana remakore rechi19 nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare Matambudziko eE. m. yakapfumiswa nekuzivikanwa kwemaitiro munhoroondo yemimhanzi. Dzidziso yaHegel yenguva dzekuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi (symbolic, classical, romantic) kubva kupurasitiki kusvika kumimhanzi. art-vu, kubva ku "mufananidzo kusvika kune wakachena I wemufananidzo uyu" ("Jena Real Philosophy", 1805) inosimbisa kuwanikwa kwezvakaitika kare (uye mune ramangwana - kurasikirwa) kwe "chinhu" chayo chechokwadi nemimhanzi. Kutevera Hegel, ETA Hoffmann akasiyanisa pakati pe "plastiki" (kureva, inotaridzika) uye "mimhanzi" semapuranga maviri ezvakaitika kare. kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi: "plastiki" inotonga mu pre-romantic, uye "mimhanzi" - murudo. music claim-ve. Mumumhanzi E. m. con. 2th century mazano pamusoro pechimiro chenguva dzose chemimhanzi. nyaya dzakaiswa pasi pechirevo che "uzivi hwehupenyu", uye pachikonzero ichi pfungwa yenhoroondo yemimhanzi yakasimuka se "organic" kukura uye kuderera kwemaitiro (G. Adler). Mu 19st floor. 1th century iyi pfungwa inokudziridzwa, kunyanya, naH. Mersman. Mu 20nd floor. Muzana remakore rechi2 rinoberekwazve mupfungwa ye "categorical form" yenhoroondo yemimhanzi (L. Dorner) - nheyo yakanaka, kushandiswa kweiyo "organic" yemimhanzi. nhoroondo, uye nhamba yevanyori vanofunga nezvemazuva ano. music stage. nhoroondo sekubviswa kwechimiro ichi uye "kupera kwemimhanzi muEurope. pfungwa yezwi” (K. Dahlhaus, HG Eggebrecht, T. Kneif).

Muzana remakore rechi19 akatanga kuvandudzwa sociological. matambudziko eE.m., ayo akatanga akanganisa ukama huri pakati pemunyori nomuteereri. Gare gare, dambudziko rehutano hwemagariro enhoroondo yemimhanzi inoiswa mberi. AV Ambros, akanyora nezve "kuunganidzwa" kweMiddle Ages uye "munhu mumwe" weRenaissance, ndiye akatanga kushandisa zvemagariro. chikamu (rudzi rwehunhu) munhoroondo. tsvakurudzo yemimhanzi. Mukusiana naAmbros, H. Riemann uye gare gare J. Gandshin vakagadzira “immanent” nhoroondo yenziyo. Mune bourgeois E. m. 2nd floor. Kuedza kwezana remakore rechi20 kubatanidza nzvimbo mbiri dzinopikisana kunouya pakuvakwa kwezvikamu zviviri "zvisingawanzobatanidzwa zvenhoroondo yemimhanzi - social and compositional-technical" (Dahlhaus). Kazhinji, muzana remakore rechi19, kunyanya mumabasa evamiririri veGermany. classical philosophy, akawana kukwana kwezvinetso zveE. m. uye tarisa pakujekesa zvakanangana nemimhanzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubatanidza dialectical yemitemo yemimhanzi. kugona chokwadi nemirairo yehunyanzvi. mativi akazara uye mitemo yakajairika yemagariro emagariro ingangoramba iri kunze kwemunda wechiratidzo chebourgeois economics kana inozadzikiswa pane inofungidzira ndege.

Zvese R. 19 in. zvinhu zvemumhanzi aesthetics zvinozvarwa. pfungwa dzerudzi rutsva, muboka rekutenda kune dialectical uye nhoroondo yekuda zvinhu. hwaro hwaive nemukana wekuziva dialectic yemukuru, yakakosha uye munhu mumhanzi. kudai-ve uye panguva imwe chete. batanidza iwo ehuzivi, emimhanzi uye evanyori matavi eE. m Nheyo dzepfungwa iyi, iyo iyo inogadzirisa chinhu chave chenhoroondo. uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu. matambudziko akaiswa naMarx, uyo akaburitsa kukosha kwechinangwa chetsika chemunhu pakuumbwa kwekunaka, kusanganisira. h uye mimhanzi, manzwiro. Art inoonekwa seimwe yenzira dzekusimbisa hunhu nemunhu ari muchokwadi chakatenderedza, uye kujeka kwechido chega chega kunoonekwa sechinhu chinoshamisa chekuzvisimbisa kwakadaro. “Chinhu chinonzwisiswa zvakasiyana neziso pane nenzeve; uye chinhu chiri muziso chakasiyana neicho chenzeve. Hunhu hwesimba rega rega rakakosha ndiko chaizvo kwaro, uye, nekudaro, nzira yakasarudzika yekurongeka kwayo, chinhu-chaiyo, chipenyu” (Marx K. uye Engels F., Kubva kumabasa ekutanga, M., 1956, p. 128-129). Kusvika kune dialectics ye general (chinangwa chetsika yemunhu), yakakosha (yenyama yekuzvisimbisa yemunhu ari munyika) uye yakaparadzana (yekutanga ye "chinhu chenzeve") yakawanikwa. Kuwirirana pakati pekugadzira uye maonero, munyori uye muteereri anoonekwa naMarx semugumisiro wezvakaitika kare. kusimudzira nzanga, umo vanhu uye zvigadzirwa zvebasa ravo zvinogara zvichipindirana. “Naizvozvo, kubva kudivi rekuti: mimhanzi chete inomutsa manzwiro enziyo emunhu; kune nzeve isiri yemimhanzi, mimhanzi yakaisvonaka haina maturo, haisi chinhu kwaari, nokuti chinhu changu chinogona kungova kusimbiswa kweimwe yemasimba angu anokosha, inogona kuvapo kwandiri chete nenzira iyo simba rinokosha. huripo kwandiri sekugona kuzviisa pasi…” (ibid., p. 129). Mimhanzi seyakakosheswa yeimwe yemasimba akakosha emunhu zvinoenderana nemaitiro ese enzanga. tsika. Maonero emumhanzi nemunhu anoenderana nekuti kukwidziridzwa kwekugona kwake kunopindirana sei nehupfumi hwevanhu. masimba akadhindwa mumimhanzi (etc. zvigadzirwa zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye zvemweya). Dambudziko rekunzwanana pakati pemunyori nemuteereri rakapiwa naMarx muChimurenga. Chimiro, chinokodzera dzidziso uye tsika yekuvaka nzanga, umo "budiriro yakasununguka yeumwe neumwe chimiro chebudiriro yakasununguka yevose." Dzidziso yakagadziridzwa naMarx naEngels nezve nhoroondo seshanduko yemaitiro ekugadzira yakatorwa muMarxist musicology. Mune 20-ies. A. AT. Lunacharsky, mu30-40s. X. Eisler, B. AT. Asafiev akashandisa nzira dzenhoroondo. kudisa zvenyika mundima yenziyo. historiology. Kana Marx ari muridzi wekuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu. dambudziko E. m kazhinji, ipapo mumabasa eRus. chimurenga. mademokrasi, muhurukuro dzeRussia dzakakurumbira. ice vatsoropodzi ser. uye 2nd floor. 19 in. Nheyo dzakateyiwa kukudziridzwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvedambudziko iri, zvine chekuita nemafungiro erudzi rwehunyanzvi, mamiriro ekirasi ezvibodzwa zverunako, nezvimwe. AT. Uye. Lenin akasimbisa mapoka ehurudzi uye kupindirana kwezvichemo uye akagadzira matambudziko epasirese uye epasirese mutsika, to-rye akagadzirwa zvakanyanya mumazizi. ice aesthetics uye mumabasa esainzi kubva kunyika dzesocialist. commonwealth. Art mibvunzo. epistemology uye mimhanzi. Ontology inoratidzwa mumabasa aV. Uye. Lenin. Muimbi ndiye mutsigiri wesocial psychology yenzanga uye kirasi, saka iko kukakavadzana kwebasa rake, izvo zvinoumba kuzivikanwa kwake, kunoratidza kupokana munharaunda, kunyangwe iyo yekupedzisira isingaratidzirwe muchimiro chemamiriro ezvinhu (Lenin V. I., Poln. Sobr. op., vol. 20, peji. 40). Matambudziko emimhanzi. zvemukati pahwaro hweiyo Leninist dzidziso yekufungisisa yakagadziridzwa nemazizi. vatsvakurudzi uye theorists kubva kunyika dzesocialist. nharaunda, tichifunga nezve hukama pakati pechokwadi uye hunhu hwekusika, hwakaiswa mumabhii aF. Engels muma1880s, uye zvichibva pane zvinogoneka. Russian aesthetics. chimurenga. MaDemocrat uye hunyanzvi hwekufambira mberi. vatsoropodzi ser. uye 2nd floor. 19 in. Sechimwe chezvikamu zvematambudziko epistemological E. m dzidziso yemimhanzi inokudziridzwa zvakadzama. nzira uye manyorerwo anoenderana nedzidziso yechokwadi neyesocialist. realism in music claim-ve. Mune zvinyorwa zveV. Uye. Lenin, ane hukama na1914-15, akapfeka dialectical-materialistic. ontological ivhu. kuwirirana kwemitemo yemimhanzi uye zvakasikwa. Achitsanangura Hurukuro dzaHegel paNhoroondo yePhilosophy, Lenin akasimbisa kubatana kweiyo chaiyo.

Kutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwezvinetso zveaxiological zveE. m. Mu Tsamba dzisina Kero, Plekhanov, maererano nemafungiro ake ekunaka se "kubviswa" kushandiswa, akatsanangura manzwiro e consonance uye rhythmic. kurongeka, hunhu hwatova kumatanho ekutanga emamuses. mabasa, se "kubviswa" kwemaitiro ekuita pamwe chete kwevashandi. Dambudziko rekukosha kwemimhanzi rakaiswawo naBV Asafiev mune yake dzidziso yeizwi. Sosaiti inosarudza mataurirwo anoenderana neayo emagariro-epfungwa. inzwi. Zvisinei, matauriro anogona kurasikirwa nekukosha kwawo kunzanga. kuziva, kufamba kusvika pamwero we psychophysiology, kukurudzira, kuva mune iyi nyaya hwaro hwekuvaraidza, kwete kufemerwa nepamusoro ideological muses. kusika. kufarira mune axiological matambudziko E. m. inowanikwa zvakare muma1960 nema70s. Mumakore 40-50. zizi. masayendisiti akatanga kudzidza nhoroondo yemadzibaba. mimhanzi kushoropodzwa uye mimhanzi yayo-yakanaka. zvikamu. Mumakore 50-70. mune rimwe bazi rinokosha makamira tsvakiridzo yenhoroondo yezarub. E. m.

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