Melody |

imwe chiGiriki μελῳδία - rwiyo rwenhetembo, kubva μέλος - chant, uye ᾠδή - kuimba, kuimba

Vakabvumirana pfungwa yemimhanzi (maererano naIV Sposobin). Mumhanzi wehomophonic, basa remumhanzi rinowanzogara riri kumusoro, izwi rinotungamira, nepo manzwi epakati epakati achiwirirana. zadza uye mabhesi anoumba harmonic. tsigiro, usave nezvakakwana. hunhu hwemimhanzi. M. inomiririra chikuru. kutanga kwenziyo; "Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chemimhanzi rwiyo" (SS Prokofiev). Basa rezvimwe zvikamu zvemimhanzi-counterpoint, instrumentation, uye kuwirirana-nde "kuzadzisa, kupedzisa pfungwa yezwi" (MI Glinka). Melody inogona kuvapo uye kupa art. pesvedzero mune monophony, musanganiswa nenziyo mune mamwe manzwi (polyphony) kana nehomophonic, harmonic. kuperekedza (homophony). Izwi rimwechete ndiNar. mimhanzi pl. peoples; pakati pechiverengero chakati chavanhu, monophony kwaiva kubatana. mhando ya prof. mimhanzi mune dzimwe nguva dzenhoroondo kana kunyange munhoroondo yavo yose. Munziyo, kuwedzera kune iyo yenyika musimboti, iyo inonyanya kukosha mumimhanzi, akadaro muses anoonekwawo. zvinhu zvakaita se modhi, rhythm, mimhanzi. chimiro (fomu). Kuburikidza nemutinhimira, mumutinhimira, vanotanga vaburitsa matauriro avo. uye kuronga mikana. Asi kunyange mumhanzi wepolyphonic M. anotonga zvachose, ndiye "mweya webasa remimhanzi" (DD Shostakovich).

Chinyorwa chinokurukura etymology, zvinoreva uye nhoroondo yezwi rekuti "M." (I), chimiro cheM. (II), chimiro chayo (III), nhoroondo (IV), dzidziso pamusoro peM. (V).

I. chiGiriki. izwi rekuti melos (ona Melos), iro rinoumba hwaro hwezita rekuti "M.", pakutanga raive nerevo yakawanda uye rairatidza chikamu chemuviri, pamwe nemuviri sechinhu chakataurwa. yose (G. Hyushen). Mupfungwa iyi, izwi rokuti "M". y Homer naHesiodhi rinoshandiswa kuratidza kutevedzana kwemanzwi anoumba chizere chakadaro, nokudaro, chepakutanga. revo yeshoko rokuti melodia inogonawo kunzwisiswa se“nzira yokuimba” ( G. Huschen, M. Vasmer). Kubva pamudzi mel - muchiGiriki. nhamba huru yemashoko inowanikwa mumutauro: melpo - ndinoimba, ndinotungamira kutamba; melograpia - kunyora nziyo; melopoipa - kuumbwa kwemabasa (lyrical, musical), theory theory; kubva melpo - zita remuse Melpomene ("Kuimba"). Mukuru izwi remaGreek ndi "melos" (Plato, Aristotle, Aristoxenus, Aristides Quintilian, nezvimwewo). Muses. Vanyori veMedieval neRenaissance vakashandisa lat. mazwi: M., melos, melum (melum) (“melum yakafanana necanthus” – J. Tinktoris). Chirevo chemazuva ano (M., melodic, melismatic uye mazwi akafanana emudzi mumwechete) akaiswa mumhanzi-dzidziso. zvibvumirano uye muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva munguva yekuchinja kubva kune lat. mutauro kuenda kunyika (16-17 mazana emakore), kunyange zvazvo misiyano mukududzirwa kwemifungo yakakodzera yakaramba iripo kusvikira muzana ramakore rechi20. Mumutauro wechiRussia, shoko rekutanga rokuti “rwiyo” (uyewo “mutinhimira”, “inzwi”) nerevo dzaro dzakawanda zvishoma nezvishoma (zvikurukuru kubva mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18) rakatsiviwa neshoko rokuti “M.” Muma10s. Muzana remakore rechi20 BV Asafiev akadzokera kuchiGiriki. izwi rekuti "melos" kutsanangura chinhu chinonzi melodic. movement, melodiousness (“transfusion of sound into sound”). Vachishandisa shoko rokuti “M.”, nokuda kworutivi rukurusa, vanosimbisa rimwe ramamativi aro uye mativi eratidziro adudzwa pamusoro, kusvikira kutambanuko yakati achibvisa pane mamwe. Mukubatana uku, izwi guru rinoreva:

1) M. - nhevedzano inoteedzana yemanzwi akabatanidzwa mune imwechete yakazara (M. mutsara), kusiyana nekuenderana (chaizvo chaizvo, chord) semusanganiswa wemanzwi panguva imwe chete ("misanganiswa yemanzwi emimhanzi, ... tevera imwe mushure meimwe, ... inonzi rwiyo "- PI Tchaikovsky).

2) M. (mutsamba yehomophonic) - izwi guru (somuenzaniso, mumashoko okuti "M. uye kuperekedza", "M. uye bass"); panguva imwecheteyo, M. hairevi chero mubatanidzwa wakatwasuka wemanzwi (inowanikwawo mumabhesi uye mune mamwe manzwi), asi zvakadaro chete, iyo inotarisisa yekurira, mimhanzi. kubatana uye zvinoreva.

3) M. - semantic uye yekufananidzira kubatana, "mimhanzi. pfungwa”, kuungana kwemimhanzi. kutaura; sechinhu chisingaoneki chakazarurwa munguva, M.-pfungwa inofungidzira kuyerera kwemaitiro kubva pakutanga kusvika kune yekupedzisira, iyo inonzwisiswa sezvirongwa zvepanguva zvechifananidzo chimwe chete uye chakazvimiririra; zvikamu zvinotevedzana zveM. zvinoonekwa sezvimwechete chete zvishoma nezvishoma. Kutendeseka uye kutaura kwaM. zvakare kunoratidzika kunge kwakanaka. kukosha kwakafanana nekukosha kwemimhanzi ("... Asi rudo zvakare rwiyo" - AS Pushkin). Nokudaro kududzirwa kwemutinhimira sechinhu chakanaka chemimhanzi (M. - "kutevedzana kwemanzwi ayo ... anobudisa zvinofadza kana, kana ndikataura kudaro, maonero anowirirana", kana zvisiri izvo, "tinodaidza kutevedzana kwemanzwi. isinganakidze” – G. Bellerman).

II. Sezvo yabuda semhando yekutanga yemimhanzi, M. inochengetedza twumatanho twayo twekutanga nekutaura, vhesi, kufamba kwemuviri. Kufanana nekutaura kunoratidzwa muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvechimiro cheM. semimhanzi. yakazara uye mumabasa ayo emagariro. Sekutaura, M. kukwezva muteereri nechinangwa chokumufurira, nzira yokukurukura nayo vanhu; M. inoshanda nezvinhu zvinonzwika (vocal M. - chinhu chimwe chete - inzwi); kutaura M. inotsamira pane imwe inzwi remanzwiro. Pitch (tessitura, register), mutinhimira, ruzha, tempo, shades of timbre, imwe dissection, uye pfungwa zvakakosha mukutaura uye mukutaura. chiyero chezvikamu, kunyanya kushanduka kwekuchinja kwavo, kupindirana kwavo. Kubatana neshoko, kutaura (kunyanya, oratorical) kunoonekwawo muavhareji kukosha kwe melodic. mutsara unoenderana nenguva yekufema kwemunhu; nenzira dzakafanana (kana dzakangofanana) dzekushongedza kutaura uye mutinhimira (muz.-rhetoric. manhamba). Chimiro chemimhanzi. kufunga (kunoratidzwa muna M.) kunoratidza kuzivikanwa kwemitemo yayo yakawanda neinowirirana pfungwa. misimboti yekufunga (cf. mitemo yekuvaka kutaura murhetoric - Inventio, Dispositio, Elaboratio, Pronuntiatio - nenheyo dzose dzemimhanzi. kufunga). Nzwisiso yakadzama yezvakajairwa zvehupenyu chaihwo uye zvinemimiriro-hunyanzvi (mimhanzi) zviri mukati mekutaura kwemutsindo zvakabvumira B. AT. Asafiev kuratidza mutsara wekutaura kwemuses neshoko rekuti intonation. pfungwa, inonzwisiswa sechiitiko chinotemerwa munharaunda neruzhinji muses. consciousness (maererano naye, "intonation system inova rimwe remabasa ekuziva kwevanhu", "mimhanzi inoratidza chokwadi kuburikidza nezwi"). Musiyano wenziyo. inzwi rinobva mukutaura rinogara mune imwe melodic chimiro (pamwe chete nemimhanzi zvachose) - mukushanda nematoni akatsika ehurefu hwakatarwa, muses. nguva dzeiyo inoenderana tuning system; mune modal uye yakakosha rhythmic. sangano, mune imwe chaiyo mimhanzi chimiro cheM. Kufanana nevhesi inyaya uye yakakosha yekubatana nekutaura. Kumira kunze kubva kune yekare syncretic. "Sangita", "trochai" (kubatana kwemimhanzi, mazwi uye kutamba), M., mimhanzi haina kurasikirwa nechinhu chakajairika chakaibatanidza nevhesi uye kufamba kwemuviri - metrorhythm. kurongeka kwenguva (mukutaura, pamwe chete nekufamba uye kutamba). mimhanzi yakashandiswa, iyi synthesis ine chikamu kana kuchengetedzwa zvachose). "Kurongeka mukufamba" (Plato) ndiyo tambo yakajairwa iyo inobata pamwe chete nzvimbo idzi nhatu pamwechete. Mutinhimira wacho wakasiyana-siyana uye unogona kurongwa maererano naDec. zviratidzo - nhoroondo, stylistic, genre, structural. Mupfungwa yakajairika, munhu anofanira kuparadzanisa M. monophonic mimhanzi kubva kuM. polyphonic. Mune monotone M. inovhara mimhanzi yose. iyo yose, mu polyphony, inongova chinhu chimwe chete chemucheka (kunyange kana chiri chinonyanya kukosha). Naizvozvo, nezve monophony, kufukidzwa kwakakwana kwedzidziso yaM. itsanangudzo yedzidziso yese yemimhanzi. Mune polyphony, kudzidza kwezwi rakaparadzana, kunyangwe riri iro guru, harina kutenderwa zvachose (kana kunyangwe zvisiri pamutemo). Kana kuti iratidziro yemitemo yezvizere (polyphonic) zvinyorwa zvemuses. inoshandira izwi guru (zvino iyi haisi "dzidziso yenziyo" mupfungwa yakakodzera). Kana kuti inoparadzanisa izwi guru kubva kune mamwe akabatana nawo. manzwi uye machira zvinhu zvemimhanzi mhenyu. chipenyu (zvino “dzidziso yorwiyo” haina kukwana mumimhanzi. hukama). Kubatana kweizwi guru nemamwe manzwi emimhanzi yehomophonic. matishu haafaniri, zvisinei, kubviswa. Inenge chero rwiyo rweimba yekuchengetera homophonic inogona kugadzirwa uye zvechokwadi yakarongedzwa mupolyphony nenzira dzakasiyana. Zvakadaro, pakati penzvimbo dziri dzoga M. uye, pamwe dr. divi, kufunga kwakasiyana kwekunzwanana (mu "dzidziso dzekubatana"), counterpoint, chiridzwa, hapana enzaniso yakakwana, nekuti kudzidza kwekupedzisira, kunyangwe kudivi rimwe, zvakanyanya zvizere mimhanzi yose. Kufunga kwemimhanzi (M.) ye polyphonic kuumbwa mune imwe M. hazvina kumbotaurwa zvizere; izvi zvinowanikwa chete muhuwandu hwemavhoti ese. Naizvozvo, zvichemo pamusoro pekusasimukira kwesainzi yeM., nezvekushaikwa kwekosi yekudzidziswa kwakakodzera (E. Tokh nevamwe) hazvisi pamutemo. Hukama hwakangoerekana hwasimbiswa pakati peiyo huru ice chirango ndechisikigo, zvirinani zvine chekuita neEurope. classical music, polyphonic in nature. Saka zvakananga. matambudziko edzidziso yaM.

III. M. chinhu chakasiyana-siyana chemimhanzi. Nzvimbo huru yemimhanzi pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvemimhanzi inotsanangurwa nekuti mimhanzi inosanganisa huwandu hwezvikamu zvemimhanzi zvakanyorwa pamusoro, zvine chekuita nemimhanzi inogona uye kazhinji inomiririra mimhanzi yese. yakazara. Zvakanyanya kujeka. chikamu M. - pitch line. Vamwe ndivo vamene. zvinhu zvemimhanzi: modal-harmonic phenomena (ona Harmony, Mode, Tonality, Interval); mita, rhythm; kupatsanurwa kwechimiro cherwiyo kuita motifs, mitsara; hukama hwemusoro muM. (ona Mumhanzi fomu, Dingindira, Chinangwa); genre features, dynamic. nuances, tempo, agogics, kuita mimvuri, sitiroko, timbre coloring uye timbre dynamics, maficha ekuratidzwa kwemavara. Ruzha rwekuomarara kwemamwe manzwi (kunyanya muhomophonic warehouse) ine chekuita kwakakura paM., ichipa kutaura kwayo kuzara kwakakosha, ichigadzira zvinyoro-nyoro modal, harmonic, uye matauriro emazwi, ichigadzira kumashure kunoisa zvakanaka M. Chiitiko cheichi chakaomarara chezvinhu zvine hukama kune chimwe chinoitwa kuburikidza neM. uye zvinoonekwa sekunge zvese izvi ndezvaM.

Maitiro e melodic. mitsetse inodzika midzi mune yekutanga dynamic. zvimiro zverejista ups and downs. Iyo prototype yechero M. - vocal M. inovaburitsa nekusiyana kukuru; instrumental M. inonzwika pamuenzaniso wezwi. Shanduko kuenda kune yakakwira frequency yekuzunguzika imhedzisiro yeimwe nhamburiko, kuratidzwa kwesimba (iyo inoratidzwa muhupamhi hwezwi tension, tambo tension, nezvimwewo), uye zvinopesana. Nokudaro, kufamba chero kupi zvako kwemutsara uchienda kumusoro kunowanzoitika kune mukuru (simba, manzwiro) kusimuka, uye pasi nekuderera (dzimwe nguva vanyori vanoputsa nemaune iyi muenzaniso, vachibatanidza kusimuka kwekufamba nekuderera kwesimba, uye kuburuka. nekuwedzera, uye nekudaro kuwana yakasarudzika inoratidzira maitiro). Iyo inotsanangurwa yenguva dzose inoratidzwa mukubatanidza kwakaoma kupindirana nekugara kwe modal gravity; Nokudaro, ruzha rwepamusoro rwefret haruiti nguva dzose rakanyanyisa, uye zvakasiyana. Bends melodic. mitsara, inosimuka uye inodonha inonzwa kuratidza mimvuri vnutr. chimiro chepfungwa mune yavo yekutanga fomu. Kubatana uye chokwadi chemimhanzi chinotarirwa nekukwezvwa kwerukova rwerukova kune yakanyatsogadziriswa referensi point-iyo abutment ("melodic tonic," maererano neBV Asafiev), iyo iyo nzvimbo inokwevera yeinzwi iri pedyo inoumbwa. Kubva pane acoustically inonzwisiswa nenzeve. hukama, tsigiro yechipiri inomuka (kazhinji quart kana cheshanu pamusoro penheyo yekupedzisira). Kutenda kune yechina-quint kurongeka, toni dzenhare dzinozadza nzvimbo pakati penheyo dzinozopedzisira dzakwira mune diatonic kurongeka. gamma. Kuchinja kwezwi M. kwechipiri kumusoro kana pasi zvakanaka "kubvisa mutsara" wekare uye kunopa manzwiro ekuchinja, kufamba kwakaitika. Nokudaro, kudarika kwemasekondi (Sekundgang, izwi reP. Hindemith) rakananga. nzira yeM. (kufamba kwemasekonzi kunoumba rudzi rwe "melodic trunk"), uye yekutanga mutsara wakakosha musimboti weM., panguva imwecheteyo, yayo melodic-modal cell. Hukama hwepanyama pakati pesimba remutsara uye kutungamira kwe melodic. kufamba kunosarudza muenzaniso wekare weM. - mutsara unodzika ("mutsara wekutanga", maererano naG. Schenker; "mutsara wekutarisa unotungamira, kazhinji uchidzika mumasekondi", maererano na IV Sposobin), iyo inotanga nekurira kwepamusoro ( "musoro toni" yemutsara wekutanga, maererano naG. Schenker; "yepamusoro-sosi", maererano ne LA Mazel) uye inopera nekudonha kune yakaderera abutment:

Rwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia "Paiva nebirch mumunda."

Nheyo yekudzika kwemutsara wekutanga (iyo dhizaini yeM.), inova pasi penziyo zhinji, inoratidza kuita kwemitsara mitsetse yakanangana neM.: kuratidzwa kwesimba mukufamba kwe melodic. mutsara uye chikamu chayo pamagumo, inoratidzwa mumagumo. recession; kubviswa (kubvisa) kwekutambudzika kunoitika panguva imwe chete kunopa manzwiro ekugutsikana, kupera kwe melodic. simba rinobatsira pakumisa melodic. kufamba, kuguma kweM. Nheyo yekudzika inotsanangurawo iyo chaiyo, "mitsetse mabasa" yeM. (LA Mazel izwi). "Sounding movement" (G. Grabner) sechinhu chinokosha che melodic. mutsara une chinangwa chayo toni yekupedzisira (yekupedzisira). Kutarisa kwekutanga kwe melodic. simba rinoumba "nzvimbo yekutonga" yezwi guru (mbiru yechipiri yemutsara, mupfungwa yakafara - melodic dominant; ona inzwi e2 mumuenzaniso uri pamusoro; melodic dominant haisi iyo yechishanu yakakwirira kupfuura iyo yekupedzisira, inogona kupatsanurwa kubva pairi nechechina, chetatu ). Asi rectilinear kufamba ndeyechinyakare, yakati sandara, inoyevedza hainakidzi. Arts. kufarira kuri mumavara ayo akasiyana, matambudziko, kutsauka, nguva dzekupokana. Matoni eiyo musimboti wekuumbwa (mutsetse mukuru wekudzika) akafukidzwa nemapazi mavhesi, achivharidzira hunhu hwekutanga hwe melodic. hunde (yakavanzika polyphony):

A. Thomas. "Buruka kwatiri, manheru akanyarara."

Rumbo rwekutanga. iyo inotonga se1 yakashongedzwa nemubatsiri. inzwi (rinoratidzwa nebhii "v"); imwe neimwe toni yezvimiro (kunze kweyekupedzisira) inopa hupenyu kumanzwi emutinhimira anokura kubva mairi. “kupukunyuka”; kuguma kwemutsara uye nheyo yehutano (inonzwika es-des) yakaendeswa kune imwe octave. Somugumisiro, melodic mutsara unova wakapfuma, unoshanduka, pasina kurasikirwa panguva imwechete kutendeseka uye kubatana kunopiwa nekutanga kufamba kwemasekondi mukati me consonance as1-des-1 (des2).

In harmonic. European system. Mumhanzi, basa rematoni akatsiga rinoridzwa neruzha rwekonsonanti triad (uye kwete quarts kana yechishanu; iyo triad base inowanzo kuwanikwa mumimhanzi yerudzi, kunyanya yenguva dzakazotevera; mumuenzaniso werwiyo rwerwiyo rwechiRussia. yakapihwa pamusoro, makondiro etutatu madiki anofungirwa). Nekuda kweizvozvo, mutinhimira wenziyo unobatanidzwa. vatongi - vanova vechitatu uye yechishanu yevatatu, yakavakirwa pazwi rekupedzisira (prime). Uye hukama pakati pemitsindo yemelodic. mitsetse (ese ari maviri epakati core nematavi ayo), akazadzwa nekuita kwetriadic connections, anodzokororwa mukati. Hunyanzvi huri kuramba huchisimba. zvinoreva polyphony yakavanzika; M. organically inobatanidza nemamwe manzwi; kudhirowa M. kunogona kutevedzera kufamba kwemamwe manzwi. Kushongedza kwemusoro toni yemutsara wekutanga unogona kukura kusvika pakuumbwa kwekuzvimiririra. zvikamu; kufamba kwakadzika muchiitiko ichi kunongovhara chikamu chechipiri cheM. kana kutoenda kure kure, kusvika kumagumo. Kana kukwira kuchiitwa kumusoro toni, saka musimboti wekudzika ndewekuti:

inoshanduka kuita musimboti wekuenzanisa:

(kunyangwe kufamba kwakadzika kwemutsara kumagumo kunochengeta kukosha kwayo kwekubuda kwesimba remimhanzi):

VA Mozart. "Little Night Music", chikamu I.

F. Chopin. Nocturn op. 15 ne2.

Kushongedza kwechigadziro chekugadzirisa kunogona kuwanikwa kwete chete nerubatsiro rwekuyera-kufanana nemitsara yemativi (zvose zvichidzika uye zvichikwira), asiwo nerubatsiro rwekufamba pamwe chete nemanzwi ezvinyorwa, marudzi ose e melodic. zvishongo (nhamba dzakadai se trills, gruppetto; kutsigira vabatsiri, zvakafanana ne mordens, nezvimwewo) uye chero kusanganiswa kwevose pamwe chete. Nokudaro, chimiro cherwiyo chinoratidzwa se-multi-layered yakazara, apo pasi pemuenzaniso wepamusoro pane melodic. mafiguration ari nyore uye akasimba melodic. mafambisirwo, ayo anozoitawo mufananidzo wechivakwa chekutanga chakaumbwa kubva padanho rekutanga. Iyo yakaderera pasi ndiyo yakapfava hwaro. fret model. (Pfungwa yeakawanda mazinga echimiro che melodic yakagadziridzwa naG. Schenker; nzira yake yekutevedzana "kubvisa" zvikamu zvechimiro nekudzidzikisa kusvika kumamodeli ekutanga yainzi "nzira yekudzikisa"; IP Shishov's "nzira yekusimbisa. skeleton” ine chikamu chakabatana nayo.)

IV. Matanho ekukudziridzwa kwenziyo anopindirana neiyo huru. matanho munhoroondo yemimhanzi yose. Mhedziso yechokwadi uye isingaperi pfuma yeM. - Nar. kusikwa kwemimhanzi. Nar. M. chiratidzo chekudzika kwemabhangi akaunganidzwa. kuziva, tsika “yakasikwa” inongoitika, inosimbisa mimhanzi yenyanzvi, yemunyori. Chikamu chakakosha cheRussia nar. hunyanzvi hwakakwenenzverwa kwemazana emakore nemurimi wekare M., anosanganisira pristine kuchena, epic. kujeka uye chinangwa chenyika. Kudzikama kukuru, kudzika uye nekukasira kwekunzwa kwakabatana mukati mazvo nekuomarara, "kupisa" kweiyo diatonic. fret system. Mucherechedzo wekutanga wekuumbwa kweM. yeRussia rwiyo rwevanhu "Kune nzira inopfuura imwe mumunda" (ona muenzaniso) ndiyo c2-h1-a1 chiyero chemuenzaniso.

Rwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia "Hapana nzira imwe chete mumunda."

Iyo organic chimiro cheM. inoiswa mune hierarchical. kuzviisa pasi kwezvimiro zvese izvi uye zvinoratidzwa mukureruka uye hunhu hweiyo inonyanya kukosha, iyo yekumusoro layer.

Rus. makomo rwiyo runotungamirirwa nemhando nhatu dzeharmonic. skeleton (yakajairika, kunyanya, yakavhurika inofamba ichitevedza ruzha rwekurira), squareness, kune chikamu chikuru chine chinangwa chakajeka chekutaura, rhyming melodic cadences:

Rwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia "Kurira kwemanheru".

Mugham "Shur". Rekodha kwete. A. Karaeva.

Rwiyo rwekare rwekumabvazuva (uye chikamu cheEuropean) rwakarongwa maererano nemusimboti we maqam (musimboti we raga, fret-model). Iyo inodzokororwa inodzokororwa dhizaini-chiyero (bh kudzika) inova prototype (modhiyo) yeseti yezvakati wandei zvinoteedzana zvine chaiwo. mutsauko-musiyano wekukura kwenhevedzano huru yemanzwi.

Iyo inotungamira melody-modhi iri zvese M. uye imwe modhi. MuIndia, yakadaro-modhi inonzi para, munyika dzeArab-Persia tsika uye mune akati wandei Central Asian owls. republics - maqam (poppy, mugham, torment), muGreece yekare - nom ("mutemo"), muJava - patet (patet). Basa rakafanana muOld Russian. mimhanzi inoitwa nezwi seti yenziyo, iyo iyo M. yeboka iri inoimbwa (nziyo dzakafanana nenziyo-modhi).

MuchiRussia chekare Mukuimba kwechitendero, basa reiyo modhi modhi rinoitwa nerubatsiro rwezvinonzi glamours, iri mitsindo mipfupi yakakwenenzverwa mukuita kwetsika yekuimba nemuromo uye inoumbwa nemotifs-chants inosanganisirwa mukati. yakaoma kunzwisisa izwi rinoenderana.

Poglasica uye pisarema.

Mitsindo yekare yakavakirwa pane yakapfuma modhi-inonational tsika, iyo, nekusiyana kwayo kwepakati, inodarika nziyo dzeEurope yakazotevera. music. Pamusoro pezviyero zviviri zvepitch system zvichiripo nanhasi - modhi uye tonality, kare kare kwaive neimwe, yairatidzwa nepfungwa yechikadzi (genos). Varume vatatu (diatonic, chromatic uye enharmonic) nemhando dzavo dzakapa mikana yakawanda yematoni enhare (Greek kinoumenoi) kuzadza nzvimbo pakati peakagadzikana (estotes) emucheto toni dzetetrachord (kuumba "symphony" yechina yakachena), kusanganisira. (pamwe chete ne diatonic. manzwi) uye manzwi mu microintervals - 1/3,3/8, 1/4 tones, etc. Muenzaniso M. (excerpt) enharmonic. genus (yakatarwa inoreva kudzikira kwe1/4 toni):

Yekutanga stasim kubva kuEuripides 'Orestes (chidimbu).

Mutsara weM. une (sekuMabvazuva kwekare M.) nzira yakanyatsotsanangurwa yakadzika pasi (maererano naAristotle, kutanga kweM. kumusoro uye kupedzisa mumanyorero akaderera kunobatsira pachokwadi, kukwana). Kutsamira kwaM. pashoko (nziyo dzechiGiriki dzinonyanya kutaura), kufamba kwemuviri (mukutamba, kufora, mutambo wejimina) kwakazviratidza mukare nekuzara kukuru uye nekukurumidza. Saka iro basa guru remutinhimira mumhanzi sechinhu chinodzora kurongeka kwehukama hwenguva (maererano naAristides Quintilian, mutinhimira ndiyo musimboti wechirume, uye rwiyo rwechikadzi). Kwakabva kune yekare. M. yakatodzika - iyi inzvimbo yeuXNUMXbuXNUMXb "musculo-motor mafambiro ayo ari pasi pese mimhanzi uye nhetembo, kureva iyo yose triune chorea ”(RI Gruber).

Mutinhimira wenziyo dzeGregorian (ona rwiyo rweGregorian) runopindura kudzidziso dzarwo dzechiKristu. appointment. Zviri mugwaro reGregorian M. zvinopesana zvachose nezvinorehwa zvechihedheni chekare. rugare. Muviri-muscular impulse yeM. yekare inopikiswa pano nekuguma kwekupedzisira kubva kumuviri-motor. nguva nekunangisa pazvinoreva izwi (rinonzwisiswa se“chizaruro choumwari”), pakufungisisa kwepamusoro, kunyura mukufungisisa, kudzika midzi. Nokudaro, mumhanzi wekwaya, zvose zvinosimbisa chiito hazvipo - rhythm yakadzingwa, hukuru hwekutaura, basa rezvinangwa, simba re tonal gravity. Gregorian chant itsika yeabsolute melodrama ("kubatana kwemoyo" hakuenderane ne "kupokana"), iyo isiri yekunze kune chero chordal kuwirirana, asi haibvumiri chero "polyphony" zvachose. Iyo modal hwaro hweGregorian M. - iyo inonzi. matoni echechi (mapeya mana eakanyanya diatonic modes, akarongedzerwa zvinoenderana nehunhu hwekupedzisira - toni yekupedzisira, ambitus uye repercussion - toni yekudzokorora). Imwe neimwe yemamodhi, uyezve, inosanganiswa nerimwe boka rehunhu motifs-chants (yakaiswa mune iyo inonzi pisarema tones - toni psalmorum). Kuunzwa kwenziyo dzeimwe modhi yakapihwa muzviridzwa zvakasiyana siyana zvine chekuita nazvo, pamwe nenziyo. kusiyanisa mune mamwe marudzi eGregorian chant, zvakafanana nemusimboti wekare we maqam. Kugadzikana kwemutsara wenziyo dzekwaya kunoratidzwa mukuvakwa kwayo kunowanzoitika; chikamu chekutanga cheM. (initium) kukwira kune toni yekudzokorora (tenor kana tuba; uyewo repercussio), uye chikamu chekupedzisira ndechekudzika kune toni yekupedzisira (finalis). Rhythm yekwaya haina kunyatsogadziriswa uye zvinoenderana nemataurirwo ezwi. Hukama huripo pakati pemavara nemimhanzi. kutanga kunoratidza maviri DOS. mhando yekudyidzana kwavo: kudzokorora, pisarema (lectio, orationes; accentue) uye kuimba (cantus, modulatio; concentus) nemhando dzadzo uye shanduko. Muenzaniso weGregorian M.:

Antiphon "Asperges me", toni IV.

Melodika polyphonic. Zvikoro zveRenaissance zvinotsamira parwiyo rweGregorian, asi zvinosiyana mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekufananidzira zvemukati (zvine chekuita neaesthetics yehumanism), rudzi rweintonation system, yakagadzirirwa polyphony. Iyo pitch system yakavakirwa pakare sere "matoni echechi" pamwe nekuwedzera kweIonian neAeolian nemhando dzadzo dzeplagal (mamodhi ekupedzisira angangodaro aivepo kubva pakutanga kwenguva yeEuropean polyphony, asi yakanyorwa mudzidziso chete pakati pe muzana remakore rechi16). Basa guru redhiatonic munguva ino haripikisane nechokwadi chehurongwa. kushandiswa kwenzwi rekutanga (musica ficta), dzimwe nguva kunowedzera (somuenzaniso, muG. de Machaux), dzimwe nguva kupfava (muPalestrina), mune dzimwe nguva kukora kusvika pamwero wekuti inosvika kuchromaticity yezana remakore rechi20. (Gesualdo, kuguma kwemadrigal "Tsitsi!"). Pasinei nekubatana ne polyphonic, chordal kuwirirana, polyphonic. rwiyo urwu ruchiri kuumbwa zvine mutsetse (kureva kuti, haudi tsigiro yeharmonic uye inobvumira chero misanganiswa yezvinopesana). Mutsara wakavakirwa pamusimboti wechiyero, kwete matatu; iyo monofunctionality yematoni ari chinhambwe chetatu haina kuratidzwa (kana inoratidzwa zvakanyanya kusimba), kutamira kune diatonic. chechipiri ndiCh. mutsara wekuvandudza chishandiso. Iyo general contour yeM. inoyangarara uye isina kuputika, isingaratidzi maitiro ekutaura majekiseni; mhando yemutsara kazhinji isiri-inogumira. Rhythmically, manzwi eM. akarongeka zvakadzikama, zvisina kujeka (izvo zvakatotemerwa nepolyphonic warehouse, polyphony). Nekudaro, iyo mita ine kukosha-kuyeresa nguva pasina chero mutsauko unooneka wemetric. mabasa epedyo. Mamwe madhanzi eiyo rhythm yemutsara uye mapindiro anotsanangurwa nekuverenga kwemanzwi anopokana (maformula eakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza, syncopations, cambites, nezvimwewo). Nezve chimiro chemhanzi, pamwe nekupikisa, pane tsika yakakosha yekurambidza kudzokorora (manzwi, mapoka ekurira), kutsauka kubva kune izvo zvinotenderwa chete sezvinei, zvinopihwa nekurira kwemimhanzi. mishonga, zvishongo M.; chinangwa chekurambidzwa ndechekusiyana-siyana (rule redicta, y naJ. Tinktoris). Kuenderera mberi kuvandudzwa mumimhanzi, kunyanya hunhu hwepolyphony yekunyora kwakasimba mu15th uye 16th mazana emakore. (iyo inonzi Prosamelodik; nguva yeG. Besseler), isingabatanidzi mukana wemetric. uye symmetry yemaitiro (periodicity) yepedyo-up, kuumbwa kwe squareness, nguva dze classical. mhando uye mafomu anoenderana.

Palestrina. "Missa brevis", Benedictus.

Old Russian rwiyo. muimbi. art-va typologically inomiririra kufambirana neWestern Gregorian chant, asi inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva pairi mune zvemunyika. Kubva pakutanga akakwereta kubva kuByzantium M. vakanga vasina kunyatsogadziriswa, ipapo pavakazoendeswa kuRussia. ivhu, uye zvakatonyanya mukuita kwehupenyu hwemazana manomwe eCh. arr. mukutumira nemuromo (kubvira rekodhi rekodhi pamberi pezana ramakore rechi 17. haana kuratidza kureba chaiko kwemanzwi) pasi pesimba rinoenderera reNar. kunyora nziyo, vakave nekufungisisa zvakare uye, nenzira iyo yakauya kwatiri (mukurekodha kwezana remakore rechi17), pasina mubvunzo yakashandurwa kuva chiRussia chaicho. Fani. Nziyo dzevatenzi vekare chinhu chakakosha chetsika yeRussia. vanhu. (“Tichibva pamaonero ezviri munziyo, nziyo dzekare dzechitendero cheRussia hadzina kukosha kudarika matombo emifananidzo yekare yokuRussia,” akadaro B. AT. Asafiev.) Hwaro hwese hweiyo modal system yeZnamenny kuimba, zvirinani kubva muzana ramakore rechi17. (cm. Znamenny chant), - vanonzi. chikero chemazuva ese (kana chimiro chemazuva ese) GAH cde fga bc'd' (kubva pa "maakodhioni" mana echimiro chimwe chete; chiyero sechirongwa hachisi octave, asi chechina, chinogona kududzirwa sematetrachords mana eIonia, akadudzwa. nenzira yakasanganiswa). Vazhinji M. yakamurwa maererano neimwe yemanzwi 8. Inzwi muunganidzwa wedzimwe nziyo (kune akati wandei adzo muzwi rega rega), akaungana akatenderedza nziyo dzawo. tonic (2-3, dzimwe nguva yakawanda kune mazhinji manzwi). Kunze-kwe-octave kufunga kunoratidzwawo mune modal chimiro. M. inogona kunge iine akati wandei madiki-vhoriyamu madiki-scale maumbirwo mukati memwero imwe chete. Line M. inoratidzirwa nekupfava, hukuru hwe gamma, kufamba kwechipiri, kudzivisa kusvetuka mukati mekuvaka (dzimwe nguva kune chetatu nechina). Nechimiro chakapfava chekutaura (inofanirwa "kuimbwa nezwi rakapfava uye rakanyarara") melodic. mutsara wakasimba uye wakasimba. Old Russian. mimhanzi yechitendero inogara ichinzwika uye kunyanya monophonic. Express. mataurirwo echinyorwa ndiwo anosarudza mutinhimira weM. (kusimbisa masirabhi akasimbiswa mushoko, nguva dzakakosha muchirevo; pakupera kwaM. zvakajairika rhythmic. cadence, ch. arr. nekugara kwenguva refu). Kuyerwa rhythm kunodziviswa, rhythm yepedyo-up inodzorwa nehurefu uye kutaura kwemitsara yezvinyorwa. Nziyo dzinosiyana. M. nemaitiro aripo kwaari, dzimwe nguva anoratidza izvo zvimiro kana zviitiko zvinotaurwa murugwaro. Zvese M. kazhinji (uye inogona kunge yakareba kwazvo) yakavakirwa pamusimboti wekusiyana kwekusimudzira tunes. Musiyano unosanganisira kuimba kutsva nekudzokorora kwemahara, kubvisa, kuwedzera otd. manzwi uye mapoka ose ekurira (cf. muenzaniso nziyo nemapisarema). Hunyanzvi hwemuimbi (munyori) hwakaratidzwa mukukwanisa kugadzira refu uye dzakasiyana M. kubva pakuganhurira nhamba yezvikonzero zviri pasi. Nheyo yepakutanga yaive yakanyatso kucherechedzwa neOld Russian. shasha dzekuimba, mutsara mutsva waifanira kunge uine rwiyo rutsva (meloprose). Nokudaro kukosha kukuru kwekusiyana mupfungwa yakafara yezwi senzira yekusimudzira.

Stichera yeMutambo weVladimir Icon yaAmai vaMwari, famba rwiyo. Zvinyorwa uye mimhanzi (se) naIvan the Terrible.

European melodic 17th-19th mazana emakore yakavakirwa pane huru-diki tonal system uye yakabatana ne polyphonic jira (kwete chete muhomophony, asiwo mupolyphonic warehouse). "Melody haigoni kuonekwa mupfungwa neimwe nzira kunze kwekuwirirana" (PI Tchaikovsky). M. inoenderera mberi iri iyo pfungwa yepfungwa, zvisinei, kuumba M., munyori (zvichida asingazivi) anoigadzira pamwe chete nehombe. counterpoint (bass; maererano naP. Hindemith - "basic two-voice"), maererano nekubatana kunotsanangurwa muM.. Kukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro kwemimhanzi. pfungwa iri muchiitiko che melodic. zvimiro nekuda kwekugarisana kwemajini mairi. layers, mune yakamanikidzwa fomu ine yakapfuura mafomu enziyo:

1) yekutanga mutsara-simba. chinhu (muchimiro chemasimba ekumusoro uye pasi, iyo inovaka musana wemutsara wechipiri);

2) iyo metrorhythm chinhu chinoparadzanisa chinhu ichi (muchimiro cheiyo yakasarudzika yakasarudzika system yehukama hwenguva pamazinga ese);

3) iyo modal kurongeka kweiyo rhythmic mutsara (muchimiro cheyakapfuma yakagadziridzwa sisitimu ye tonal-inoshanda yekubatanidza; zvakare pamatanho ese emimhanzi yese).

Kune ese aya machira echigadziro, iyo yekupedzisira inowedzerwa - chord kuwirirana, inoratidzwa pane imwe-izwi mutsara nekushandisa nyowani, kwete chete monophonic, asiwo polyphonic mhando dzekuvakwa kwezviridzwa zvemimhanzi. Yakadzvanywa kuita mutsetse, kuwirirana kunowanzo tora iyo yakasikwa polyphonic fomu; saka, M. ye "harmonic" nguva inenge nguva dzose inoberekwa pamwe chete nekubatana kwayo patsva - ine contrapuntal bass uye inozadza manzwi epakati. Mumuenzaniso unotevera, zvichibva padingindira reCis-dur fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier naJ.S Bach uye dingindira kubva kukufungidzira kupfuudza Romeo naJuliet naPI Tchaikovsky, zvinoratidzwa kuwirirana kwechord (A. ) inova melodic a modhi modhi (B), iyo, iri muM., inobereka kuwirirana kwakavanzwa mairi (V; Q 1, Q2, Q3, zvichingodaro. - chord mabasa ekutanga, yechipiri, yechitatu, zvichingodaro. Q1 - zvakateerana zvishanu pasi; 0 - "zero zvishanu", tonic); ongororo (nenzira yekudzikisa) pakupedzisira inoburitsa chinhu chayo chepakati (G):

Naizvozvo, mukukakavadzana kwakakurumbira pakati paRameau (uyo aiti kutsinhirana kunoratidza nzira yeinzwi rimwe nerimwe, kunomutsa mutinhimira) naRousseau (aidavira kuti “mumhanzi mumhanzi wakafanana nokudhirowa mukupenda; kuwirirana kunongova bedzi chiito chemavara”) Rameau akanga akarurama; Kuumbwa kwaRousseau kunopupurira kusanzwisisa kweharmonics. nheyo dzemimhanzi yekare uye kuvhiringidzika kwemafungiro: "kuwirirana" - "chord" (Rousseau angave akarurama kana "kuwirirana" kwaigona kunzwisiswa semazwi anoperekedza).

Kuvandudzwa kweEuropean melodic "harmonic" nguva inoteedzana yenhoroondo uye stylistic. nhanho (maererano naB. Sabolchi, baroque, rococo, Viennese classics, romanticism), imwe neimwe iyo inoratidzirwa nehumwe hwakaoma. zviratidzo. Individual melodic masitaera eJS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Chopin, R. Wagner, MI Glinka, PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky. Asi mumwe anogona zvakare kucherechedza mamwe maitiro akajairwa erwiyo rwe "harmonic" nguva, nekuda kwezvakasiyana zveiyo inotonga aesthetic. kuiswa kwakanangana nekunyatso kuburitswa kwemukati. nyika yemunhu, munhu. hunhu: hunhu hwese, "hwepanyika" hwekutaura (kusiyana nekumwe kupfupisa kwemutinhiro wenguva yapfuura); kusangana kwakananga neiyo yenyika sphere yemazuva ese, mimhanzi yevanhu; kupindira ne rhythm uye mita yekutamba, kufora, kufamba kwemuviri; yakaoma, branched metric sangano ine multilevel kusiyana kwechiedza uye chinorema lobes; simba rekuumba simba kubva kune rhythm, motif, mita; metrorhythm. uye kudzokorora kwekukurudzira sechiratidzo chebasa repfungwa yehupenyu; kukwevera kune squareness, iyo inova yechimiro chekutarisa nzvimbo; katatu uye kuratidzwa kweharmonics. mabasa muM., yakavanzika polyphony mumutsara, kuwirirana kunoreva uye kufunga kuna M.; zvakasiyana monofunctionality yemanzwi anonzwisiswa sezvikamu zvechimwe chord; pamusoro pechikonzero ichi, kugadziriswa kwemukati kwemutsara (somuenzaniso, c - d - shift, c - d - e - kunze, "quantitatively" kuwedzera kufamba, asi mukati - kudzokera kune consonance yapfuura); nzira yakakosha yekukunda kunonoka kwakadaro mukukura kwemutsara nenzira ye rhythm, kusimudzira chinangwa, kuwirirana (ona muenzaniso uri pamusoro, chikamu B); chimiro chemutsara, motif, mutsara, dingindira rinotemwa nemamita; metric dismemberment uye periodicity inosanganiswa nekudimburwa uye periodicity yeharmonics. zvimiro mumimhanzi (nguva dzose melodic cadences inonyanya hunhu); maererano nechaiyo (dingindira rinobva kuTchaikovsky mumuenzaniso mumwechete) kana kuti (dingindira kubva kuBach) kuwirirana, mutsara wose weM. wakanyatsojeka (mumaitiro ezvinyorwa zveViennese kunyange zvakasimba) zvakakamurwa kuva chord uye kwete-- chord inonzwika, semuenzaniso, mudingindira kubva kuBach gis1 pakutanga nhanho yekutanga - kuvharirwa. Iyo symmetry yehukama hwemafomu inogadzirwa nemamita (kureva kuti, kuwirirana kwezvikamu) kunosvika kune yakakura (dzimwe nguva yakakura kwazvo) ekuwedzera, zvichibatsira pakusikwa kwemamita akareba uye anoshamisa akabatanidzwa (Chopin, Tchaikovsky).

Melodika yezana remakore rechi20 rinoratidza mufananidzo wekusiyana kukuru - kubva kune archaic yezvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zvebhangi. mimhanzi (IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok), mavambo evasiri veEurope. tsika dzemimhanzi (Negro, East Asian, Indian), misa, pop, jazz nziyo kune yemazuva ano tonal (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, AI Khachaturyan, RS Ledenev, R K. Shchedrin, BI Tishchenko, TN Khrennikov, AN Alexandrov, A. Ya. Stravinsky nevamwe), itsva-modal (O. Messiaen, AN Cherepnin), gumi nembiri-toni, serial, serial music (A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, A. Berg, akanonoka Stravinsky, P. Boulez, L. Nono, D Ligeti, EV Denisov, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, SM Slonimsky, KA Karaev nevamwe), electronic, aleatoric (K. Stockhausen, V. Lutoslavsky nevamwe .), stochastic (J. Xenakis), mimhanzi ine hunyanzvi hwecollage (L. Berio, CE Ives, AG Schnittke, AA Pyart, BA Tchaikovsky), uye mamwe anotonyanya kunyanyisa mafungu uye nzira. Hakugone kuve nemubvunzo wechero mhando yemhando uye yechero misimboti yerwiyo pano; maererano nezviitiko zvakawanda, pfungwa chaiyo yemutinhimira haishandi zvachose, kana kuti inofanira kuva nechirevo chakasiyana (somuenzaniso, "timbre melody", Klangfarbenmelodie - muSchoenbergian kana imwe pfungwa). Samples of M. 20th century: purely diatonic (A), gumi nembiri-toni (B):

SS Prokofiev. "Hondo uye Runyararo," Kutuzov's aria.

DD Shostakovich. 14th symphony, kufamba V.

V. Mavambo edzidziso yaM. ari mumabasa emimhanzi naDr. Greece naDr. East. Sezvo mimhanzi yevanhu vekare ichinyanya kutaurwa nemonophonic, iyo yose yakashandiswa dzidziso yemimhanzi yainyanya kuve sainzi yemimhanzi ("Mimhanzi isainzi yemamelos akakwana" - Anonymous II Bellerman; "akakwana", kana "akazara", melos ndiyo kubatana kwezwi, tuni uye rhythm). Zvimwe chete nenzira. zvishoma zvine chekuita nemimhanzi yenguva yeEurope. yeMiddle Ages, mune zvakawanda, kunze kweizhinji yedzidziso yekupikisa, zvakare yeRenaissance: "Mumhanzi isainzi yenziyo" (Musica est peritia modulationis - Isidore weSeville). Dzidziso yaM. mupfungwa chaiyo yeshoko inodzokera kunguva apo muses. dzidziso yakatanga kusiyanisa pakati peharmonics, rhythms uye mutinhimira saizvozvo. Muvambi wedzidziso yaM. anonzi Aristoxenus.

Dzidziso yekare yenziyo inoiona sechinhu chinopindirana: "Melos ane zvikamu zvitatu: mazwi, kuwirirana, uye rhythm" (Plato). Kurira kwezwi kunowanikwa mumhanzi uye kutaura. Kusiyana nekutaura, melos inguva-nhanho kufamba kwemanzwi (Aristoxenus); kufamba kwezwi kwakapetwa kaviri: "imwe inonzi inoenderera uye inowirirana, imwe nguva (diastnmatikn) uye melodic" (Anonymous (Cleonides), pamwe chete naAristoxenus). Kufamba kwepakati "inobvumira kunonoka (kwenzwi padanho rimwe chete) uye nguva pakati pazvo" zvichichinjana. Shanduko kubva kune imwe urefu kuenda kune imwe inodudzirwa senge nekuda kwemhasuru-simba. zvinhu ("kunonoka tinodaidza mhirizhonga, uye nguva dziri pakati padzo - kushanduka kubva kune imwe mhirizhonga kuenda kune imwe. Chinobudisa mutsauko mukukakavadzana ndiko kukakavara uye kusunungurwa" - Anonymous). Iye Anonymous (Cleonides) anoisa mhando dze melodic. mafambiro: "kune mitsindo ina yemhanzi iyo rwiyo rwunoitwa: agogy, plok, petteia, toni. Agogue kufamba kwemutinhimira pamusoro pemanzwi anotevera achitevedzana pakarepo imwe pashure peimwe (stepwise movement); ploke - kurongeka kwemanzwi muzvikamu kuburikidza nenhamba inozivikanwa yematanho (kusvetuka kufamba); petteiya - kudzokorora kudzokorora kwezwi rimwechete; toni - kunonoka inzwi kwenguva yakareba pasina kukanganisa. Aristides Quintilian naBacchius Mukuru anobatanidza kufamba kweM. kubva kumusoro kusvika kuzasi kunonzwika nekuderera, uye kune rimwe divi nekukudza. Maererano naQuintilian, M. vanosiyaniswa nekukwira, kudzika, uye kutenderera (wavy) mapatani. Munguva yechinyakare, kugara kwakaonekwa, zvichienderana nekuti kusvetuka kwepamusoro (prolnpiz kana prokroysiz) kunosanganisira kudzoka kudzika pasi mumasekonzi (kuongorora), uye zvinopesana. M. vanopihwa hunhu hunoratidza ("ethos"). "Kana dziri nziyo, ivo pachavo vane kubereka kwemavara" (Aristotle).

Munguva yeMiddle Ages uye Renaissance, iyo itsva mudzidziso yemimhanzi yakaratidzwa kunyanya mukugadzwa kwehumwe hukama neshoko, kutaura seyo chete yepamutemo. Anoimba kuti kwete inzwi reanoimba, asi mashoko anofadza Mwari "(Jerome). "Modulatio", inonzwisiswa kwete chete seM., rwiyo, asiwo seinofadza, "konsonanti" kuimba uye kuvaka kwakanaka kwemuses. iyo yose, yakabudiswa naAugustine kubva pamudzi modus (chiyero), inotsanangurwa se "sayenzi yekufamba zvakanaka, ndiko kuti, kufamba mukuenderana nechiyero", zvinoreva "kuchengeta nguva uye nguva"; iyo modhi uye kuenderana kwezvinhu zve rhythm uye modhi zvinosanganisirwa mune iyo pfungwa ye "modulation". Uye sezvo M. ("modulation") inobva "kuyera", saka, mumweya weNeo-Pythagoreanism, Augustine anoona nhamba yacho sehwaro hwekunaka muM.

Mitemo ye "zvakareruka kuumbwa kwenziyo" (modulatione) mu "Microlog" naGuido d'Arezzo b.ch. kusava nehanya nemutinhimira wakawanda mupfungwa nhete yezwi (kusiyana nemutinhimira, modhi), asi kuumbwa kwakawanda. “Kutaura kworwiyo kunofanira kuenderana nenhau yacho pachayo, kuitira kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu anosuruvarisa nziyo dzacho dzive dzakakomba, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzikama dzinofanira kuva dzinofadza, mumamiriro ezvinhu anofadza dzinofanira kuva dzichifara, zvichingodaro.” Maumbirwo aM. anofananidzwa nemaumbirwo echinyorwa cheshoko: “sezvinongoita mumamita enhetembo mune mavara nezvirevo, zvikamu nezvimiso, ndima, saizvozvowo munziyo (mu harmonia) mune phthongs, ndiko kuti, manzwi ... anosanganiswa kuita masirabhu, uye iwo pachawo (masyllables), akapusa uye akapetwa kaviri, anoumba nevma, ndiko kuti, chikamu cherwiyo (cantilenae), ", zvikamu zvinowedzerwa kudhipatimendi. Kuimba kunofanira kuita “sokunge kwakayerwa netsoka dzemetrical”. Madhipatimendi eM., sezvakaita munhetembo, anofanira kuenzana, uye mamwe anofanira kudzokorora rimwe nerimwe. Guido anonongedza nzira dzinogoneka dzekubatanidza madhipatimendi: "kufanana mukukwira kana kudzika kwemhanzi kufamba", marudzi akasiyana ehukama hwehukama: chikamu chinodzokorora cheM. chinogona kuenda "mukufamba kwekare uye kunyange mumatanho akafanana sezvayakafamba. payakatanga kuoneka”; mufananidzo waM., unobva painzwi repamusoro, unosiyaniswa nechimiro chimwe chetecho chinobva painzwi rezasi ("zvakaita sekuti isu, takatarisa mutsime, tinoona kuratidzwa kwechiso chedu"). "Mhedziso dzemitsara nezvikamu zvinofanirwa kuenderana nemhedziso imwe chete yechinyorwa, ... manzwi ari kumagumo echikamu anofanirwa kunge akafanana nebhiza rinomhanya, achiwedzera kunonoka, sekunge vaneta, vachinetseka kubata mweya wavo. .” Kupfuurirazve, Guido - muimbi wekare - anopa nzira yekuda kuziva yekunyora mimhanzi, iyo inonzi. nzira yekuenzanisa, umo matauriro ezwi M. anoratidzwa nevhawero riri musyllable yakapiwa. Muna M., izwi rekuti “a” rinogara richiwira paizwi C (c), “e” – paizwi D (d), “i” – pana E (e), “o” – pana F ( f) uye "uye" paG (g). (“Mutoo wacho unodzidzisa kupfuura kuumba,” anodaro K. Dahlhaus):

Mumiriri ane mukurumbira weaesthetics yeRenaissance Tsarlino mugwaro "Establishments of Harmony", achireva kutsanangudzo yekare (Platonic) yaM., anoraira munyori kuti "adzore chirevo (soggetto) chiri mukutaura." Mune mumweya wetsika yekare, Zarlino inosiyanisa nheyo ina mumimhanzi, iyo pamwe chete inosarudza kushanda kwayo kunoshamisa pamunhu, izvi ndezvi: kuwirirana, mita, kutaura (oratione) uye pfungwa yeunyanzvi (soggetto - "plot"); vatatu vokutanga ndivo M. Kuenzanisa mazwi. mikana yeM. (mupfungwa nhete yetemu) uye rhythm, anoda M. seane “simba guru rokuchinja kuchiva netsika kubva mukati.” Artusi (mu "Iyo Art of Counterpoint") pamuenzaniso weiyo yekare kupatsanurwa kwemhando dzemelodic. kufamba kunoisa imwe melodic. michoro. Tsanangudzo yemimhanzi sechiratidziro chekukanganisa (padhuze nechero chinyorwa) inosangana nekunzwisisa kwayo pahwaro hwemimhanzi rhetoric, iyo yakadzama yedzidziso yekuvandudza iyo inowira pazana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18. Dzidziso pamusoro pemimhanzi yenguva itsva yatoongorora homophonic melody (iyo yekutaura iyo iri panguva imwe chete yekutaura kwese mimhanzi yose). Nekudaro, muSer. 18th century iwe unogona kusangana neinoenderana nehunhu hwayo sainzi uye methodological. background. Kutsamira kwenziyo dzehomophonic pakutsinhirana, kwakasimbiswa naRameau (“Icho chatinodaidza kuti mutinhimira, ndiko kuti, mutinhimira wezwi rimwe chete, chinoumbwa nediatonic order yemanzwi pamwe chete nenhevedzano inokosha uye nemirairo yose inobvira yemanzwi anowirirana. yakatorwa kubva kune "yakakosha") yakaisa pamberi pedzidziso yemimhanzi, dambudziko rekubatana kwemimhanzi uye kuwirirana, iyo kwenguva yakareba yakasarudza kukura kwedzidziso yemimhanzi. Kudzidza kwemimhanzi muzana remakore rechi17-19. yakaitwa bh kwete mumabasa akanyanya kutsaurirwa kwaari, asi mumabasa ekuumbwa, kuwirirana, kupokana. Dzidziso yenguva yeBaroque inovhenekera chimiro cheM. chikamu kubva pakuona kwekutaura kwemimhanzi. manhamba (kunyanya kutendeuka kunooneka kwaM. zvinotsanangurwa sezvishongedzo zvekutaura kwemimhanzi - mamwe madhirowa emitsara, marudzi akasiyana edzokororo, eclamation motifs, nezvimwewo). Kubva kuSer. Muzana remakore rechi18 dzidziso yaM. inova izvo zvave kurehwa neshoko iri. Pfungwa yekutanga yedzidziso itsva yaM. yakaumbwa mumabhuku eI. Mattheson (1, 1737), J. Ripel (1739), K. Nickelman (1755). Dambudziko reM. (mukuwedzera kune yechinyakare mimhanzi-rhetorical nzvimbo, semuenzaniso, muMattheson), aya maGerman. theorists vanosarudza pahwaro hwedzidziso yemamita uye rhythm ("Taktordnung" naRipel). Mumweya wekuvhenekerwa rationalism, Mattheson anoona musimboti weM. muunganidzwa, chekutanga, ayo 1755 chaiwo hunhu: kureruka, kujeka, kutsetseka (fliessendes Wesen) uye runako (kukwezva - Lieblichkeit). Kuti awane chimwe nechimwe cheunhu uhwu, anokurudzira zvakaenzana maitiro chaiwo. mitemo.

1) nyatso tarisisa kufanana kwekumira kwekurira (Tonfüsse) uye rhythm;

2) usatyora geometric. mareshiyo (Verhalt) ezvimwe zvikamu zvakafanana (Sdtze), zvinoti numerum musicum (nhamba dzemimhanzi), kureva kunyatsocherechedza mutinhimira. nhamba dzenhamba (Zahlmaasse);

3) mhedziso shoma dzemukati (förmliche Schlüsse) muM., iyo inotsvedzerera iyo, nezvimwewo. Kukodzera kwaRousseau ndiko kuti akasimbisa zvakanyanya zvinoreva melodic. izwi ("Melody ... inoteedzera mataurirwo emutauro uye machinjiro ayo mumutauro wega wega anoenderana nekumwe kufamba kwepfungwa").

Padyo nedzidziso dzezana ramakore rechi 18. A. Reich mu "Treatise on Melody" uye AB Marx mu "Dzidziso yeMumhanzi Kuumbwa". Vakagadzirisa zvakadzama matambudziko ekuparadzaniswa kwemaitiro. Reich inotsanangura mimhanzi kubva kumativi maviri—runako (“Melody mutauro wokunzwa”) uye unyanzvi (“Rwiyo rwomumhanzi kutevedzana kwemanzwi, sezvo kupindirana kuri kutevedzana kwechords”) uye anoongorora zvakadzama nguva, mutsara (membre), mutsara (dessin mélodique), “ theme or motif” uye kunyange tsoka (pieds mélodiques)—trocheus, iambic, amphibrach, zvichingodaro. Marx anoronga noungwaru zvinorehwa nechirevo chechinyorwa: “Muimbo unofanira kukurudzirwa.”

X. Riemann anonzwisisa M. sekuzara nekudyidzana kwezvose zvakakosha. nzira dzemimhanzi - kuwirirana, rhythm, beat (mita) uye tempo. Mukuvaka chiyero, Riemann anoenderera mberi kubva pachiyero, achitsanangura imwe neimwe yemanzwi ayo kuburikidza nechord kutevedzana, uye anoenderera kune tonal yekubatanidza, iyo inotemerwa nehukama nepakati. chord, wobva wawedzera rhythm, melodic. kushongedzwa, kududzira kuburikidza nemacadenza uye, pakupedzisira, kunobva kune vavariro kuenda kumitsara uye mberi kune mahombe mafomu (maererano ne "Kudzidzisa nezve Melody" kubva muvhoriyamu l ye "Kudzidzisa Kukuru nezve Maumbirwo"). E. Kurt akasimbisa nesimba rakati maitiro edzidziso yezana remakore rechi20 pamusoro pemimhanzi, achipikisa kunzwisiswa kwekubatana kwechord uye mutinhimira unoyerwa nenguva senheyo dzenziyo. Kusiyana neizvi, akaisa mberi pfungwa yesimba rekufamba kwemutsara, iro rinonyanya kuratidzwa mumimhanzi, asi rakavanzwa (muchimiro che "simba rinogoneka") riripo mune chord, kuwirirana. G. Schenker akaona muM., kutanga kwezvose, sangano rinovavarira kune chinangwa chaicho, chinotungamirirwa nehukama hwekuwirirana (kunyanya 3 marudzi - "mitsetse yekutanga"

,

и

; ese ari matatu anonongedzera pasi). Pahwaro hweiyi "mitsetse yekutanga", mitsara yebazi "inotumbuka", kubva pairi, mitsara yekupfura "bukira", nezvimwewo P. Hindemith's theory of melody yakafanana neSchenker's (uye kwete pasina pesvedzero yayo) (M. Hupfumi huri mukupindirana kwakasiyana-siyana kwesekondi mafambiro, chero nhanho dzakabatana-tonal). Nhamba yezvinyorwa inotsanangura dzidziso yedodecaphone melody (yakakosha nyaya yeiyi nzira).

MuchiRussia theoretical mumabhuku, basa rekutanga rinokosha "On Melody" rakanyorwa naI. Gunke (1859, sechikamu che1 che "Complete Guide to Composing Music"). Maererano nemafungiro ake ose, Gunke ari pedyo neReich. Iyo metrorhythm inotorwa sehwaro hwemimhanzi (mazwi ekutanga eMutungamiriri: "Mimhanzi inogadzirwa uye inogadzirwa zvinoenderana nezviyero"). M.'s content mukati meimwe denderedzwa inonzi. wachi motif, manhamba ari mukati memotifs mamodheru kana mifananidzo. Kudzidza kweM. kusvika pamwero mukuru kunoverengera mabasa anoongorora ngano, yekare nekumabvazuva. mimhanzi (DV Razumovsky, AN Serov, PP Sokalsky, AS Famintsyn, VI Petr, VM Metallov; munguva dzeSoviet - MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky nevamwe).

IP Shishov (muhafu yechipiri yemakore ekuma2 akadzidzisa kosi yenziyo paMoscow Conservatory) anotora chimwe chiGreek. musimboti wekuparadzaniswa kwechinguvana kweM. (iyo yakagadziridzwawo naYu. N. Melgunov): chidimbu chidiki chinonzi mora, mora inosanganiswa kuita zvimiso, izvo kuita pendants, pendants kuita nguva, nguva kuita stanzas. Fomu M. inoteerera b.ch. symmetry law (yakajeka kana yakavanzika). Nzira yekuongorora yekutaura inosanganisira kutora nguva dzose dzakaumbwa nekufamba kwezwi uye hukama hwekunyorerana kwezvikamu zvinomuka mumimhanzi. LA Mazel mubhuku "On Melody" inofunga M. mukubatana kweiyo huru. achataura. nzira yemimhanzi - melodic. mitsetse, modhi, rhythm, kududzira kwechimiro, inopa rondedzero panhoroondo. kukura kwemimhanzi (kubva kuna JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, SV Rachmaninov, uye vamwe vanyori veSoviet). MG Aranovsky uye MP Papush mumabasa avo anomutsa mubvunzo wechimiro cheM. uye musimboti wepfungwa yeM.

References: Gunke I., Dzidziso yenziyo, mubhuku: Nhungamiro yakakwana yekunyora mimhanzi, St. Petersburg, 1863; Serov A., rwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia sechidzidzo chesainzi, "Mimhanzi. mwaka", 1870-71, No 6 (chikamu 2 - Technical warehouse yerwiyo rweRussia); zvimwe chetezvo, mubhuku rake: Akasarudzwa. zvinyorwa, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; Petr VI, Paimba yekuchengetera melodic rwiyo rweAryan. Nhoroondo uye Kuenzanisa Zvakaitika, SPV, 1899; Metallov V., Osmosis yeZnamenny Chant, M., 1899; Küffer M., Rhythm, mutinhimira uye kuwirirana, “RMG”, 1900; Shishov IP, Pamubvunzo wekuongororwa kwemaitiro emimhanzi, "Musical Education", 1927, No 1-3; Belyaeva-Kakzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky V., Chimiro cherwiyo, M., 1929; Asafiev BV, Mumhanzi fomu senzira, bhuku. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; yake pachake, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; Kulakovsky L., Pamusoro pemaitiro ekuongorora rwiyo, "SM", 1933, Nha 1; Gruber RI, Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, vol. 1, chikamu 1, M.-L., 1941; Sposobin IV, Musical form, M.-L., 1947, 1967; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Ancient musical aesthetics, kupinda. Art. uye coll. zvinyorwa naAF Losev, Moscow, 1960; Belyaev VM, Essays panhoroondo yemimhanzi yevanhu veUSSR, vol. 1-2, M., 1962-63; Uspensky ND, Unyanzvi hwekare hwekuRussia hwekuimba, M., 1965, 1971; Shestakov VP (comp.), Musical aesthetics yeWestern Europe Middle Ages uye Renaissance, M., 1966; yake, Musical aesthetics yeWestern Europe yeXVII-XVIII mazana emakore, M., 1971; Aranovsky MG, Melodika S. Prokofiev, L., 1969; Korchmar L., Dzidziso yerwiyo muzana ramakore reXVIII, muunganidzwa: Mibvunzo yedzidziso yemimhanzi, vol. 2, M., 1970; Papush MP, Pakuongororwa kwechirevo cherwiyo, mu: Musical Art neSainzi, vol. 2, M., 1973; Zemtsovsky I., Melodika wenziyo dzekarenda, L., 1975; Plato, State, Works, trans. kubva muchiGiriki chekare A. Egunova, vol. 3, chikamu 1, M., 1971, p. 181, § 398d; Aristotle, Zvematongerwo enyika, trans. kubva muchiGiriki chekare S. Zhebeleva, M., 1911, p. 373, §1341b; Asingazivikanwe (Cleonides?), Nhanganyaya kune harmonica, trans. kubva muchiGiriki chekare G. Ivanova, "Philological Review", 1894, v. 7, bhuku. Poshi.

Yu. N. Kholopov