Gaetano Pugnani |
Gaetano Pugnani
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Fritz Kreisler akaburitsa nhevedzano yemitambo yechinyakare, pakati pavo Pugnani's Prelude uye Allegro. Zvadaro, zvakazoitika kuti basa iri, iro rakabva rave rakakurumbira zvikuru, rakanyorwa kwete nePunyani zvachose, asi naKreisler, asi zita reItaly violinist, panguva iyoyo rakanyatsokanganwa, rakanga ratokwezva pfungwa. Iye ndiani? Paaigara, nhaka yake yaive yei chaizvo, aive akaita sei semuimbi uye nemuimbi? Zvinosuruvarisa, hazvibviri kupa mhinduro yakakwana kumibvunzo yose iyi, nokuti nhoroondo yakachengetedza zvinyorwa zvishomanana zvePunyani.
Vemazuva ano uye vakazotsvaga vaongorori, vakaongorora tsika yeItaly violin yehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vakaverenga Punyani pakati pevamiriri vayo vane mukurumbira.
MuKukurukurirana kwaFayol, bhuku diki pamusoro pevanonyanya kuridza maviolin vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zita raPugnani rinoiswa pakarepo mushure meCorelli, Tartini naGavignier, izvo zvinotsigira chinzvimbo chepamusoro chaakatora munyika yemimhanzi yenguva yake. Mukuwirirana naE. Buchan, “mutoo wakaisvonaka nowoukuru waGaetano Pugnani” wakanga uri mubatanidzwa wokupedzisira mumutauro wacho, muvambi wacho akanga ari Arcangelo Corelli.
Pugnani akanga asiri muiti anoshamisa chete, asiwo mudzidzisi akaunza galaxy yevanonyanya kuridza violinists, kusanganisira Viotti. Aiva nyanzvi yekunyora nziyo. Mamhanzi ake akaitirwa munzvimbo huru dzemitambo munyika, uye nziyo dzake dzinonakidza dzakabudiswa muLondon, Amsterdam, uye Paris.
Punyani akararama panguva apo tsika dzemimhanzi dzeItaly dzakanga dzava kutanga kupera. Mhepo yemweya yenyika yakanga isisiri iyo yakambotenderedza Corelli, Locatelli, Geminiani, Tartini - ivo vakatangira Punyani. Mhepo yehupenyu hwekusagadzikana hwemagariro zvino haisati yarova pano, asi muFrance yakavakidzana, uko mudzidzi akanakisa wePunyani, Viotti, aisazongomhanyira pasina. Italy ichiri yakakurumbira nokuda kwemazita evaimbi vakawanda zvikuru, asi, nhamo, nhamba inokosha zvikuru yavo inomanikidzwa kutsvaga basa remauto avo kunze kwenyika yavo. Boccherini anowana pekugara kuSpain, Viotti neCherubini kuFrance, Sarti neCavos kuRussia… Italy iri kushanduka kuita mutengesi wevaimbi kune dzimwe nyika.
Paiva nezvikonzero zvakakomba zveizvi. Pakazosvika pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, nyika yakakamurwa kuita akati wandei; kudzvinyirirwa kukuru kweAustria kwakaitika nematunhu ekuchamhembe. Mamwe ese e "akazvimirira" nyika dzeItaly, muchidimbu, dzaienderana neAustria. Upfumi hwakanga hwaderera zvikuru. Maguta ekutengeserana aimbova nehupenyu akachinja kuita rudzi rwe "mamiziyamu" ane hupenyu hwakaoma, husina kufamba. Kudzvinyirirwa nevekunze kwakakonzera kumukirana kwevarimi uye kutama kwevarombo kuenda kuFrance, Switzerland, neAustria. Chokwadi, vatorwa vakauya kuItaly vakanga vachiri kuyemura tsika dzayo dzepamusoro. Uye zvechokwadi, munenge hukuru hwose uye kunyange mutaundi vaigara vaimbi vanoshamisa. Asi vashoma vevatorwa vakanyatsonzwisisa kuti tsika iyi yakanga yatoenda, ichichengetedza kukunda kwakapfuura, asi kwete kugadzira nzira yeramangwana. Masangano emimhanzi akatsveneswa netsika dzekare akachengetedzwa - Academy yakakurumbira yePhilharmonic muBologna, misha yenherera - "conservatories" patemberi dzeVenice neNaples, dzakakurumbira nokuda kwekwaya dzavo uye orchestra; pakati pemhomho yevanhu vakawanda, rudo rwemimhanzi rwakachengetwa, uye kakawanda kunyange mumisha iri kure munhu aigona kunzwa kuridzwa kwevaimbi vakakurumbira. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumhepo yehupenyu hwedare, mimhanzi yakawedzera uye yakanyanyisa kuyevedza, uye mumachechi - kuvaraidza kwenyika. “Nziyo dzechechi dzomuzana remakore rechigumi nemasere, kana muchida, inziyo dzenyika,” akanyora kudaro Vernon Lee, “dzinoita kuti vasande nengirozi vaimbe semagamba nemagamba eopera.
Hupenyu hwemimhanzi hweItaly hwakayerera zvakayerwa, zvisingachinjiki nekufamba kwemakore. Tartini aigara muPadua kweanenge makore makumi mashanu, achitamba vhiki nevhiki muunganidzwa weSt. Anthony; Kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri, Punyani anga ari mubasa raMambo weSardinia muTurin, achiita semuridzi weviolin mudare chapel. Maererano naFayol, Pugnani akaberekerwa muTurin muna 1728, asi Fayol akarasika zvakajeka. Mamwe mabhuku akawanda uye encyclopedias anopa zuva rakasiyana - November 27, 1731. Punyani akadzidza kutamba violin nemudzidzi ane mukurumbira weCorelli, Giovanni Battista Somis (1676-1763), uyo aionekwa semumwe wevadzidzisi ve violin vakanakisisa muItaly. Somis akapfuudza kumudzidzi wake zvizhinji zvaakarerwa maari nemudzidzisi wake mukuru. Vese Italy vakayemura kunaka kweruzha rweviolin yaSomis, vakashamiswa neuta hwake "husingaperi", kuimba senzwi remunhu. Kuzvipira kune inonzwika manyorerwo eviolin, yakadzika violin "bel canto" yakagara nhaka kubva kwaari uye Punyani. Muna 1752, akatora nzvimbo yekutanga violinist muTurin court orchestra, uye muna 1753 akaenda kuMecca yemumhanzi yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX - Paris, uko vaimbi kubva pasirese vakamhanya panguva iyoyo. MuParis, horo yekutanga konzati muEurope yakashanda - mutangiri weamangwana philharmonic horo dzezana ramakore rechi XNUMX - yakakurumbira Concert Spirituel (Pamweya Concert). Kuita paConcert Spirituel kwaionekwa sekuremekedzeka, uye vese vatambi vakuru vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX vakashanyira nhanho yacho. Zvakanga zvakaoma kune wechidiki virtuoso, nekuti muParis akasangana nevanoridza violin vakajeka saP. Gavinier, I. Stamitz uye mumwe wevadzidzi vakanakisa veTartini, muFrench A. Pagen.
Kunyange hazvo mutambo wake wakatambirwa zvakanaka, zvisinei, Punyani haana kugara muguta guru reFrance. Kwenguva yakati akafamba muEurope, ndokuzogara muLondon, achiwana basa somuperekedzi weorchestra yeItaly Opera. MuLondon, hunyanzvi hwake semuimbi uye munyori anozopedzisira akura. Pano anonyora opera yake yekutanga Nanette naLubino, anoita seviolinist uye anozviedza semutyairi; kubva pano, akapedzwa nekusuwa kumusha, muna 1770, achitora mukana wekukoka kwamambo weSardinia, akadzokera kuTurin. Kubva zvino kusvika pakufa kwake, kwakatevera musi waChikunguru 15, 1798, hupenyu hwaPunyani hunonyanyobatanidzwa neguta raakaberekerwa.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ayo Pugnani akazviwana ari anotsanangurwa zvakanaka naBurney, akashanyira Turin muna 1770, ndiko kuti, nguva pfupi mushure mokunge mutambi weviolin atamira ikoko. Burney anonyora kuti: “Kufora kunodzokororwa kunodzokororwa kweminyengetero mikuru kunodzokororwa kunogara mudare, izvo zvinoita kuti Turin ive nzvimbo inofinha zvikuru kuvanhu vokune dzimwe nyika…” “Mambo, mhuri youmambo neguta rose, sezviri pachena, vanogara vachiteerera ruzhinji; pamazuva akajairika, hutsvene hwavo hunoiswa chinyararire muMessa bassa (kureva, “Silent Misa” – shumiro yekereke yemangwanani. – LR) panguva yekuimba nziyo. Pazororo Signor Punyani anoridza ega… Ogani iri munzvimbo yakatarisana namambo, uye mukuru wevaimbi veviolin vekutanga aripowo.” “Muhoro wavo (kureva, Punyani nevamwe vaimbi. – LR) pakuchengetedza imba yehumambo inodarika zvishoma nhava sere pagore; asi mabasa acho akareruka, sezvo vachingotamba vari voga, uye kunyange ipapo chete pavanenge vachida.
Mumumhanzi, maererano naBurney, mambo neavo vaimutevera vakanzwisisa zvishoma, izvo zvakaratidzwawo mune zvaiitwa nevatambi: "Mangwanani ano, Signor Pugnani akaridza konzati muimba yehumambo, iyo yaive yakazara-yakazara chiitiko ... Ini pachangu handifanire kutaura chero chinhu nezve mutambo we Signor Pugnani; tarenda rake rinonyatsozivikanwa muEngland zvokuti hapana chikonzero chacho. Ndinongofanira kutaura kuti anoita seari kuita zvishoma; asi izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti Mambo Wake weSardinia, kana ani zvake anobva kumhuri huru youmambo panguva ino anoita seanofarira mimhanzi.
Sezvo akanga asingachashandi mubasa ramambo, Punyani akatanga basa rakasimba rokudzidzisa. “Pugnani,” anonyora kudaro Fayol, “akavamba chikoro chose chokuridza violin muTurin, kufanana naCorelli muRome uye Tartini muPadua, umo makabva vatambi vokutanga ve<em>violin mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nemasere—Viotti, Bruni, Olivier, zvichingodaro. “Kunokosha,” anopfuurira kudaro, “kuti vadzidzi vaPugnani vakanga vari vaitisi ve<em>orchestra vanokwanisa zvikuru,” avo, maererano naFayol, vaiva nechikwereti netarenda rokuitisa romudzidzisi wavo.
Pugnani aionekwa semuperekedzi wekirasi yekutanga, uye apo maopera ake aiitwa paTurin Theatre, aigara achiaitisa. Anonyora achifunga nezvekuita kwaPunyani Rangoni achiti: “Aitonga orchestra somukuru wemauto. Uta hwake hwaiva tsvimbo yemukuru, iyo yaiteererwa nemunhu wese nemazvo. Nekurova kumwe chete kweuta, kwakapiwa munguva, iye akawedzera sonority ye orchestra, ndokuzoideredza, ndokumutsidzira pamadiro. Akataura kune vateereri zvishoma nuances uye akaunza munhu wose kune iyo yakakwana kubatana iyo iyo maitiro anorarama nayo. Achinyatsocherechedza muchinhu icho chinhu chikuru icho mufambisi ane hunyanzvi anofanira kufungidzira, kuti asimbise uye aonekwe zvakanyanya muzvikamu, akabata kuwirirana, hunhu, kufamba uye chimiro chechimiro ipapo ipapo uye zvakajeka zvekuti aigona nguva imwe cheteyo svitsa kunzwa uku kumweya. vaimbi uye nhengo dzose dze orchestra. Kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, hunyanzvi hwakadaro uye hunyanzvi hwekududzira hunyengeri hwaishamisa chaizvo.
Kana iri nhaka yekusika yePunyani, ruzivo pamusoro pake runopokana. Fayol anonyora kuti maopera ake akaitwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemitambo muItaly nekubudirira kukuru, uye muRiemann's Dictionary of Music tinoverenga kuti kubudirira kwavo kwaiva pakati. Zvinoratidzika kuti munyaya iyi zvakakosha kuvimba naFayol zvakanyanya - anenge akararama panguva yeviolinist.
Muzvinyorwa zvezviridzwa zvePunyani, Fayol anocherekedza runako uye nemararamiro enziyo, achiratidza kuti vatatu vake vaishamisa muhukuru hwechimiro zvekuti Viotti akakwereta chimwe chezvikonzero zvekonsati yake kubva kune yekutanga, muE-flat huru.
Pamwe chete, Punyani akanyora 7 operas uye dramatic cantata; 9 makonzati eviolin; yakadhinda 14 sonatas yeviolin imwe, 6 tambo quartets, 6 quintets ye2 violin, 2 nyere nemabhesi, 2 mabhuku ekunyorera eviolin duets, 3 manotsi etrios e2 violin nemabass uye gumi nemaviri "symphonies" (yemanzwi masere - etambo. quartet, 12 oboes uye 8 nyanga).
Muna 1780-1781, Punyani, pamwe chete nemudzidzi wake Viotti, vakaita rwendo rwekonzati kuGermany, vachipedza nekushanya kuRussia. Petersburg, Punyani naViotti vakadiwa nedare ramambo. Viotti akaita konzati mumuzinda, uye Catherine II, afadzwa nokuridza kwake, “akaedza munzira iri yose inobvira kuchengeta shasha muSt. Asi Viotti haana kugara ikoko kwenguva refu ndokuenda kuEngland. Viotti haana kupa makonzati ehurumende muguta guru reRussia, achiratidza unyanzvi hwake chete mumasaroni evatengi. Petersburg yakanzwa kushanda kwaPunyani mu "maitiro" evatambi veFrance musi waMarch 11 uye 14, 1781. Ichokwadi chokuti "mukurumbira weviolinist Mr. Pulliani" aizotamba mavari yakaziviswa muSt. Petersburg Vedomosti. Munhamba 21 ye1781 yepepanhau rimwe chetero, Pugnani naViotti, vaimbi vane muranda Defler, vari parudungwe rwevanoenda, “vanogara pedyo neBlue Bridge muimba yaMukurumbira Count Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev.” Kuenda kuGermany neRussia kwaive kwekupedzisira muhupenyu hwaPunyani. Mamwe makore ose akapedza pasina zororo muTurin.
Fayol anoshuma mune imwe rondedzero paPunyani zvimwe zvinonakidza chokwadi kubva kuhupenyu hwake. Pakutanga kwebasa rake reunyanzvi, semuimbi weviolinist atova nemukurumbira, Pugnani akasarudza kusangana naTartini. Nechinangwa ichi, akaenda kuPadua. Maestro ane mbiri akamugamuchira nenyasha zvikuru. Akurudzirwa nekugamuchira, Punyani akatendeukira kuna Tartini nechikumbiro chekutaura maonero ake pamusoro pekutamba kwake pachena uye akatanga sonata. Zvisinei, pashure pemabhawa mashomanana, Tartini akamumisa zvakasimba.
- Unotamba zvakanyanyisa!
Punyani akatanga zvakare.
“Uye zvino uri kutamba zvakaderera!”
Muimbi wacho ainyara akaisa violin pasi uye nokuzvininipisa akakumbira Tartini kuti amutore somudzidzi.
Punyani aive akashata, asi izvi hazvina kumukanganisa zvachose. Aiva nechimiro chokufara, aida majee, uye majee akawanda pamusoro pake. Pane imwe nguva akabvunzwa rudzi rwemwenga waaizoda kuva naye kana akasarudza kuroora - akanaka, asi ane mhepo, kana kuti akaipa, asi akanaka. “Runako runokonzera marwadzo mumusoro, uye zvakashata zvinokuvadza kuona. Izvi, zvinenge, - dai ndaiva nemwanasikana uye ndaida kumuroora, zvingava nani kumusarudzira munhu asina mari zvachose, pane mari pasina munhu!
Pane imwe nguva Punyani aive munharaunda umo Voltaire aiverenga nhetembo. Muimbi wacho akateerera nomufaro. Vahosi vemba, Mai Denis, vakatendeukira kuna Punyani nechikumbiro chekuti vaitire vaenzi vakanga vakaungana. Maestro akabva abvuma. Zvisinei, achitanga kuridza, akanzwa kuti Voltaire akaramba achitaura zvinonzwika. Achimisa mutambo uyu nekuisa violin mudare iri, Punyani akati: “Monsieur Voltaire anonyora nhetembo dzakanaka zvikuru, asi panyaya yemimhanzi, haanzwisise dhiyabhorosi mairi.
Punyani aive akabata. Pane imwe nguva, muridzi wefekitari yefaience muTurin, uyo akanga akatsamwira Punyani pane chimwe chinhu, akafunga kumutsividza ndokurayira kuti mufananidzo wake unyorwe kuseri kweimwe yevhasi. Nyanzvi yakagumbuka yakadaidza mugadziri kumapurisa. Achisvika ikoko, mugadziri akangoerekana aburitsa muhomwe yake hengechepfu ine mufananidzo waMambo Frederick wePrussia ndokuridza mhino yake zvinyoronyoro. Akabva ati: “Handifunge kuti Monsieur Punyani ane kodzero yekutsamwa kupfuura Mambo wePrussia pachake.
Panguva yemutambo, Punyani dzimwe nguva aisvika pakufara zvikuru uye orega zvachose kuona zvakamupoteredza. Pane imwe nguva, achiridza konzati mune imwe kambani hombe, akatorwa mwoyo zvokuti, akanganwa chinhu chiri chose, akaenda pakati pehoro ndokupengenuka bedzi apo cadenza yakanga yapera. Imwe nguva, arasikirwa nehunyanzvi hwake, akatendeukira chinyararire kumuimbi aive pedyo naye: "Shamwari yangu, verenga munyengetero kuti ndigone kupengenuka!").
Punyani aive nechimiro chakanaka uye chine chiremera. Chimiro chikuru chemutambo wake chakanyatsoenderana nacho. Kwete nyasha uye gallantry, saka zvakajairika panguva iyoyo pakati vakawanda Italian violinists, kusvika P. Nardini, asi Fayol anosimbisa simba, simba, grandiosity Pugnani. Asi ndihwo hunhu uhu uhwo Viotti, mudzidzi waPugnani, uyo kutamba kwake kwaionekwa seyepamusoro-soro kuratidzwa kwechinyakare chimiro mukuridza violin kwekupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvinonyanya kufadza vateereri nazvo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mazhinji emaitiro aViotti akagadzirwa nemudzidzisi wake. Kune vakararama panguva imwe chete navo, Viotti ndiye aive akanakisa weunyanzvi hweviolin, uye nekudaro epitaph yakafa yakatsanangurwa nezvaPugnani nemukurumbira wekuFrance mutambi weviolin JB Cartier inonzwika serumbidzo yepamusoro: "Aive mudzidzisi waViotti."
L. Raaben
