Dynamics |
Dynamics (kubva kuGreek dynamixos - kuva nesimba, kubva dunamis - simba) mumimhanzi - seti yezviitiko zvine chekuita nekuora. madhigirii ekunzwika kwenzwi, pamwe chete nedzidziso yezviitiko izvi. Izwi rokuti "D.", rinozivikanwa kubva kare. uzivi, hwakakweretwa kubva kudzidziso yemakanika; sezviri pachena, akatanga kuziviswa kumamuse. dzidziso uye maitiro eSwitzerland. mudzidzisi wemimhanzi XG Negeli (1810). D. yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwemanzwi decomp. mwero weruzha, kushora kwavo kwakasiyana kana kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma. Mhando mikuru yemazita ane simba: forte (yakapfupikiswa f) - zvine ruzha, zvine simba; piyano (p) – chinyararire, chisina simba; mezzo forte (mf) - ruzha zvine mwero; mezzo piano (mp) - kunyarara zvishoma; fortissimo (ff) - pianissimo ine ruzha rukuru (pp) - yakanyarara kwazvo forte-fortissimo (fff) - ruzha rwakanyanya; piano-pianissimo (ppr) - yakanyarara zvakanyanya. Ese aya madhigirii ekunzwika kwenzwi ane hukama, kwete mhedziso, tsananguro yacho ndeyemunda weacoustics; kukosha kwakakwana kweumwe neumwe wavo kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda - dynamic. kugona kwechiridzwa (inzwi) kana ensemble yezviridzwa (manzwi), acoustic. zvikamu zvemukamuri, kududzira kwekuita kwebasa, nezvimwewo. Kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma inzwi - crescendo (graphic image
); kupera simba zvishoma nezvishoma - diminuendo kana decrescendo (
) Shanduko yakakaruka, inoerekana yachinja muhue inoshanduka inoratidzwa nezwi rokuti subito. Piano subito - kungoerekana chinja kubva kune ruzha kuenda kurunyararo, forte subito - kunyarara kuenda kune ruzha. Kune dynamic shades inosanganisira diff. mhando dzemataurirwo (ona Accent) ine chekuita nekugoverwa kwe otd. manzwi nemakonzonenzi, ayo anokanganisawo metric.
D. ndiyo inonyanya kukosha nzira dzemimhanzi. kutaura. Senge chiaroscuro mukupenda, D. inokwanisa kuburitsa zvepfungwa. uye manzwiro. migumisiro yesimba guru, inomutsa kufananidzira uye nzvimbo. masangano. Forte inogona kugadzira fungidziro yechinhu chinopenya, chinofadza, chikuru, piano - chidiki, chinosuwisa, fortissimo - chikuru, chine simba, chakakura, uye chakaunzwa kune akanyanya simba - rinotyisa, rinotyisa. Pane zvakasiyana, pianissimo inosanganiswa nehunyoro, kazhinji yakavanzika. Kuchinja mukukwira nekudonha kwe sonority kunogadzira mhedzisiro ye "kuswedera" uye "kubvisa". Mimwe mimhanzi. prod. yakagadzirirwa kune chaiyo dynamic kukanganisa: chor. mutambo "Echo" naO. Lasso yakavakirwa pakupikisa kwezwi guru uye rakanyarara, "Bolero" naM. Ravel - pakuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma muzwi, zvichiita kuti pave nemhedziso. chikamu kusvika kumagumo makuru.
Kushandiswa kweDynamic Shades kunotemerwa int. musimboti uye hunhu hwemimhanzi, maitiro ayo, maitiro echimiro chemuses. anoshanda. In diff. aesthetic nguva. D.'s maitiro, zvinodikanwa zvechimiro chayo uye nzira dzekushandisa zvachinja. Imwe yezvinyorwa zvekutanga zveD. echo musiyano wakapinza, wakananga pakati pemanzwi ane ruzha uye akapfava. Kusvika nezve ser. 18 in. mimhanzi yaidzorwa naD. forte uye piano. Kukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro kweiyo dynamic. musimboti wakagamuchirwa munguva yeBaroque nehunyanzvi hwayo hwe "musiyano wakarongeka", uchikwevera kuchivako. polyphonic. wok shapes. uye instr. mimhanzi, kune zvinopenya zvechiaroscuro. Zvemumhanzi wenguva yeBaroque, musiyano weD. uye mukuratidzwa kwayo kwakanyanya - D. mabhuku. Iyi mhando yeD. akapindura uye anotonga mitsindo. zviridzwa zvenguva, kunyanya zviridzwa zvakaita seogani, harpsichord (zvekupedzisira F. Couperin akanyora kuti pairi "hazvibviri kuwedzera kana kuderedza simba remanzwi", 1713), uye iyo monumental-yekushongedza style yakawanda-yakatarisana. wok-instr. mimhanzi yechikoro cheVenetian, nemadzishe acho. musimboti we coro spezzato - kushorwa kwe decomp. chepfu. mapoka nemitambo miviri miviri. The most means. instr. mimhanzi yenguva ino - pre-classical. concerto grosso - yakavakirwa pane inopinza, yakananga. anopikisa forte nepiyano - kuridza concerto uye concertino, kazhinji inoparadzana, kazhinji yakasiyana zvakanyanya kwete chete mutimbre, asiwo muhuwandu hwekurira kwemapoka ezviridzwa. Panguva imwecheteyo mumunda we solo wok. mitambo yatove mukutanga baroque nguva, yakatsetseka, zvishoma nezvishoma shanduko muhuwandu hwekurira kwakarimwa. Mumunda we instr. mimhanzi kuenda kune akadaro D. zvakaparira chinjo huru munziyo. toolkit, yakaitwa mu con. 17 - kupemha. 18th century, kubvumidzwa kweviolin, uye gare gare piyano yerudzi rwesando. seanotungamira zviridzwa zvega zvine akasiyana siyana. mikana, kuvandudzwa kwemutsindo, wakawedzerwa, unochinjika, wepfungwa zvakanyanya capacious instr. melodics, harmonic hupfumi. mari. Iyo violin uye zviridzwa zvemhuri yeviolin zvakagadzira hwaro hweiyo yakabuda classic. (small) symph. orchestra. Zviratidzo zvakasiyana zve crescendo uye diminuendo zvinowanikwa pakati pevamwe vanyori kutanga kubva muzana remakore rechi17: D. Mazzocchi (1640), J. F. Ramo (30s 18th century). Pane chiratidzo che crescendo il forte mu opera "Artashasta" naN. Yommelli (1749). F. Geminiani ndiye aive wekutanga muimbi. virtuoso, uyo akashandisa muna 1739, paakadzoreredza sonatas yake yeviolin uye bass, op. 1 (1705), yakakosha inoshanduka. zviratidzo zvekuwedzera simba rezwi (/) uye kuderedza (); akatsanangura, kuti: “ruzha runofanira kutanga chinyararire ndokuzowedzera zvakaenzana kusvika kuhafu yenguva (chinyorwa), pashure pacho runodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma kumugumo.” Ichi chiratidziro chekuita, zvichireva crescendo pane imwe noti, inofanira kusiyaniswa kubva kune inoshandura crescendo mukati memikuru muses. zvivakwa, kushandiswa kwayo kwakatangwa nevamiriri vechikoro cheMannheim. Nguva dzavakapinda. dynamic inosimuka uye inodonha, zvakanyanya kujeka dynamics. mimvuri yakanga isiri nzira itsva dzekuita chete, asiwo organic. maitiro emumhanzi wavo. Mannheimers akaisa dhizaini nyowani. musimboti - forte y yakawanikwa kwete nekungowedzera huwandu hwemazwi (nzira yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kare), asi nekukudza ruzha rwe orc yese. pamwe chete. Vakaona kuti piyano inoita zvirinani kana vaimbi vane tsika dzakanaka vanobatanidzwa mukuridza. Nokudaro, orchestra yakasunungurwa kubva pakusimba uye yakakwanisa kuita zvakasiyana-siyana zvemitambo ine simba. "Modulations". Transitional crescendo, inobatanidza forte nepiyano pamwechete kuita imwechete inosimba. yose, zvaireva musimboti mutsva munziyo, uchifuridzira mitsindo yekare. mafomu anobva pane musiyano D. uye D. mabhuku. Classic statement. sonata fomu (sonata allegro), kuiswa kwemitemo mitsva yezvinyorwa. kusimukira kwakatungamira pakushandiswa kweakawanda, akajeka masimba. mimvuri, yakavakirwa kare pa "misiyano mukati meiyo yakatetepa thematic framework. dzidzo” (X. Riemann). Chirevo che "musiyano wakarongeka" chakapa nzira kune chirevo che "kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma". Aya misimboti miviri mikuru ine simba yakawana yavo organic. musanganiswa mumhanzi waL. Beethoven ine simba rayo rekusiyanisa (nzira yaunofarira yepiyano yepiyano - kukwira kwekurira kunongoerekana kwavhiringidzwa, zvichipa piyano) uye panguva imwe chete zvishoma nezvishoma shanduko kubva kune imwe ine simba. mumvuri kune mumwe. Gare gare dzakagadziridzwa nevanyori verudo, kunyanya G. Berlioz. Zve orc. mabasa ekupedzisira anoratidzirwa nekubatanidzwa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana. migumisiro ine defined. instrument timbres, izvo zvinotibvumira kutaura nezve rudzi rwe "simba. pendi” (imwe nzira yakazogadzirwa zvakanyanya neveImpressionists). Gare gare, polydynamics yakagadziridzwa zvakare - mutsauko mumutambo wekubatanidza wesimba. shades at otd. zviridzwa kana kuti orchestra. mapoka, achigadzira mhedzisiro yesimba rakanaka. polyphony (yakajairika yeG. Mahler). D. inoita basa guru mumitambo yemitambo. Iko kunzwisisika kwereshiyo yemimhanzi. sonority ndeimwe yemamiriro makuru ehunyanzvi. kuurayiwa. Kutyora kwayo kunogona kukanganisa zviri mumhanzi. Kuve yakabatana zvisingaite negogics, kutaura uye zvirevo, D. zvakanyanya kusarudzwa nemunhu. perform. maitiro, hunhu hwekupirikira, runako. orientation performer. zvikoro. Zvimwe zvinoratidzwa nemisimboti yeundulating D., fractional dynamic.
Mune akasiyana-siyana avant-garde mafambiro ezana remakore rechi20. kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvine simba kuri kuita shanduko huru. Mumhanzi weatonal, kutyora nekuwirirana uye kunakidza. hukama, hukama hwepedyo hweD. nemafungiro eharmonic. budiriro yakarasika. Avant-garde maartist zvakare anoshandura iyo dynamic effect. kusapindirana, apo, somuenzaniso, pachiridzwa chakasimba, chiridzwa chimwe nechimwe chinochinja simba rayo rokurira zvakasiyana (K. Stockhausen, Zeitmasse). Mumhanzi wepolyserial dynamic. mimvuri yakanyatsoiswa pasi peiyo nhevedzano, ruzha rwega rwega runobatanidzwa nehumwe dhigirii rekurira.
References: Mostras KG, Dynamics in violin art, M., 1956; Kogan GM, Basa remupiyano, M., 1963, 1969, p. 161-64; Pazovsky AM, Zvinyorwa zve conductor, M., 1966, p. 287-310, M., 1968.
IM Yampolsky
